Solution

BIOLOGY PREBOARD

Class 12 - Biology
Section A
1.
(c) Biomass of fishes exceeds that of phytoplankton.
Explanation:
The pyramid of biomass in sea is also generally inverted because the biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.

2.
(c) ZIFT- Zygote inters fertilization transfer.
Explanation:
ZIFT- Zygote intrafallopian transfer is part of the test-tube baby program in which in vitro fertilized zygote is transferred to a
fallopian tube for implantation and further growth of foetus.

3. (a) extinct
Explanation:
The dodo is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The
last confirmed sighting of a dodo was in 1681 and by the end of the 17th century, there were no dodos left.

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4.
(c) Zygote Intra Fallopian transfer
Explanation:
Fertilization outside the followed by embryo transfer is called test-tube. The zygote or early embryo up to 8 blastomeres could
transfer into the fallopian tube is called zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT).

5.
(c) Cut DNA at specific locations.
Explanation:
Cut DNA at specific locations.

6.
(d) Symbiosis
Explanation:
Symbiosis

7.
(b) Affected individuals
Explanation:

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 In pedigree analysis, the symbol shown above represents affected individuals.

8.
(b) Methane(CH4) v, ammonia(NH3), hydrogen H2 and water H2O
Explanation:
the gases used in Urey and Miller experiment in chamber marked A are Methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen H2, and
water H2O

9.
(c) Phytoplanktons
Explanation:
Phytoplanktons
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10.
(b) The female parent is heterozygous
Explanation:
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Pedigree chart is used to detect the flow of particular trait in the family over several generations. The given charts indicate that
the female parent is heterozygous in nature.
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11.
(c) a bacterium producing a large amount of carbon dioxide
Explanation:
The large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to the production of a large amount of CO2 by a bacterium named Propionibacterium
sharmanii.

12.
(b) Molecular weights of the fragments are different.
Explanation:
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments (or other macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins) based
on their size and charge. Electrophoresis involves running a current through a gel containing the molecules of interest. Based
on their size and charge, the molecules will travel through the gel in different directions or at different speeds, allowing them to
be separated from one another.
During gel electrophoresis, different fragments move at different distances due to differences in their molecular weight of the
fragments. Smaller fragments move more towards the anode.

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
14.
(d) If both A and R are false.

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 Explanation:
If both A and R are false.

15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
In unaltered type of fossils, whole bodies of extinct organisms are found frozen in ice at the poles or trapped in amber
(fossilized resin of conifers). In such type of fossilization, the ole body of organisms is preserved.

Section B
17. They produce a large quantity of methane along with C O and hydrogen by acting on cellulosic compounds and biogas
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constitutes methane (60%) and C O (40%).

These bacteria are found in anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment and in the rumen of cattle.
18. a. Hydrogen bonds
b. Purine base
c. Pentose sugar (Deoxyribose)
d. 5' end of the chain - d
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19. Because in maize pollination takes place through the wind. Since it involves a lot of wastage, so pollen grains are produced in
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enormous number
20. A. = Trophoblast - Gets attached to the endometrium and draws nutritive material secreted by uterine endometrium gland.
B. = Inner cell mass - Differentiates as Embryo.
21. Bottled fruit juices are clearer as compared to those made at home because, in these juices pectinase enzyme is added, which
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digests the pectin and other fibres present in juices.

Step carried out to get clean water from waste water are as follows:
Ist step - sedimentation, filtration, and chlorine treatment are given (still on water remains a lot of dangerous pollutants like heavy
metals)
(Innovative approach) - A series of six connected marshes (over 60 hectares) of marshland, appropriate plants-algae /fungi /and
bacteria were seeded into this area, which neutralise and absorb and assimilate the pollutants.
Section C
22. i. A - Replication of DNA
B - Transcription
C - Translation
ii. Central dogma states that the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to proteins. In some viruses the flow of
information is reversed in direction, i.e. from RNA to DNA.
It is called reverse transcription.
23. a. Loss(deletion) or gain (insertion / duplication /addition) or change in position of DNA segments / chromosome cause the
mutation.
b. Mutation due to change in a single base pair of DNA is point mutation, while insertion or deletion of one or two bases changes
the reading frame from the point of insertion or deletion is frameshift mutation.
24. Commensalism: This is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted. An orchid
growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch, and barnacles growing on the back of a whale benefit while neither the mango tree
nor the whale derives any apparent benefit.
Mutualism: This interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic
relationship between a fungus and photosynthesising algae or cyanobacteria. Similarly, the mycorrhizae are associations between
fungi and the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant in
turn provides the fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrates.

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25. Gene therapy is a corrective therapy or technique of genetic engineering that is used to replace a faulty or non-functional gene
with a normal healthy functional gene.
The first clinical gene therapy was given to a 4-year-old girl with ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) deficiency in 1900. It is caused
due to the deletion of the gene coding for ADA, which adversely affects the functioning of the immune system.
26. The broadly utilitarian argument described as biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that nature provides.
i. Broadly utilitarian mainly explains the broad and general use of biodiversities like oxygen,
ii. pollination, and
iii. aesthetic value which is not limited to particular species.
OR
When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also becomes extinct.
Examples:
When a host (fish) species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also
become extinct.
Coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of one leads to the extinction of other (any other example) / The
coevolved orchid Ophrys and bee pollinator.
27. According to Darwinism, in a mixed population, the individuals which can better adapt, survive and increase in population size.
The same happens with antibiotics used to kill the disease causing bacteria. When a bacterial population encounters a particular
antibiotic, those sensitive to it die but a few resistant one survive.
The surviving bacteria multiply quickly as the competing bacteria have died. Soon the entire bacterial population becomes
resistant and the antibiotic becomes ineffective against that bacteria.
28. i. During the first encounter with pathogen (chickenpox) specific antibodies (by humoral immune response) are produced to
counter the attack. During this attack, memory cells are also produced. Due to this, on subsequent exposure to the same
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pathogen, the immune response is more rapid and intense. That is why second exposure to the chickenpox does not cause
disease. It is known as acquired immunity of the body.
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ii. Interferons are a special kind of proteins secreted by virus-infected cells. These protect the healthy cells from the virus attacks.
Section D
29. i. D - Sperm atids
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ii. A - Sperm atogonium

F - Sertoli cells
iii. B - Diploid
E - Haploid
OR
Provide nourishment to germ cells.
30. a. Macrophages, virus replication (RNA genome)
b. Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA)/Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Treatment available - Antiviral drugs that are only partially effective as they only prolong the life of the patient.
c. Making blood HIV safe in blood banks, use of only disposable needles and syringes in hospitals, free distribution of condoms,
controlling drug abuse, advocating safe sex, regular check-ups for HIV susceptible population.
OR
A patient suffering from AIDS does not die of this disease but from some other infection because of drastic reduction of
helper T-lymphocytes that are responsible to fight infections, person become immune-deficient, unable to protect oneself from
other bacterial or viral or fungal or parasitic infection
Section E

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31.

OR
i. The three method of pollen transfer in plant are
1. Autogamy
2. Geitonogamy
3. Xenogamy
ii. 1. Water lily: achieve successfully pollination by insects/wind.
2. Vallisneria: Female flowers on long stalks reach water surface male flowers or pollen released on water and carried by
water current to female flowers to achieve pollination.
iii. Genetic: Self-incompatibility/prevents self-pollen (same flower or other flowers of same plant) from fertilizing the ovules by
inhibiting pollen germination, pollen tube growth in pistil.
Physiological: Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not synchronized, either pollen matures earlier and stigma later or
pollen matures later than stigma.

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32. a. Process of trascription in a prokaryotes

There is single DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyses transcription of all types of RNA in bacteria, RNA
polymerase binds to promoter and initiates transcription (Initiation), It uses nucleoside triphosphates as substrate and
polymerises in a template depended fashion following the rule of Complementarity, It also facilitates opening of the helix and
continues elongation, Only a short stretch of RNA remains bound to the enzyme, Once the polymerases reaches the terminator
region the nascent RNA falls off so also the RNA polymerase terminating the transcription.
b. i. There are at least three RNA polymerases in the nucleus (in addition to the RNA polymerase found in the organelles),
there is a clear cut division of labour. [The RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S), whereas the RNA
polymerase III is responsible for transcription of tRNA, 5srRNA, and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs). The RNA
polymerase II transcribes precursor of mRNA, the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA].
ii. In capping an unusual nucleotide (methyl guanosine triphosphate), is added to the 5'- end of hnRNA.
iii. In tailing adenylate residues (200-300) are added, at 3'-end in a template independent manner (It is the fully processed
hnRNA, now called mRNA (that is transported out of the nucleus for translation).
OR
i. Amino acid activated in presence of ATP and attached to their cognate tRNA
When two charged tRNA are in close contact they form peptide bond/Peptide bond formation between two charged tRNA is
favoured energetically therefore the charging of tRNA is essential in the process of translation.
ii. Function - To enhance the rate of peptide bonds formation/ help in formation of peptide bond formation.

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 iii. Small subunit encounter an mRNA, the process of translation begins, there are two sites in larger subunit for subsequent
amino acid to bind to, and thus be close enough to each other for the formation of peptide bond.
33. i. Since, DNA molecules are hydrophilic, they cannot pass through cell membranes. For recombinant DNA to be integrated into
the vector or host genome, it is necessary for the DNA to be inserted in the cell. Therefore, making the host cells competent is
necessary for biotechnology experiments.
The two ways by which cells can be made competent to take up DNA are:
a. Chemical action -The host cell is treated with a specific concentration of divalent cation, i.e. calcium which increases the
pore size in the cell membrane. DNA is then incubated with the treated bacterial cell at 42°C, thereby increasing the
efficiency of DNA entering through pores in the cell wall.
b. Heat shock treatment- Incubating the cells with recombinant DNA on ice, followed by a brief treatment of heat at 42°C
and again putting them back on ice.
ii. Biolistic guns or gene guns are used to bombarded rDNA loaded on gold or tungsten particles with high velocity. In this way,
the rDNA is delivered to the desired host cells.
OR
i. Cutting of the desired gene at a specific location is done by incubating the DNA with specific restriction endonuclease.
Restriction enzymes recognise a particular palindromic nucleotide sequence and cut the DNA at that site.
ii. Synthesis of multiple copies of the desired gene is carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Amplification of recombinant DNA gene is done using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). It is carried out in the following
steps:
a. Denaturation -The double-stranded DNA is denatured by applying high temperature of 95°C for 15 seconds. Each
separated strand acts as a template.

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b. Annealing - Two sets of primers are added, which anneal to the 3'end of each separated strand.
c. Extension - DNA polymerase extends the primers by adding nucleotides complementary to the template provided in the
reaction. Taq polymerase is used in the reaction, which can tolerate heat. All these steps are repeated many times to get
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several copies of the desired DNA.
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