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6th lecture

The document discusses hydrocarbon migration, detailing the movement of oil and gas from generation to accumulation, and the concept of dis-migration, or leakage. It provides evidence for oil migration, including oil seepages, presence in secondary pores, and accumulation in inorganic rocks, along with case studies from North Africa. Additionally, it outlines types and mechanisms of oil migration, such as primary migration and its methods, including diffusion, oil phase expulsion, and oil dissolution in gas.

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Saad
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3 views

6th lecture

The document discusses hydrocarbon migration, detailing the movement of oil and gas from generation to accumulation, and the concept of dis-migration, or leakage. It provides evidence for oil migration, including oil seepages, presence in secondary pores, and accumulation in inorganic rocks, along with case studies from North Africa. Additionally, it outlines types and mechanisms of oil migration, such as primary migration and its methods, including diffusion, oil phase expulsion, and oil dissolution in gas.

Uploaded by

Saad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PETROLEUM

GEOLOGY
4
HYDROCARBON
MIGRATION
Migration of Oil and Gas
➢ Migration: It is the movement of oil and
gas within the subsurface and falling
between generation and accumulation.
➢ Dis-migration: It is the loss of hydrocarbons
out of the trap may be due to fracturing
“Leakage”.
➢Evidences supporting oil migration:
1. Presence of oil seepages
• Is an evidence of natural movement of oil that
has migrated from a buried reservoir.
2. Presence in secondary pores
• Oil and gas occur in primary pores of the
reservoir rock that formed during deposition,
but the presence of these hydrocarbons in the
secondary pores (dissolved pores and fractures)
of the host rock (reservoir rock) that formed
after its lithification into solid rock due to
diagenetic effects may indicate hydrocarbon
migration.
Presence of hydrocarbons in secondary pores of sandstones

Presence of hydrocarbons in secondary pores of carbonates


The oil seeped to the surface
from source rocks through
faults

Case Study: At the southern end


of Gebel El-Zeit (western side of
Gulf of Suez), a natural active
seepage zone of oil occurs on
the land surface in an area
underlain by asphalt-saturated
post-Miocene fractured limestone
and coral reefs (Taken 2013).
3. Accumulation in inorganic rocks
• Some commercial petroleum accumulations occur
in rocks that never contain the source organisms
from which the oil is generated. In North Africa,
basement oil and gas production occurs in
Morocco, Libya, Algeria and Egypt. Such
reservoirs include fractured or weathered
granites, quartzites, or metamorphics.
• Ex: The existence of oil accumulation in
crystalline basement rocks in Egypt at Zeit Bay
field, Gulf of Suez.
4. Quantitative consideration “depend on the
quantity”
• The presence of large quantities of oil in
some fields of salt domes could not be
explained by local accumulation of
organic matter.
5. Oil, gas, and water stratification in
reservoir rock
• Stratification requires freedom to
migrate laterally and vertically within a
porous and permeable reservoir rock.
6. Oil and gas are trapped at the highest
point in a permeable rock unit
• Which require lateral and upward
migration through a reservoir rock.
7. Chemically similar oils in a series of super-
imposed reservoirs
• Ex: At October field, in the northern Gulf
of Suez, the same type of oil has been
recovered from more than sandstone
reservoir ranging in age from Cretaceous
to Miocene.
➢Types and mechanisms of oil migration:
1. Primary migration
• It is the first stage of migration process,
from source rock (fine grained, low
permeability) to reservoir (high
permeability). Relatively short duration.
• Mechanism: Takes place by THREE
methods depend on level of maturation
A. Diffusion “Onset of hydroc. generation”
• Most effective during onset of
generation and expulsion.
• In which hydrocarbons expand in the
direction of lower concentration.
• Active on a minor scale and over a
short distance.
• Its importance is limited to thin source
beds.
B. Oil phase expulsion “Peak of hydroc.
generation”:
• As a result of micro-fracturing induced by
over-pressuring during hydrocarbon
generation when the internal pressure
exceeds the shear strength of the rock. This
micro-fracturing occur along lines of
weakness. Once the internal pressure has
return to the normal state, the micro-
fractures closed and hydrocarbons within
pores become isolated again until a new
episode of generation takes place.
Shown here are
over-pressures and
probable migration
directions
C. Oil dissolve in gas “End of hydroc.
generation”:
• This exist where amount of gas exceed
amount of liquid hydrocarbons, expected
only in late stage of Catagenesis or in
gas prone.

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