Question 1.

What were the major developments before the Meiji restoration that made it possible
for Japan to modernise rapidly?
Answer:
The following developments helped in the modernization of Japan before the Meiji
restoration:

 Peasants were not allowed to carry arms, only Samurai could carry
swords now.
 Growth of population led to the growth of commercial economy.
 Efforts were made to develop silk industry.
 People developed reading habits.
 The export of precious metals restricted.
 Theater and arts were patronized in towns.
 Land surveys were made.

Question 2.
Discuss how daily life was transformed as Japan developed?
Answer:
Earlier in Japan, the patriarchal household system prevailed. In it, many generations
lived together under the control of the head of the family. New ideas of the family
spread. People became more affluent. Homu, the new home was a nuclear family
where husband and wife lived together. The new concept of domesticity generated
demands for new types of domestic goods and new forms of farming.

Question 3.
How did the Qing dynasty try and meet the challenge posed by the Western powers?
Answer:
The Qing dynasty could not meet the challenges posed by the Western powers.
They utterly failed. The Qing dynasty also demanded change in the country. But they
also failed in this endeavour.

Question 4.
What were the Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles?
Answer:
The Three Principles were :

1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
3. Socialism

Question 5.
Did Japan’s policy of rapid industrialization lead to wars with its neighbors and
destruction of the environment?
Answer:
The rapid industrialization of Japan led to wars and destruction of the environment
due to the following reasons:

 The development of industries affected the environment in many ways.

 It led to the exploitation of natural resources.
 To obtain raw material and for the consumption of furnished products
the need of colonies was felt.

Question 6.
Do you think that Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China were successful in
liberating China and laying the basis for its current success?
Answer:
It is true that Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China were successful in
liberating China and laying basis for its current success. In 1925, after the death of
Sun Yat-sen, the Guomindang was headed by Chiang-Kai- shek. Previously, the
Communist Party of China was founded in 1921. He tried his best to strengthen the
rule of the Guomindang. But no initiatives were taken to achieve the three
revolutionary principles of Sun Yat-sen, i.e. nationalism, democracy and socialism.
He also made an attempt to raise a new class of landlords. They always exploited
the peasantry. Mao Zedong, a Communist leader formed the Red Army. It was
formed to strengthen the Peasant Movement. He became its chairperson in 1930.
He also started a guerilla war against Chiang-Kai-shek’s army. He defeated Chiang’s
army four times. But for the fifth time, he left the idea of war and started the Long
March.

Mao Zedong formed a Communist front against Japan in 1935. It was his opinion
that his struggle against Japan would make his mass movement more effective. He
suggested that a United Front be formed in collaboration with Red Army. But Chiang
completely denied his proposal and he was imprisoned by his own soldiers. The
increasing power of Mao Zedong worried Chiang-Kai-shek. He was not interested in
working with him. Even then he came with Mao in the war against Japan. After the
end of war, Mao put the proposal of coalition govt before Chiang but he declined.
Mao continued his struggle and was elected the chairman of the Chinese govt.

Chiang Kai-shek was worried about increasing power of Mao Zedong. After many
persuasions he became ready to stand by Mao against Japan. In 1949, Chiang fled
to Farmosa to seek asylum. Mao was elected the Chairman of the Chinese
government. He held his office till his death.

Question 1.
Why did Britain sign the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902 ? What was the importance
of this treaty for Japan ? (HOTS)
Answer:
Britain signed the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902 to check Russian influence in
China. By signing this treaty, Japan was also recognized as an imperialist power.
Question 2.
Who was the President of Chinese Revolutionary League ? What were its principles?
Answer:
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was the President of Chinese Revolutionary League. The three
guiding principles of this league were-nationalism, democracy and socialism.

Question 3.
What do you know about Shoguns?
Answer:
Shoguns were rulers in the name of the emperors. They enjoyed the right of the
kings and had the power to control over cities.

Question 4.
What do you know about Comintern?
Answer:
Comintern stands for Communist International. Its main aim was to carry out socialist
revolution and to end exploitation.

Question 5.
How long the Tukugawa rule lasted in Japan?
Answer:
They ruled from 1603-1807.

Question 6.
When was Olympic Games organised in Japan?
Answer:
In 1964, Olympic Games were organised in Tokyo.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of Dim sum?
Answer:
Dim sum is the best known Cantonese cuisine, which literally means ‘touch your
heart’.

Question 8.
What do you know about commodore Matthew Perry?
Answer:
Matthew Perry was an American naval officer, who was sent to Japan in 1853 by
American government. He was sent their to sign a treaty that would permit open
trade and diplomatic relations.

Question 9.
What do you know about Meiji Restoration?
Answer:
After abolishing Tokugawa rule in Japan in 1868, Mutsuhito was given the title of
Meiji which means enlightened ruler. This event is known as Meiji restoration in the
history of Japan.
Question 10.
Write any two military reforms of Meiji era.
Answer:

 Army was more powerful.

 All the youths above 20 had to serve for a certain period in the army.

Question 11.
Which two famous commercial companies were set up in Japan during Meiji period?
Answer:
The two famous commercial companies set up in Japan during Meiji period were- (.i)
Mitsubishi (ii) Sumitomo

Question 12.
When was First Opium War fought? With which treaty did it ends?
Answer:
First Cpium War was fought between China and England in 1842. England won ihir,
war. This war came to an end with the treaty of Nanking.

Question 13.
What do you know about Confucianism?
Answer:
Confucianism was mainly concerned with the teachings of Confucius and his
disciples. It laid emphasis on good conduct, wisdom and social relationships. It also
influenced the Chinese attitude towards life.

Question 14.
What do you know about Zaibastu?
Answer:
Large business organisations controlled by individual families in Japan were known
as Zaibastu.

Question 15.
What do you know about Miyake Setsurei?
Answer:
Miyake Setsurei was a famous Japanese philosopher, who argued that each nation
must develop its talent in the interest of world civilisation.

Question 16.
Why did America want to colonise Japan? Give two reasons.
Answer:

 America wanted to colonise Japan because the USA saw the route to
China as a world market.
 America wanted to provide station for the refueling of their ships while in
Pacific Ocean.
Question 17.
Write any two reforms initiated by America in China.
Answer:

 Heavy industries were encouraged.

 Modem education was introduced in China.

Question 18.
Who was Chiang Kai-shek? What did he tell about women?
Answer:
Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of the Guomindang. He told women to cultivate the
virtues of chastity, appearance, speech and work.

Question 19.
Narrate any two changes that came in the daily life of the people of Meiji period.
Answer:

 The concept of nuclear family became popular.

 Japanese used to wear western style of clothing.

Question 20.
What is meant by the slogan ‘Fukoku Kyohei’?
Answer:
The slogan ‘Fukoku Kyohei’ meant ‘rich country, strong army\ It was given in Japan
under the Meiji rule.

Question 21.
What do you mean by “The Great Leap Forward Movement”?
Answer:
“The Great Leap Forward Movement” was launched in 1958. It was a policy to
galvanise the country for rapid
industrialisation.

Question 22.
How did Japan escape colonisation, according to Nishitam Keiji?
Answer:
‘Moral energy’ helped Japan to escape colonisation.

Question 23.
Write any two ways to depict how China was influenced by Japan.
Answer:

 To train its citizens in modem subjects and ideas. Students now went to
England, Japan and France to acquire modem education.
 Many Chinese became republicans under the Japanese influence.
Question 24.
When was Hong Kong returned to China by Britain?
Answer:
Hong Kong was returned to China to Britain in 1997.

Question 25.
Who is unanimously regarded as the founder of modem China?
Answer:
Sun Yat-sen is unanimously regarded as the founder of modem China.

Question 26.
What do you know about Naito Konan?
Answer:
He was a Japanese scholar. He established Department of Oriental Studies in Kyoto
University in 1907.

Question 27.
Who spoke these words, “Freedom is more precious than order.”
Answer:
These words were spoken by Ueki Emori, the leader of Popular Rights Movement .

Question 28.
Mention the names of two Qing reformers. What sort of contribution did they make to
strengthen the Chinese system?
Answer:

 Kang Youwei
 Liang Qichao

They played an important role in establishing a modern administrative system, new

army and an educational system. They also established local assemblies to establish
constitutional government.

Question 29.
The movement of May 4 is significant for China. Why?
Answer:
On May 4, 1919, a movement was launched in China. It was instrumental in the
formation of Communist Party in China. Students played a significant role in it.

Question 1.
When was Guomindang Party formed? What were its objectives?
Answer:
The Guomindang Party of China was established in 1912 by a nationalist leader. Dr.
Sun Yat-sen. It had three objectives:

 To liberate China from the foreign domination.

 To establish modem democratic institutions in China.
  To liberate the peasants from the clutches of the feudal lords by
introducing reforms.

Guomindang became popular under Dr. Sun Yat-sen. The objectives of this party
had almost the same to that of Communist Party established in 1921. But soon there
emerged differences between the two parties. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and the
leadership of the Guomindang Party passed into the hands of Chiang-Kai-shek. He
committed atrocities on the Communists. The Communist leader Mao Tse-tung was
compelled to undertake his 6000 miles Long March to increase his influence in North
China. In October 1949, he drove away Chiang-Kai-shek to the Island of Formasa
(Taiwan) and established Communist rale in China.

Question 2.