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 TH [
M ycen~e~n
~~ASrr

p'
 Tt-l1;
M ycenaean
I=I;Asrr
EDITED BY
JAMES C. \VlIGIlT

.11"
• AM~.'CAN SCHOOL o. CLAU'CAL STUDIES AT ATIUN.
. . Princeton 2004
•

Tn'. One

1111111111I;111111111111
u~ .. ~ n" T .~n
 This VQlum~ i~ also publishnl "" i.. u~ 73:2 (2004)
of H~Jprnll: TJxjaurna/ a!'huf",mran Sri»DI 0/
C/lmira{ Studi~J III AIJxn< (ISSN OO18-098X).

Copyright C 2004 Tho Amori<.o School ofCI .......1Studio••t Athoos

All righu ..,..,rvod.

c.w.. iJltutrttt;M: Pyloo m~ron freo"o: p<ocel'.ion. o...wing riot

de Jong, Pi« de long Pape'" photo I. I""nnidoo and L. Bo.m.ioIi.
Coun.. y Amo";".n School ofCloisi<:al Studi.. ot Atho",

To order, COftract:
(i~NDrthA~.) (.~tJjdt Ncrth Altl(ria)
TIt< Ihvid Brown Book Company 0"'-_
www.d.v\dbruwnl>ooi<ro.com www.oxhowboob.rom
Tol.800-791-9354 T<I, .44 (0) 1865-241-2-49

I.ibcvy ofConpao C.~nrin·,,"bli<o';"'"DOl'

Tho< ;\Iyc<n.<:,n F.... I <dit«l by JIImCO C. Writl:ht.
p. em.
-n.;, volum< i. 0100 I"'bli'h<d .. iotu< 73:1 (2004) of 11..pm.: Tho<
JOllm>l oft.... Am<ricon School of CI... ic>l Stodi« at Athen. nSSN 0018·
098X):-r.p. """"-
Include> bihliogrophical rdi:r<DO<O.
ISIIN O-87661-951-{) (olk. pap<t)
I. C;'-;Ii...,i"". Mr«ou<:ltl. 2. Gr««-Antiquiti«. 3. Food h..abitr-
Gr««-Hi"'"y-To 1500.1, Wright.l...... C., 194(>-

DF220.HI89 2004
394.1'r09388----dc22

p'
CONTENTS

Pref=, hyTrxry Cullen

Lilt of C""lrib",ors "'
LiS! of Abbreviuion. •"
CNeurl
THE MYCENAEAN h A n ' AN: INTlQDlICTIQN
]>mco C. Wright
ClNlpt".2
A S~IVU or EV!DMCe ro. [tUn"..: 'N
MYCENAUN SoclEry
lome. c. Wright 13
a..pmJ
ANI .... L S"c'JfICr, A.CHIV . . , AND [r.uTH.ll
AT THE PAl ""0' o. N U T o ,

Sharon R. 5'od=.OO J~k L. Davis

ClHtpltr4
Myc ... ", .... FunlNG 0" T.o",.",z£ 4T

ANCIF",T N.wu
Mary K. Dabney, Paul Hol...:ad, and Partid, Thorn.. n
Cbilpl".S
S"CIIFIC"U F r H T ' ' ' C IS THE I 'N'''' R OQCIIM'NTI
Thorn.. G Pabjm. 27

(;h,.pl".6
Au", .... FUITING' A M'''OA'' P . . . . UT'U
Eli,ahem Borgn. m
Chap" 7
A GooDn FUIT AClI.orM.,lowWIN.·
FusTlNe IN 8'0,"70' AG. CU.IF.
1 ""ig Steel 161

ChapmS
r .... TlNG IN Ho .... 'e E.,c
S",m She,,,," 181
PREFACE

In re«n, yun. arducoJogi... h,o"" nckl<d an incr<•• ingly dj ....... rangt

of social and poL,;col question, .bout prehistoric communities in the
Ao:g<'.n. The ~nt ..,[umc rontributeo 10 ,hi, <n:oo os ochobn takr.
<10K look Of me cvidcntt for .iruoJ (,.. ring and drinking co",moni.. in
,he Mycenaean wo,ld.ln """'" ' ...ys and an introd"",ioo.]ames Wright
and hi. rollc>gue. ~",nt • wealth of dcr.oil about {n.ting, d...wing on
m.ny IOUrttS: Iargc Mpooi.. of drinking and ",rving "....d., m...m accu-
mulation. of animal boneo, depictions ill rn:KO and on painted f'Ol"l•.,..
and Linn< B do<-u"",n.. from Pyloo. Thebes. and Knosooo. Thc gwgnphi.
<:al and duonok>gic:al lintits of <fucu.. ion an: '""fWl';V<, ...1>< authors
in.... ,ig,,,. ,ndirioo, of fea.ting
m.inbnd Gree«, Crete, and CYJ'n.I'
00
from the latc Bron~ A~ to ,helmn ~_ The implica.ion. of .,hno"
gnplUc and ardurologi<al aCOOun" "ffu"ing fium ....... nd "'. wodd _
ol5<> consid•."d. Thc ron,nburon to ,hi. volume I"'l' specialanen,ion '0
the .....Y' in which, in the M)Un...n _,!d, ,hesc ritual """,mOf\~ "'''..
.. oren.. who::", >llianrn >mong the eli,e .'" fOTJlCd alll! kgitimiud, pre<-
ti~ i. aequi~, Ind rultural identity f"rn,ed. The complex role offeuting
wi.hin the M}~na.. n economy and ooci.J .tructu.. i. do.e1y ,tudied, u
i, the ..Inion.hip betwem H""",r'. aceoun.. of banqueting and the Late
Bronu Age o.rchawlogical rerord.
The ge"",i. ofthis project wo. a colloquium otgani=l by Wright and
Sharon Stocke. for <he: I03rd Annual Muring of the Arch1COlogicalln-
stiNte of Ame,ic. in Phila<klphia in January 2001. Aft.. a"ending the
....ion and hearing the enthu.iutic diK"\l"ion th.. folloowed, I invited the
'0
organiullto ",bmit .he pa!",,, 1hspn-Uz, the journal of the American
School of Classical Srudi.. 01 Athen., for publication .. a .pcciiI theme-
i...... The colloquium coincided oot only with the ul"ulg< of oociowl-
turn studi.. in Aegean p..history, bu••100 with .he changing focus of the
publication. program nf the Ameri"'n School (_ editnri,j. in U"pn-Uz
69,2000; and 73. 2(04). One explicit goal i. tha, HNpn-Uz ",flee. the ..•
cent expan,ion ofdiociplinary .ppro".... taken to .he .tudynf the ancien.
Medi"'....n.an while also rcp"'..nring the broad '",,"rum of ........h
undertaken at ,he American School i....lf. ""'b~"'tion of an occuional
iss... devoted to a theme of ",,,,,,nt inter...t wu thuo endorsed, and 71x
My<"'4Nm NasI, .f«, passing pc..- ,mew, appeared u UClpn-Uz 73:2.
y,,, ....... ~.

Beauoc the ou¥a of 1\1)«....,... rcuring io ofint.~' It>. pot.n-

lUIly oridet tndc..hip dun f1..ptria 1Uboaib.n--~"" prohi"ori",,",
"",hropoIogitu, 1nd o<~ intrigued by ,he widrr ooc,ol "'f"«11 of at,ng
'0
.nd dtinlcing--ASCSA l'ublintion. d«idrd I"'bli.h ,ho ..,Iurn¢ con-
ct"""",ly u • freeolanding book. In doing 10, "'" h.~ mod< minimol
elunga ". lhe .....ide. ,hem..h the l"'ima'Y diff.renea be"""en ,he
prncn' ¥t>Iurne.nd ,ho jounul "" ion pen"n.o forma,.nd the renum-
bering of pages.
Many indMduab ....."'" ,h.nu for bringing thi• ..,Iurn¢ 10 light:
Jim Wrigh', """"" all, ,.n.,roonIina,«I the pro;... on<! e<>lIro«l and olupcd
the JUbkquen' .nida;.nd ,I>< other eon,ribu,on, who "'''''ned their
initial ""hu.i..... for lhe f"":iect.nd rn¢' il>CTeuingly dem.nding de.d-
linn with g<><><I hum<><. Srun H.yden ond J=rny Rutl~ review<:<! ,he
original MJbmi.. iom.•nd ,heir in.ightful commen" contribu,ed lignifi-
comly '0 ,he final ""..ion•. A loler oddi.ion '0 ,he volume. by Thorn., Pa-
w.....,b._fi,<d from KYicw by John lknne',john Pop:l<lopouloo, .nd ,he
late Paul Rehak. For <difOrial ...illance I thank Comill.a Ma<~.I'riocilb
~Iurr.y.•nd ~loUy Rieh.nUon,.nd ..pe<ia!ly my hordwotking rolle.gues
in ASCSA f'uhli.corion., S..... Grow Figueira, C.rol Slrin, .nd r lID<>'-
lhy Wordell I am olIO graleful It> Carol H.rsher>lOlt and N.taL. Vogcilwff-
Srogon for ...illonce with illu"....ion•• Eleni H....ki and Zina Gionll<>-
paulo.. for chocking GrrckcifOl;on.,.nd Mary Jone Govcndo for designing
• wonderful coYtr for lhe book.

T",uyCoJ/...
Editor, 1I",m~

p'
CONTRIBUTORS

ELI ....Ir:rTA Bo~GNA, Dipartimen,o di StOOl. T l1,d. de; Ben;

Cultural;, Ulli"".. il~ di Udi ..., Vi, Pl::1nC<:O 8. 33 100 Udi"", lraly;
diw..:ndx,[email protected],

M....l' K. D""Nn, Department ofCl...ical and Near E..'em

Archarology, Bryn M.WI CoUcg<, Bryn 1\1>...", '''nnoy]v,mi.
19010-2899, USA; mdab~nm.w.,edu

JAC' I.. DAv,s, Department ofClusiC$, Uni"".. ity of Cincinru.li,

Cineinn..i, Ohio 45221-0226, USA; jack.davi~.c<lu

PAUL HAUTT.AD, Dcpanment of Arrhaeology. Uni"""ity of Shdr..ld,

Sheffield 51 4ET, United Kingdom; P.llal.,.~heffi.ld.oc.uk

TKO"'''' G. 1'......,...., Dep.rtment ofCbuicJ, Uni"""iryofT"".. .,

Au.tin, I University Station 0400, Austin. Tuu 78712-0308, USA;
Il'aloim~mail. UlelCU.edU

SlllA ... S"URATT, A.hmol",n Mu<cum, Beaumont S'lUt, Oxford

OX] 2PH, United Kingdom; ,,,e.•hem.,t@'ashmu•.ox.oc.uk

LoUIn S....u. Dqn"menl of An:hK<llogy. Uni"".. ity ofWoleo,

L:omp<rcr, Ccrcdigion SA4!l 7ED, United Kingdom;
1..... I@!amp.oc.uk

s"...o..- R STOCIU, Dep.rtment ofCluoia. Uni""..ity ofCiocinnoti,

Cincinnoti, Ohio 45221-(1226, USA; ..""Ice,rtJ.moiluc.Wu

PATaICK THOMA', Dcpornn.n, of Archaeology.nd An HiOlory,

Uni""..ity of EvonrviU., EvonsviUe. Indiono 47722.0001, USA;
p'4€'..... nsviU•. «!u

JAMES C. W~IGHT, Dcp:ortrnc:nl ofCw~KcoI:and N<n Ea~l<m

Archoeology. Bryn Mowr Col1<ge, Bryn Mowr, I'tnn~)'lvonio
19010-2899, USA; [email protected]

p'
ABBREVIATIONS

M • Anolw>logio<:ber Anui~r
A'KIK'I'" • A.g:ocurn. Annol<l d'ard,..,logic ~gt<:nrt< do l1J,uvcnitt do
"'~ A"""m. R....§ruI di o<:;'n... 'loricbe,linguiOliche, e filologiche
A"""",.
ADPlnI wnJ u.mn/,. Agypten un<! Lcv:u.l., uirochrift !illlgyp<~be
Archlologie un<! deten Nachbargebiele
AjA • American Joumol of Anohoeology.1be Joom.l of the A«:hoeo--
logi<:illn.tilUle of Arnerie.
AM. Milt~ilungen des DeutKh." Archlologi""hen In.titu..,
Atlleni""he A['{~ilung
AwonAnl· Amcric:on Anliquity
Awon;,,,nAn//m>jJ<JI.~/. Amenc..n Andtropologi". The JoumoJ oftl><
American Anthropological A""",i.,ion
Annf..«>nS«Ci" _ Annal<l. &:onomie, soci~tts, ejvili...ion.
An/;'1"jty. Antiquity. A Qy.ar.crly Review of Arch:oco\ogy
AntK. An.ikc Kun..
Arc~',,, • Art:huologie.,o< M....u..neou. T..... Relating fO
Antiquity
ArchlJelt. "PX<'I0~ 4u..no.
A"hEph. "P:«llO/.oruril'E'l''1'''rp<.;
A"Mi.",. Arch_logia Homeri.., «1. E Matt .nd H. G. Rochhol...
G6ltingen 1%7-
ArchKqTT/il. A«:haeologi""h.. Korrespondenwlalt
ASAt<",. AnnuMio ddl. &uo.la arch..,log;'" <Ii Atenc e ddk Mi..ioni
iloJi.ne in Oriente
BAR. Brili.h An:haeologi<:il Repo...
BAR-IS. Bri,;.h Arrh....logieol Reporn, Intemal;"nal s.n..
BASOR • Bulklin of II>< Arne,;""n Schools ofOrienw Research
/lCH. Bulletin do com:.pon<lan<:<: hcll<!niquc
BICS _ Bulktin of the InOli"". of C!auica! S",di.. of lbe Uni"""ity of
Co."",
BSA. Annu.l of tile Briti.h School al Athen.
CAl. Cambridge ArchacologK-al Journal

p'
." A . . . . YI .. TIO~1

ctFR • Collection dt 1'&01. ~'" de Rome

CMS. Cotpu. der minoiochtn uoo m}-kcnioch<n Siegel
CQ~~~ly
CfftC1Jr.~. Kfrrrnx<I: WO"'J<'i. K~~ ""i iWi'fQt tii<; ~

"""""
C",~Q,ta,,"·
C.uni.a
Croruchc di If<"heologi. ~ di ,fOri. den"art., Univt...itl di
C..mfn,1Jr • Curren, Anthropology
lJnLb<IJ,Wlnf. o.,••~i.ch;oche Abd<mi.c dc. \V'SSC1U<h.of'en, W;"'n,
Philooophi..,h-hi.f<>rioeh< Kh.... Deoks<hriften
Firntt. Eire"•. Studio gnec:o .. btin.
E"ITIf,"", _ Fondarion liud.I""" l'~tudc de I'antiquif<' d:...;quc.
Enm:ti.cn. sur l'.ntlqui'" d ... ique
EIfVi"'''IM'IIIUA"IJtMoIOV • £""';_n,oI An;I=%gy. ~ JO\Imo.l
,,'Hum.n N>e<>ecology
Ern",· Enno.. Act. philologia. ouccana
be", • Etudes em"i....
GJ",nin;"",. Gymn..ium. Zeit""hrif, fUr Kultu. d.. An'ik< UM
hum.niltioche Bildung
JI"ptri4 • II.. pe.'"
The: Joumol "f ,he Arncri<:rn Sd>ool of Cl>...ical
Studi.. It Ad."",
IfyJr-to. Hydra. W<>oong 1'2pc.. in Middl.llronu Age Stud;e.
J""m,wul" X"',,,, • Incun"""l. graeca. Colbn. d<lll"ituto p'" gIi .lUdi
mi=n<i M ~.rul<>lici del Con.ig~o nazi<>nalt den. rittrcll. di
""".
IrAnl.lronic. antiquI
]AnlMrrh - Journal of AnrhropoJog;cal Arrh"",,1ogy
lAS. JoumoJ <>f Arducologic':rJ S<:i<:n<.
l"!. J.hrboch de< DeIl.... h." ArchlologiIChcn [n"ituts
]FA. Journal ofFIeld An:ho.eology
]MA • Joumal "f Mcdi'crr:oneon Ard,.."k>gy
]PR • Joom.1 "f Prehi,,"";. IMigioo
]RGZM. J.hrbuch des R6miKh-germ.niKhen Zcn'rWnwcum..
M.inl
Xu"'•• ' Kadmoc. Zcit""htif. fIIr YOr- un<! lTohgri<>::hiKhe Epignphik
Xu",,, " K'em•. Civili..,io,," de l'Oritn', d. La Glitt... de RQlTl'
antiquo"
11.1;"",. Mi""". &vi". de fili>logi•• cg..
M~"'.JJ~'" Mnemooyne. Bibliolh... d .... ic. h....,...
M.""~t· Monum.n'; .ntichi
N4tGMg&, ,, National G«>guphi<: R.,.un::h
OjA • O.ford Joomal of An:hoeclogy
OpAt". 0puK"U1••,henion.i.
(fli,~""j". Oritnl1li•. Commen,.rii periodici I\>mificii Im'ilUli
Hiblici. Rome
PCI'S " l'roccedings of ,he Carnbridgt Philological Soci.'Y
p"w • nl'axnKlr. 'lij<; i~ 'A&>\""" ·AfY.«1lool.oyt><iK ·I::.,,'(><la,
I'Z • Prihi"o,;""h< Zci,,,,,hrift

p'
AII.U'ATIONI

Q<an... Qsdem. Monographs of the InstiMe of Archaeology. Hebn:w

Uni.....ity ofJe",,,"I=
RA • Rrvu.: ~rd""'logique
RDAC. Reporl of ,he D.:pattmen, of Antiquities. Cyp"'"
R£A. R"",e del ttudes anciennes
Ri'IlFiJ _ Rivi,t. di filologi. e d'i$lruzione d .."""
RStFtn. Rivi". di .rodi frniei
&lint. Scienu deU>.ntichi~.Stori., :an:l>wlogi•••ntropologi.
SIMA. Studi.. in Medi'ernne"" Arch_logy
SIMA-PH. Studi.. in Medi,erranr"" Archaeology .nd Lite""un:.
Pocketbook
Sldth. Skrifter u'givn•• v Sven.b In,,in''':t i A,hen
SMEA. Srodi micenei ell egeo-"".tolici
Sy..,J;()sI• • Symbol.e ooloen...
TAPS _ Tnn••cti"". of the Ameri..n Philosophicol 5o<iety
W.ddArrh. World Archaeology
ZfA. Zeitochtift fUr Archlo\ogie
Zru..AM. ZiY:o .ntib. Antiqui,t vi"""te
ZPE. Zeiu.ehrift R1r P.pyrologir un<! Epignphik

p'
 THE MYCENAEAN FEAST:
AN INTRODUCTION

JameJ C. Wright

In 2001.1 pllrticipated in a confe.. """ Oflthe culmn:.."d cui,ine of the

prem.toric ~rn,~ by the Department offuhiS1<><yand Atthoc-
ology .. the Uni""..iry II Sheffield.' Many of the 1"'1"''' focused in on<:
.....y or another on fcasting. and I ru\i..d th" the or<h...,logitai .. mains
of f...,ing ....... ~ abundrn' than I had ....pecn:d. E'p<'Ciolly in......-
ing was the amoun, of.,.,.;.knce from diffe..nt sourttO thll ducidated fcast-
ing in Myan..on ooci.ry.1 decided ,hot;t WQ\I1d be wonhwhile to orga-
ni... a conf.",,,,,,, on 'ha' $Uhject. and. initio1ly colbbor:uing with Sharon
S">cket, p"'f'O'C<la oco.ion entitled"n., Myc.n..an Feast" for the 103m
Annual M..,ting oft"" An:hoeoJog;callnstitufC of America (AlA), to be
held in Phil.delphi. in January 2002, W. wi.hed todemonstn,. 'ha' th.
arth....logicallttOrd WI' .uffici.ntly rich to allow the identification and
characterization of the practice of feasting in Myan..an 'i"",s. We ,h.",-
fun: invited colleagues to conrribu.. papen aPl'roaching this i"uc &om a
numbet of p"...pttri...... u.ing """,ra1 varieti.. of evidence: iconographic•
• nifactual, 'aN.I. faun.l, and contaruaJ (lICtUaI deposits),'
n., paP"" p"".. ntcd in Philadelphia included on<: by Jack Davi..nd
Srocku on the <:Vidcnce from ,h. Pal,.,., of N.stor at PyIos: ano,her on a
d.]J05it from T..... ngiza by M.ry Dabney. Paul Halstead••nd Patrick"J1>o-.-
mao; on<: by Lisa Bendoll on the 'aruaJ and or<~logicai ovid.""" &om
Py!os: .nd my own in,,,,,iga,ion of til<: problem of id.ntifying feasting
from 'omb ....mblages. IS depicted on frescoes, and from other ,..<"n'.lf
,h... pape" succeeded in Chlf'lCfCri~ng. distincti"" "Mrcen...n" pr:u:~
rice, 'hat pnctia could be further definc<l by contra.ring i' with tl>os<
from ""l,"n:. in contact with ,he M~""na.an•. Thu., we al... invit.d
Elisahctu Borgn. to talk about Minoan felSting, wi,h 'p<'Cial ..fe",nce to
t. I ""'" '0 thank Po'" Hok",od """
'0
.he evidcnce !Tom Pha;,tOO, and Loui« Sted discu.. fa.ring in Late
Jo<k 0..... fur "'oJi"ll:' draf, of !lu. Bron.. Age erp"", Both re charged to con'ider how pr:u:ric.. in th.ir
inm>du<t>.>o. pto:>'lO.ding uorful .. /<r- are•• wen: affected by Myan n ""stom, of fe.sting..nd to what ..'.nt
''''''''. """ ......."ll nlu...,., "W.oo.... local practices continu.d or """" ;,t.d the introd""tion of new prac-
2. Ab>tncro of d>< P"J'<f' d<~",r«l ric... Robin H!gg «rw<I .. the ponden' .nd compared.."d con,ra,ted
.. putof'"1l><M~r ...<
the Late Bron...., Age cvi.dencc wi'h 101« Gn:.k practice. of f.a"ing and
An ~ CoI1o:>qIil"",' .. th<
AlA AumW M«'b"f!: in Pbibd<1ptU. ..crifice. Aft.rward, ,he p.nic;l"'oto agreed 'hOI it would be worthwhil.
in 2002 ... publ;1h<d in ~ 106 to rework OUr paP"" and p"""nt 'hem for public.,ion, .nd Tracey Cullen
(2002), pp. 212-271. ruggc>ted We rons;d.r publishing th.m IS a sp<'Cial i.we: of li,,~.
 ,
posl-anything .nd ·~rything, "mains ,I>< product of disc.mibl.
_i>! and culrur>! ptoCCUel: proctUel p.nio11y inde'.nnin.l. ye'.
in 001II. 171 ". oy".m'liolly del.rmined; ombiguouo ond poly-
volem. ye' un.rly intol><"n' or me.ningk..: open 10 mul'ipl.
wns,ruc,ion••nd ron,.." yet never .n'i"ly frt<: of ordc.......... ,he
rt'Ility of f"'W'" and c",,",nim."
Th••o,ho.. go on to .rgue th...thnography·i. in<!i.pen••ble '0 the pro·
duc.ion ofknowl""g< .bou, 011 m.nn« of 1IOci>! phenom.n•. lndeed ...
no hurn.nio, .<coun' of ,he pas, or pf'e"'n' can (or doco) go ... ry IiIr wilh-
OIl' the kind of undcn..nding ,h•••h. crhaognphic goze p",upp<>$<:'.'"
In ,he otudy of f."ling, .h. fund>mcn,i1 viluc of .,hnognphy i. evid.n'
in. """n' ""Ium. edi,ed by Michael Di.tl...nd Bri.n H.yden on ,h•
•"h.rology.nd .,hnognphyoffe.,ring;" .,hnognphic .nd arch••ologi·
cal =ounn /fom around ,I><: glob< pr<I"idr rich .nd varied rnmpk:o on
which ro draw. The arti.ck:o drrtt<>m,ra'. ,I><: ext'n' '0 which"","" hum.n
ac,ivi,j.. h..... universal quality.nd 'hey .1", wun,•••impli..ic ~pbn.·
rion. by brood.ning tl><: choic.. of probable inrtrp"..';""". """etim..
cvc:n offering conrndietory Orl<'S."
[n .rudying ,h. practice of f••"ing••",hacolog;m .levi.. ""d u,ilize
m.lhod. of .n>ly>" ,h.. k>d 10 • dirrrt ......men. of .pecilic hum.n
..,tiviti... Thi. i. 171"'" .""""n' in liIuna! ",,>I,..i•. in which th. rompara-
'i.....,hooorchICologic>! .rudy of butch.ring now penni .. d.d"",i"" .....
....m.n" of,h. purposco of .liff.",n' kin<» ofootch.ring "'or'" ""d bone
"".,m.n•• nd di.poo>l.'" [nc....ingly. the .n>!,...i. of reoidu.. in ......1.
011""" u. '0 de'.rmin., wi,h varying dog..... of p"",i.ion, .he con'.n" "f
""..d. IOd II><: .... yo in which l'n'1C!> we", u ..d in food production." Simi-
1.r1y, .tud.i.. of dc:pooitl ...n lead to p.....i.. hi"ori....f dcpooition, for
example ,hrough an.mion to p.l .....mom..logical ovid.nce, ,I>< .. main.
ofwhich c.n indi...,. ,I><: p~"'" of orgorUc """rt in which in..... ,hrived
.luting ,he .pring .nd .... 171 ......' "",n,h•. ll
16. ComIltOIf ltId Conuroff 1991. It i••1.., I""'ibl. to rt<:On.tttICf from palaeobot.nical .nd wologicol
p. ,0. ",main. ,he ""'1 wid. rang< "ffood.tuffi, """sumed at f...... In f...,ing
17. Coouroff ltId Conuroff 1991.
,- IS. IMtI<r ltId Ihyd<n 1001.
dcpo<i.. at Cahoki. in .....'hem Illinoi., fo, tx:Ilnple. Paukt:,at .nd hi.
roU.agua foond evidence of com. bonk gourd, "I0••h, sunlk>wcr. sump-
19.0.....1981.1'18•. Wffd. cb.nopod, m.}'gr...,.""'" lrnolwr«!, foor von.,i.. "f nu", gnpr,
10. BWOrd l'IIll: Sp<th 1983: ond m:my (rui" (penimrnon wberry, plum, brunblc, .lderberry, nigh,-
O"Conno< 1'1'11l. I thUlk P.ul llallk:ll<l .h.d., blockh.w, mulberry, nlk>wcr).•Iong wi,h grecn•• nd .m.lI graitu
lOr ouppIying thco< ,"'=.......
11. T...w.;, ltId Mortkw 1m.
C.m...n.h. punJ""", p"nicoid gruon, cup<:twttd,.nd .purges)." A, rho
I\lyr:r:n...n ~ncruary Of Ayioo Kon...n,in"', Ham~:oki. and Konoolaki
w.
11. P""k<t" <l iI.1OOl.pp.161-
idontified obrrp, goa', .. ,<I., pig, red dec" mouscl..,. mel< d<Nc, bird.•nd
13. P.uk.., <l iI.1OOl.pp.165-- fi.h.'" Comp.rati tudy of cerami< ""...1 f".,..••nd ,heir qu.nti,i.. in
,~ dopooi.. <lucid imilariti.. IOd diffrrcncc< brtwn:n r.....,ing d.pooi..
H. lb",i1.:1<i•• n<! "'-0101<; 1004. ond dome.. ic onco," d.m..n"ra''''' by Pauke..l .. >!. in ,heir .n.lyoi. o(
I' H2. ......1. from C.bolci. and by Pappa and wlkogu.. in ••rudy of ,he drink·
IS. 1'"""",,,<l iI.1OOl.1'\' 16&- ing ....p' /fom I\bluipl.,. in Macedoni.... AJ; no,,,,,, chemic>l :m>lyoi. of
16'1; I'>ppo CliI.. fo<t""""'ing.
16. T=blci,.r>d Mortkw 1m: con,.n.. >I,., promi... Kl.ntili ,Oon "f.pecif.. food<ruff. p..parod in ....-
M ~ Clil. 1m; M<Go.wrm .01•." A particul.rlyvilu.ble = ofinform..ion i. ,utu>!, .. ~
by Schm.nd,-Bc..."" in h., rcvi~ "ff~•• ting in II><: :mei.n, Ne" £:0<"
"'"

p'
 T" ...... CEN ..... N . . . . . T: .. N IN'r.OOUCTION ,
thot the totol number ofPC"""" f.d a' a k .., a.l'yloo ..... ".nough. by the
rul.. of .humb of mod.m Bri,i.h """'prio.... to f«<I SC\...,.] ,,,,,,,",,d
gue.ts."'" The", nlcuJari<>ns help"" apprecia•• the widesp~ad impact of
f...ting on the eronomy of the Mycenaean pol><:eo. and they olIO make
dear how many .~ .. of ocribaJ ocriviry we... ff~rcd by fcos.ing.
In .hi. regard l'olaim.·, ron.rib<Jtion to thi. volume mods. signifi·
cant .dvoncc on previou. scOOlo.,hip. H• .,..mines the tobl... for evi-
de~ of the admini......'i,...truclU.. off....ing by lOCufing on ,h. ",1. of
individuol" n<mbly ,he ·""llccr.....: in the admini","'ion of ka.ting; by
indicating lhe larger context off.OIIing within the proc1icc of oaaifice and
wo",hip a' sanctuari..; and by con.idering ,h. g«>gnphical and poli.i<:01
implication. posed by the ",hie... F",m hi' .tud)· .... leom ,h.. ku'ing
..... admini.t.",d in .im~... f..hion by til.. poloces.t Kn",..,.. Py\o<•• nd
'Jhebe" i' wu p.n of 0 highly ",n,roIi...d pol= hu... U<r">C}' th.. h.d
fi,m <-0<1.",1 of writori...nd provinciollo<aliti•• up fO 100 !an di..an,;
ond ,hot .t.t. f....ing wa••ponoon:d oot only a, the mojor palsc but
o1Jo .t 5«Ondory ",n",,,, or localiti.. wi.hin ,hem. Monitoring of f ,ing
wu olIO imponan' within ,he h;crotchiE. of b<J",.u<ronc anon,;on. At.
Pollim. oot... f...ting .......n ""tiviry in whi<:h the ""'".~ ...... cenlraUy
im..,IVE<!. Funh.rmo in hi. di""""ion of 'M T • ..,ri.. f",m Pyloo, h.
oboe,...., Ih...he in n'orying "f fEstal cquipmon. f.U und•• ,he purvi~
of nne of the most impon.nt o<.ibc•. On the ...umprion thO! diff.~nl
..ts of ta.. a.. do.ely in'crrel.rcd, he i. ahle '0 look .. ,he """,rd. of
,h",~ and ",.,10 for d•• ails of the ",..ing anongom.n. "fhigh officioh.
Thi. textwl inform.tion wppon' Ill.. int.rp~tOlion ofevidEnce from
T"",ngi", by Dabney, HoI"ead••nd Thorn.. in thi• ...,loml.1b<yargu<
th.u fl held 01 Tooungi..., a minor ..nlcmen. in tho .orri."')' of M)".·
n ""nnected with the polace or it. "'pre.. nt.ti....... Ujoally, the ...•
clueological ovid."", from .h. Polocc ofN..to. p.... n'.d he", by S,,,,,ke•
• nd 0.... ""nfum. PoIoim.·. u:lllUoI =g<si•. The .u'h...... how .h•• ,h.
location. of f.""ing dEposj" around !h. palace. <specially in th. Arrhives
Complex 10", to lorg<:-ocale feo... 'l""'",rcd by the ,tOl. and ~Iy
01""0 ,h ting ofhighly ranla:d individuaIs.
If Ill.. ""ntnlity of til.. f...t lmoog the "",ia1 pncti<:., of the Myce·
......no i, evid.nt, ,hen w••hoold inqui...bout til.. imp""t of f...tillg 00
.he "tu<tu" and <><gam...';on of the "",;cry. 1be 'a" focuo on fo...ing
tha political1y:and tronomica1ly 'ignifican' ."""gh to be .-.rorded.
F ing. ~r. ",,,,ly optrated a' I~ls Ind in .~.. ou"ide .h.1""'"
.,;.... of the p.w:<s.ln thi. r<gard, the .'hoographic ltudy of fel.ting i.
particularly helpful \V.l.om that fea.ts IX"'" ,hrougl>ou••he ycar.1b<y
an: perf<>rnled by ='1 "",iol group-f"'m the flmily to In .nti~ ooci-
.ry-by kin. moi.ty and oodiIiry. and individool. aning through all kind,
of p<rtOOO<. The ",,"""ion. includ< any .....n' from binh to death tho. people
choooc to ""lehnlt. Cl.,1a:',li,t of oro"ion. f... Akhl f..... i' iUo"nui.... :
to honor """"'to<$, mark lhe naming of 0 newlx>m. C\l~ ,i<knc:st. honor
bu.ch<,.. fur worlunc:n a•• p<nolty. fo' purifl<':ition. to mark • gat< ...
:16. HoI,,,ool ..-.l h .. 'Ml... furlh· building, honor Ill.. Lord, of .he Eanh, mark .he ha........ announce ,he
~..., doo loulUdou .. 01.:1002. now year, 00 IXcasion of In annuol dram•. f... a wedding. for a new houoe.
31. CIukr 2001. P. 153. to mark m.""!"'OI<, and on """""'n of a funeral." It i. linl. wonder, in

p'
• )A"" C. WO'''''T

"""lI<quen<o<, .h.. ,he ~ proposed f<>r fcuring h.~ been equdly ...,-
;"d, with diffe"'o' <:>l>k ..,,. crnpt.u;'l.ing diff.",n' "'p«" of the kU'."
Some tu... oecn rc."'" m«h.ni.m. fur rediSlribolioo. od..... as rutanl
for <!<mon"",ring heriubk holdingo and onlU" while many claim lhal
th<y demon,,,,,,. and omplify pmtigc. It ;. mdcn' ,ru.t {co... W<:rc not
merely perfOfll'>t<l for plVt;cti and soci:ol btnefit, bu, 01.., for ,1>roiQgicaI
.nd lilUrgical "'.""o....-in order> for <:",rnple,lo main••in ,he COImie or-
der. n.c tnuI., ~ " Of H.)d<n .mph..; , is pncrical," and hi,li"
of nine btndit. of fusting i•• powerful " men, -about ,I>< <kg_ ll.
whi<h thi. "",i.1 Pl'>Crico pcnn••' .. ,he many dimen,ion> of human oc-
,ivi,;os." Aorording to Hayden, r.....

I. mobili"" lobo<;
2. ""ale coopc",ti... rcLni.on<hipo within groups or, convc.-.c:ly.
exclude other groups:
3. ''''ale """I"'",'i"" :oIli.".". btrween social gro<'f'S (indL>ding
political .uppot', b<:twttn ltou.. hoIdo);
4. invest .urpluoes .nd gene..... profits;
5. >ttra<1 d<.i",bk m ...,.. bOO<. 0I1i.., "" _.lth =hanga by
:&<Ivtrti<.ing the "'"... of ,he group;
6.•"'••• political power (rolurol """r ~rres lIld labor)
through the c....tion of a ... tw<>rl< of =ipt'OClll d<b..;
7. =ract surplu. prod"". &om the gc:"....J populact: for di.. usc;
S. solicit f.vors;.nd
9. <omp"...... fot" transgrnoions.

W.... not yet in th. """ition ofbeing .bl< to i<l<ntify which of the
m.ny postibl< n;uon. fot" feuting or< ,ho$<: mos' .. \cv>n' to M)""ruo:on
onei.,y. Kilkn hu argued thot. among .. ble.. from I'yloo, To 711 ",fen tn
prep...rion. fOf • fust upon the .I'f""inlm.nt of. new magi........nd
Un 13S "n:wrd. the provi.inn. fOf a bonquet held 'on the initiarion of the
king' {",~-jo---"" ....tj .... ·"~-a-"./"'~ ..."",,6r rp, "",..Jkil).'" r.hima
discu,ses mh.r ..ble.. thOl link f.uting with ,he ""'....;t. which io to be
upe<t.d among the =<>«1, of ,h. palace. but Ju... ly oth.r mo,i"",i"".
for feming occurml. bMh within the pa!..., and ""'ong communit;"
oo.. i<l< i,.
In their .rudy of ,h. <kposit from the runl .. nlem.n' at Tooongi....
Dolmey. Hals1<:od, .nd Thom•• SUgg«' th.. it ..... from 0 feu, th.. WO$ •
community al<b.. tinn m.rking a relO1inn.hip be!W'<Cn the community
.nd th. palace, but th.... i, no .1T<>ng evidence 10 indi"",. more p=i..ly
the ......,., forthi. feud had earlH:r p",p.... d thot the <lepooit .. TlOUngi..
represen'ed • rural .hrine." but the nuna! ",mlin. and .nalrsi. of the 38. H'yd.n 2001. PI" :!lI-l5;
c mics now ttrongly suggest a f..., wi,h. "'ligiow component. which ~ lOO1.PI" llf1-I88.
rai a qu«t;"'" .bout the i<kntiflC1rion of ... ligioo$ anter'S ""..i<k the 3¥. H.)<I<n .IOOI.I'!' n-3S.
palaces." Evidence from the rtten<ly exc..... ,«1 .hrine compk>: .. Ay;.,. -10. H..,..... 2001. PI' J9-)(I.
41. Killen 1m. p. 422; >« ako
Kon.. anli"", on Meth.n. m.y give n;uon 10 i"'''''liS''' wh.,her f..."
1'i........ OIme, M.Ie", 1'190.
....re ~l2rly held Of religiou. ant...... but we cannot yet be more pre' l'P.17l-184; Kille" t994.
oi'" .bout 'he n.ra", of these an1<r'S. Nonctheltl$. ,hi. probability .hould 42. Wli.gh. 1994. pp. 69-70.
«lu" ex..... t"" .nd ....."'he.. In 1oolr. .goin ot the remoin. from Mlent;- 43. Wr;p. 1994.1'1" f>J-n
fi.d oancruory .it•• fot" any.vid.ncc offe••ring ,h.. might h..... been ""',- 44. H...,;wu...... Konoc>bki XI04.

p'
 THE .neENAUN HAlT' AN 'NT.ooueT'o" ,
IookN. PI..,... whe", this """,ld b< ••peciolly wonhwhile 0", Mycenae,
Tiryns, A.in., Amykloi, Epidouros. Delphi, Aigino, ond Ayi>. Triado ot
Ayioo Vo.. ili,,".
It ",mo.in. diflicuh to identify tb< reuono for feasting•• i~... Clarke'.
~S1 :above (I'. 5) indicates, in moot inSlOIICCS they 0", not .pecif", to Iocoles
ond mony of hio occo,iono ,ho' migh' tili pI..., in 0 <lorn..,;" Kiting
wou1d be <qwilly .ppropriat... 0 ..ncru:ory. SoncNaries.,.. oft.n th.1<>-
....Ies of .peciol f...t., ••pecially when the deity of the ..nclUory is <:el-
.b...ted .. 0 opeciflC tim. oftho Y".... such .. ,I><: on..' of,ho rw:w Y".... ,ho
har.'est. <>t some o,her noN!'Ol phenom<:non morW by celebn,ion. "['II.,
Line., B texIS th.. record ><tivities. dedication., off..ings, ond looohold-
in!!, .. shrines ond to p.,ticu1or deiti•• .,.. ,h<;refO«' <ondida,es fOf think-
ing obou, .....ys to .pecify ,ho orruiono of feas,ing.
Homor i. of great ""lu. in thi. mat"", u the oft.n....,ited f.sti",,1 to
Poseidon in book 1Il of the Odywy iUuo t••. n", epics 0100 ~de
mony 'p<cilic OttUiono for fc.. ting. AJ SI>< " oboervn in he' eon,,;-
bIllion to this volum., f.osting :and fighting Ote lh. two most ffe<lu.nt
o<tivi,;'. deo<:rihed in the /IUui ond ,hee Odywy. In h.. onolysis we 0'"
eonfron,<d with ,I><: longs...nding problem of wh.,hor we con uSot ,h<;
.pics 10 undetslOOO tho Myc.naeo""••nd if.... how. Th. crwr of thi. iss...
""'IS on wh.,h., 0' no' ,h<;", .", ouff",;'n' .im~ori,ies in ,I><: st",cID,... of
Mycenaeon .nd Homoric "",iety '0 wornn' eompatison. Compon,ive
.lUdy off.ming p""'tic. may be 0 ponicularly fnlitful ..... y of n:veo~ng
"",;.w >lyuenm:. In both Mycen••on .nd Hom..ic ooci.ty. fouting i.
pn:dominilJltly. m:ole: octivity in. w>tri<>t lOciory. The ..... ,,;0' ,radition
woo estobli.hed during th<; Middl. Bronze Age ond WlI. occenlU.ted dur-
ing ,h. Early Mycenae.n p<rioo (Middl. H.n.dic III-Lot. Hellodic II)
.. oggnndi><ing .li,•• eomp<:ted wi,h .och otl><:r ilJld between diffe",n,
Iocolit;'•. "The symboli.m .mployed by th... groupo bespeaks thei, role•
.. hun'... and .....rri<m .nd i. reflect.d in ,h. iconography .h.red .mOllg
,ho I'tt'-polity paIae... n'..... on ,I><: mainland:and ,I>< island....
r...ting 1 c.ntral practice in tl>< ptoeesf of "",iopoliticol evolu-
,ion. Ao SI>< n·, eomparati"" oomi""tion ofMycen..on Ind Hom.ric
feasting .hows, mony of ,h<; type< of ...imal...crilic.:d .nd Cll'<n, :ond ,I><
pnetices of rooking Ind type< of .quipmont employ<d. "'" .imilar. bill
,h.", ",m.in oignif","nt diff...."""'.:ond she concludes that the feasu in
Horner. epi.. primarily describe pnrtic.. of ,he E:orly Iron Age. AI she
indicates, Hom.,ic f...10 .,.. 01", cel.brated on m.ny diff....nt OttUions.
by difkn:nt oociol groups, Ind with diff.",nt I.ve!, of inclu.ion. In tn.
.lUdi<. f=$<nted hert. ,hc:", i. link evidence 10 sugges' .uch ""ricty. nor
can we •• y much about tne diff....nt orruions for fc•• ting.ln".ad. mIlCh
of whit we p..,..nt i. the ",.idue of elit. feoning. Nonethel.... ~ ..
hu been m.de. S"",bo,:ond o.vi. su~, ,hat It the Pal.ce of Nestor .t
leu, two kvr:l. of f...,ing roo!< place. one public and .no,her prin'< .nd
01.., uoocioted with impon.nt riNaI practice. In my survey. I argue tha,
,I><: .."",i.1ion ()f the bronze tripod with coolcing game .""h .. ""nison
4S. A<hcooo 1m: D<ga-.J>lk.oay
1m: Do.;, and Ikn_ 19'1'1. ilJld boot w:so "",tri<:ted'0 elite hun,ing I!""'po wbo lOOk ,n.i, fe..,ing
46. BilJ<r 1m, KoolOrli-P.podo- e<juipment with ,hem to thc:ir gro...... W< hope th.t fu...... work will fucu.
1""'''''' 199'1: loW,....., 199\lb. on ",fining ou, undets... nding of the f.ut. Some oo:uion. thlt we might
• J...... C. "'OICHT

se=h for ~~ >griculturn feurs (pl.ming. harvut). ini,"uiorl fe."., and

funeruy r.>srs. and we at< challenged to imagi.... wh.l kind> of evidcna:
W<>UId boo. demoosTnle ,he occurren« of theM: fc:u.. and 'odevelop meth-
od< fur I'ro7VCring "",h informa.ioo.
Borgna grappks with iuun of so<;a1 ,tnlCtUn: and orpnization in
detail in her cornpanti....tudy of Mi""an and ]\1)'<0"'''" tndition. of
!Curing. h i. her «>n'e"tioo th>! fc.a,ting,lt5p«i.uy ito m.feria! "'ptn<n-
ution in f'One,.,. sdtttion and u"'!!<, act;""ly promotes oociaJ ltfUCtu'"
and that archaeologists. through ju<!ici.ou, <nmirunion "f.he evidence.
nn mob: strong "'!<eme"" .bou, • soci<ty and ito l1an,form.tion.. By
analyzing many rontext. on Cn:" from !he E.fly Bronze A~ through .he
.nd of the Lat. B,onu Age•• he rnakr<. "'ong argumcn, ,...., Miooon
_icry _ C<><pOr.Il< in 'tnlClUre and ,h., man: ""rtic:al:ond tu.r=hical
rel3lion.hips brtamc "1'1"'"'"' ,h'<>Ugh the influence of Mr<e"""a" ru[-
1Un:, F••.ring in My«n..." _i''Y•• tN: :LrgUe$, >no from the beginning
f<><used 00 individual reciprocity Imoog ~ndiring di,.. "l"''''ring in
romp<,;,i"" ''''fIU. For thi, "'UO" ,he bd;""" th>! the "">lOOts of fe..'-
jng.nd drinking :wocia,.d witll M)ttna<an fu",,=>, pnctice rdleet an
ctt!u.i"" proclic. among kin and 1OCi:al!'""'... ,II.. i. iliff",:n' from fcut-
ing in C..,le. Of particular in"'rell i. Borgn"s .".ntion '0 the loc2les of
f• .,ring: int.rior.nd ""'.rio.-. c.n,r.oli""d and di.pe~d. Th.....he be-
licw:$, can be recogni-.ed through til•• tudy of f....ting ronrcxn in .. ttlc-
IMnt••nd in mort=ry 'pac... More 'll.n,ion to this i..... in ,he cliff.",nt
cutlUral .."ingo of the: Aege.n .nd castern MedifCrr.u>con WQUld be ...t,,-
.ble,., i. dcmon.traled by S'eer. dilCUSlion of the loca.ion of r..Iling
deb", in Cl1'rio, COfll<:J<I$. in building X.t K:al.vuoo-AyiOl Dhimi"ioo
.nd, especially. in the: "",U depooi" ncar fI,,: lanctuary., Koukli•.
H.yden·.liot of,he pulenri:al benefits off.,"ing signifies die dyrumic
n.tutt of ,h. f..s'.n.. broad 'f'C<'l",m of categories """"red by the: Ji"
il1"stra,esthe ccntn.l role ,ha, fcasring II.. as • soci:al activi". in ,be fonna-
rion.nd maint.n.nce of socie'ies, and "":reby poin" '0 ways '0 ""plo,",
both 'he .....,)u.ion "f. soci.". •• well as .he sociaI.nd cultural dynamics
of ,he relation. of power. In ,II<: ....Y" ,h•• folk>w. ,h_ i........ rc brmchcd
in gencr:al,ct"IfI•. In my "".rview. I ""plore dI.....yo in which ,..cing ,h.
dcvelnpmcn' off•.,ting as • fu'm:al f""C'ic. :all""" US to ronfront issues in
,nc form..ion of. M)ttna<an cultural id.n,i".. n.. OOscrva,ion.1 m.ke
arc amplified by ,he SltIdies of Cretan .nd Cl1'ri<>, fou'ing pnc.i... by
Borgn•• nd Sred, who dcsaibe and int.rpret th. cvide..... lOt "na'i",,"
fe••ting practice. on ,he.. i.Jando hef"", ,be odw:nl of M)ttnac.n influ-
....... lbc conmul$ betwttn ,raditi"n:al Minoan and Cypriot prac.i.... on
Ih. om h.nd, and ,he Myc.nae.n fea.'. "" the o<h....rc abo caplured.
Mino.n feas'ing cq>ta... ,he horizont.l. group-reinfurcing m\lclUre of
Minoan communi.i.., on Cypru•• mottO edec'ic tradition ...,ms '0 de-
very drawing from An.,olia, the Le""n'. and the Aegeon. The ou,l\on'
id<nrifica'i<>n of M)ttnac.n .lem.nl1 in Minoon .nd Cypriot ron,,,,,,,
..,infurcco 'he not;on .h.. ,he My<enac.n fea" n adu.ive cus,om
,ied 10 compet;,i"" fur stOlu' and power .mong eli ,
Thi. Wt poin' io I"nicula,ly eviden' in the lrudy of the pu,rery,"
Borgna .rgue.. and as S.ed illu"ra'.' in he, di...... ion of ,he Cypriot
."ent;on '0'1><, M)ttna<an kn.,c<. The kn.ter,.s • rontoin., for win.,

p'
 T,l! .. YCuu ..... " U T : AN ' .. TOODUCT'ON
•
rnongly oymbo~zn tIM: impon.ne< of drinking wi'hin th<:oc: .li,. groupo.
h.likr th<: drinking cup. b<c""'" an iron of tho warrior ...o.ty of tho [ron
Age, with its <:od<o ofhooor,u=rnin<d by Sb<mn;n hor .tudyofliornoric
f...ring. lbmugh th<:oc: 1lUdin,.ho CYOIving and ch:mging form off.uring
'pp<UO to be • ",.,.;,;.", gouge of ch1nges in oociopoJitico.l "t\ICtW'<, and •
u",ful ....y to think about conrinuity through poriod. of n..",fom,.,ion,
ouch .. the postpaLori:d ...."Iirion to 'ho [ron Age (L.re H.lbdic/Lare
Minoan lIIC rltrough th<: l'mrog<om<tric poriod).
In l<<rn1 of Mycen ...n oocial.fTUCfUre, how<v<., rh.", i. much mOl'<
'0 ""plo",. None of tho.. I"'pors. fur ""Ilffipk, conoid.... tho role of gen-
dot in k.ning. The diff.",nua,;"" of oocial groupo within palac. lOCi.'Y
.100 n<ed1 mo", au.ntion," Stoe"r and Day;. nol< in th.ir OIudy of
a,
f...'ing th. Pa~ of N."o." Furtho<rno...,. we .hould iddrn. qu..-
lion. >bout rhe Drg2IIization and so<ill di.;.ion. wi'hin 'uch f...... of
other kind. of fe."ing••nd of fe..ring nOl .pon",..d by 'ho palace, .nd
,he method. fOf doing .hi••..., well within OUt grasp: ca.. ful documen..•
'ion of con'<Xt, coll=;"" of organic ",main. through .i<:';ng.nd flo..-
tion, .n:al)",i. of 0011., .nd biOlOOl«uI.. inYCOIigotiOll fOf organic ....idu..
of com..'ibl..... ]n he. cOIl.ribution '" .he public..ion of tho Sheffield
Confe...,nce.lknd:.n punu.....m. of th..., i..u•• through a 'p"i.1 an:aly-
.i. of 'ho ."'.. of fe""ing.nd rho """';ng coni",," of ponery "oroge in
diff....n' ...... oftho palace" Roth Rotgniund S'ed', con.iderarion. of
"n"iY.· Minoan .nd Cypriot ,radition. of f••"ing provide. contCJlt for
thinking .boul ,ho fe..r •••n ""p....ion ofid.ntiry and, .. Rorgn. em-
ph..izn. of tho .,,,,cturu ...,1.. ion1 wi.hin a so<i<:ry. tic..., agoin, i..u.. of
f"'W'" btion< .nd gende' .... ...,!cYan•• nd m.y be fruitfully ttplotctl in
fuMho, rch.
Tnc contributions to ,hi• ..,Iume. '......f""'.
do "'" r<J""'Cn'.comprc'
hen.i"" .ur.-q ofthe practice offouting in Jl,l)ttn•• an ...o.tyor the m.ny
....r.'h .. fe..,ing can be .rudied ro provide insight into the lOCi<:ty. They
off... """.,holo>l. f"'W"rful and richly detailed <Videne< /Tom ricly of
......... for Myc.nae.n fe...ing. The .uthon mm i' d.,,, t , f.,,';ng
was .n impom.nt aet;';ty from the beginning of Mycen...n lIOCiety un,~
its end and was fund.m.ntolly linl<cd 10 tho formorion and maimen.ne<
of M)ttnocan ;.lenrity. 11>cy.how how tho pr:l<1N:o: of m..ing cY<IlYCd
.nd, to """" ""tenl, how i' differed (or how lhe impon...... ofir diffctctl)
f""m locality 10 Iocality.nd rcgioo to region. Although OUt ..........'"
.."",gly weigllled in f",or of Pylos :md in teni,OTf. f...ting Sttm. '0 h.y<
been .im~.tly """.",.ctcd:md practiced .. ",he, Myc.n...n pab« cen-
Ie.... well--ecminly Knouoo, Mycenx••nd Tltcbea. The """r.." of
Mycenaean practi.co:o wi'h thoK of culiU.... with whom 'ho MyceOlC'no
were in """t:oct ronf,rm. tIM: gencnl character of JI, lyce........ f...ting and
m.kes ck" tho ....y in which the m.nipulation ofllOCi.! pr:l<1;"" i. fun-
domCl\ta1 to the form.otion .nd m';m.""""", of f"'W'" rebrions wi.h;n com·
munitN:s. M.,crial culton: in ,hi. "',>I" i•• ",n.itM and cnremcly rich

~7.So< aloo l>aal<iodou <f >I. 2002.

.....= ofinfonnllion oboor .ncien, 006<tic<:md rhe 1p«ifl< """ial prac-
48.Tudaki• .,.., Mortkw 1'1'19;
'i<:eo ,h.. define 'hei, .fnlCTUre.nd ;.lenrity.
M<Goo<mCl""W'l-.M~
10 do.ing, ] wi.h '0 dunk 'ho In..itute for Aegean Prchi"ory for
~. pn1Yid;ng fund. to bring the pani.ciponu in tho AlA colloquium to l'hib-
~9.1kn<WL .... ,1>;00,,;,,," delphi. in 2002. Itll.nk Tracey Cullen for in';ting ... ro 1\Ibmil , ......
'0 JAMU C. W.JCHT

popcn fOf publication in Htspmd; the h.. ~ ,hi. projoccr >long with
I""i<:""" and • lirm ~. S~ .t>d het coUcoguts .. "'" American School
ofClaooical SNdiell>ubli<-a.iono Offltt h.", brought • level of prore..ion~
oIi.11I.nd "ncmion .0 de"il ,hOI uphold high "and-ud.unusu.1 in 'hio
>gt•• hough long • tndiri"".t J/"f'"W' Jeremy Ruttct and llrian H.yden,
,he 11"1"';8 ...".;~ ... til",. held !IS lO ,he highest scholarly ","ooardl: if
<heoc 1"1'"" suo:ecd in their .rgurnent> and ....'" meri, in their I"".. n'.-
.ion, it i. due in Iargt pm \0 the thoughdUl .nd cxttptionally det.iled
.tt<nrion ""r
paid '0 the m""uscripts in draft form. We Orc grateful .0 all
of the ol><we for their help in improving .""h <>Ifeting. Fm.Uy. to all of the
pm;';,,,,,"... [ <XJ'rn'S my pc"""aI thanh for their joining in under- ,iii.
'wng .00 making their ronttibu'ions rcfk<1 'he wort. of the group.

Ach<tun. ~ 1m, 1M RoI< off<>rc< ~ ;"Cwd ~!'uk

or
in th< D<w1"l'rnc.u E.. ly 1Wg<. NJ-
Mp"...., fuli'i«: in LalT"ww Dnio.J. L. and J. Il<nt><o. 1'19"1. "Mal<-
I'I9'h. PI' 97-1~. i"ll ;\Ip""'....., W>tf...., T<tIi........
II<ndaIL I~ M. Fonhromi"ll' "I'i' to<. ~,and Rq:no<.lu""'" of
Ki",llli<Tat<hy. &.:Iu...... ,,""- ,I>< Oth<f in th< Py\i>IIlGow\om,·
",ion, ond IJonir< in ,he Sox;" in UW........ 199'h, PI' 105-120.
Sttu<.... or ~'J""N'<'" Bor>qU<f- Dqr;o<r-Ja!l<ony. So 1m. ·Mill,"",
ing." in HaI.t<>d ond B"",,,. ""-.00 S«W S"<UI in Mp·
fOnh«><ning. """" C .....,- in U/Ii,..."1m..
1I<..-.].lOOl.·~ and S""'...· pp. 121-1J1.
"""",,~.. on ,I.: N•......, ond Di<tI<r, M",oo II. l-l.ydrn, cds. 2001.
F..n<n, of Mmi.....",;.,., in B"""", mlh.·,kl»ookp-.l """ F,,_
'-lI" Pyk>o; in V"".,..k; ond Killtn I"'ptit Pm/«';"".,. "-I, l'oliNt,
lOll.pp.15-l7.
Binfotd, 1_ 1981. B-n: Aotind M",
• ...tM..... M"iJ>. N..... Votk.
Gid<Imo. A. 1'18-1.
~". II<Tb:ky,
1«e-m_.,
..... _ . Wah;fIII'>'I, P,C.

B.. ~ K..<d, 1m. e--"'J."" H14 R... nd N MoriRl"". <tlo. 1'18-1

~ ;w tIN AttN" S-u AI' 1« Mi_ Tho"" ....,: Mytb • ...t
(SI><ffi<Jd ~ in Atpn N- ~iry.
"-«hoC'''1M n<uf 1._
,"->logy I). Sl><lf><kL _iO-J S"""'M"''' IIJt ~~
- - . 2001. u.N.;'", ;. 'M A"",. I"';/Ml' ;0 AI/>tou ($.ItA'b 4'. 31).
B...." A". (Sl><lf,.1d S!U<L<> in S"",khoIm.
Mgt... At<1I>ool<v 4), Sh<ffi<Id.
~k.J. 1958. '"Th< ;\I,.:mx...
F,~"S Sy>km.- BlCS S, PI' l-S.
1990. ~.,o,.,
/)iui.iry ,. ,1Jt B""" AI'A~
..""
lUg. R.. .oo G. C, NonIquil<,<do.

- - . 1'187.Uo... B_Rd.,uf "-"";0C' .,,1Jt Sin. I",~

Sm", (RtW"l! ,I>< l'Ml I). S,...,..;.", M IIJt S",ufi,}, I"",'",,, M
~. At6m, (s.lrAI..... 40). S,,,,khoIm.
CWV. M. 2001. "Al<h. f',.. li"l!' An H.h,,..J. 1'. and J. C. B1h<n, <do,
Elllf'(,"",~ ~: Foo-1t.oon-U"ll. F..J. c.rn"".oJ
in Di<tkf and Hayden 2001, ~'.~C"",(Sh<f­
pp. 1_167. G.1d S!U&«;n Atg..n AJdu<oI-
ComaroIT.J.. and). ComaroIT. 19"12. "8.l" S). SI><ffi<Id,
EI~"" _11Jt /{it"';'6! Ihl",od. 1', and V. loailidou. Fonh-
l-ri""';"" Ilouklet. «-tUng. "F,.,w E..... n« for
C"",lrod, R. A.. ",d A. Bi"h.U. ctlo. F.... ci"ll, B""" Olf<ri"l' from th<
197., Bmt" At< MWMW., io 1M Pili« of N...." " Pyloo: in \lal·
"""'n.' A,,~6!."" Liw'~ ,ldd.oo BIIf<1l, fonl><oom;"ll'

p'
 TH~ MyeONA.AN "AST: AN 'NTOODUCTtON
"
1J,,,,i!akio. Y.•• nd E. Koooolaki, l(Jl)(, prri<r< my<fui<n""," in t.offi""", --.1990. "OoWn. D.v.:1opm<n"
'''ip fo< tl>< Godo: 1I0mt Ani"",1 1999a, PI' 3D-317. T....." ....... and T.-.ndOrnu"""
S,..,.;fK<O .. En'lhodi<d R;to>\o " LJIi""",. R.• and R. H~ «10. 1001. Tho: Pwpooro ond T<cllnOqo.« of
• M)"<",.:on S.""""",· OJA 13. Pot....' (},;ri,,"'; ~;" 'M Admi";"...,.,., ;" M",","" .nd My-
1'1'.135--151. ,f,l"'~ II"",., Ill" p..<"",.~l'
oflM «_... s.:.ci«y.";n ~ s,.u"
Hoyden. lI.lOClI .• 1".00.......'<un: lib 1 ~liT"'" c..;m-, s..Ii~"..oJ,u.,;~ P.o-
A 1'",lo:p'","" to tl>< Im~ ~ ~.. Ul,li<g< ,.M"P oflM NEH,o;.*- c",,_
of F.. oh"ll," in l);,:..... onoI H.rJ<n Loffi...... R., and W. ·0. Ni"""'l<~ ;m-,A"";.~.. ~). <d,
1001. pp. 2.l-M. «10.. 199$. Pofi"'"'-' $oUdy_ $1.1, T.G. PaJa;..... ~,pp,8J-l04.
1--liIIr.. S. 1m. 'S«-n<a ofWatfIlrt onoI ;~ IM~" II....,,fsr. P..<.M~" - - . 1996. 's..linr .. Liob in ...
Combo' in tl>< A,,, of Argt->n Lot< of'l>. 51h 1"'~ Aqno" c.., Admi";,,.... m-. Chain.' in ,u.,;.;,_
II....... Ago:: R<~ 0fI Typol_ ;m-,H~(A~.. 12). "",;.,. i_A"""'t s..;.,;.-" P..<Mi-
ogy and o"",!opm<n,," in LaIIin<ul "",. ;." ofs,.,;,.111 of'" IJlh 1.'1t"-
IW'h, PI' 319-330. l<o<h. E. Im.·A V;'" from .... ""'.."'" c.0rm ofAaI'" 'I ! " " ,
Hnd<l<r. I. 1991. &../;"1 1M /'au: e-- lltidg<," inA,,"""'-v ".dA_,bn>- .oJ E:thoolotk'" Sri<n<n. M,m
"'" AI't"-M .. 1.'''1''''''.... ;" ~: " ' - ofM-.ll.""" eUy. «I. P. F<tioli. E. ~jonoln •• nd
A,,~N ... yO<k. (BAR s...ppI. 191. «I. M. Spriggs. G. G, t,,,,,,,,.
T~nn. pp. J7-<.6.
loukidou. V.. p. Ihht<aJ.J, 0.";" .nd Oxfonl.pp.161-176. --.:zooo., "T.....1>CIionaI V~·
oS. Stoclt<r, 2002.• 8wn, Anitnal ~,F. 1990. 71<""''''''''of uw,. in Lincv II T>bItt.nd S.,litIlI
~fitt in Lot< Btollu Ago: 'M G",* B.mfwt:I-z<t ofW"" Admini ,;.,.,• in Ad.;~;lfflIhw
G~ N... EYkIrr>c< from 'Il< .,.; R;fW!. mono. A, Szcs<dr- 0..-.. " ;.. tM.-two••"" n.;r
M)"<OUI<lOn 'PalIK< of Nato.-: M....... I'rin«t<>n. Nut e..iJ""
~ «I,
PyIoo,' A~hf'lu, 76. 1'1'. 86--'!2. I>l<G<wo:,.,. P. E.lOOJ. .1",;"'1 Wi",: M. I'!:m.. T orin. pp.161-276,
Ki!lo:n.J. T. 1992. 'Ob>crvationo "" ..... 71< S.,mhfo' 1M Drip"' of Y;';· - -• .ICJl:O>. 'n-.. ""I.o:ognpby of
T!o:bc> 5<oIi"l'." in M ~ adl_. I'ri~. M)"<"o,,,,,, looo;riho:d 5<06ng. from
,f"" "" IX' ~ ;~/~ M<Cao-<,.,. P. 1':.. D. l. Gluokr. Thd><o and I'yk>o: -o..;r PI..-.::
Uffi<J """ "J<h'w,,, """', R. A. 1>1"""",,, A. N~..,.., C. \\I. ,nmin "'" M)«"""... A<!min;'mo·
",:-ULJ- k ("""IN J. I __~II 11«1.. I':. SimI""", I':. D. B.,,.,....., m-. S,........ onoI n.nr I"nb ,n,h
l"'f"''' .....;'" J. '" 1-'owJ./N. Lj. &n<t. and E.C. S,,,,,,, 1m. "'" F.1mo_Poluiol Sph<k,' in
I>t1Jhr;y", In.......,,,.'';'''''';fiv-'' 'A 1".... Fo, fot 1G"'l! MOd><,' Mi~.""";"'" GIyphJ.' Shl,
I'f.<okjio"";<1 J'AI!Jmn (IICH ~"" 402. pp, 86J--86.4, Ih~, F•• <Jj".. I' I~,,",,"
SuppL 25).«1,).-1'. Otm<,. Pario. I>hu-nr, 0., <d, 199O. S,..fNi<..·A IN.uIn ¥.S,..,..,;.... M.~
pp..l65-380. s,..,..;...... S,..,..;....
1M (CMS 1I<ih<f, 6). rd. W. MCilk',
- - . 1994. "'I'h<b.s S<aling1. Knoo- O~. Bulin, PI' 219-238.
oo<TobIm,onoIM)"<......, Stat< O'Connor.T. P. 1'I'I8.·On ..... Dilll- Pappa. M.. P. 11>1....... K. KorWt;,.
!bnqu<"'- BleSJ~. pp. 67-84. NIl)' of Dmrti"ll 5....",01 Sbug!I- and D. Umn·Ko/"",. F"""""'"<t;,
- - . 1'198. 'n-.. I'yIoo T. Tal>- krinp ofShttp,' !",."j.. o.....,'" .1;..;&""" k>r 1.alg<-S<.k F..,,-
k .. R<vUi1<d," PI' ~21"'U. in A"lwoIovJ,PI' HI. i<t;" Lot< N«>IjtlUc MUriy>Ioo,
F. Roogt"""" and j,'P. O~';'r. <do" OIM<r.J.·~ 1%7.1",rmM Ike...- N. G"""." in Flo1<kaJ ond B.nm,
.R«h<n:.... r<ttnm.n I-J"~i< £u;,; J.,u". t tin ~ d'O. fOrthrom,<t;-
<Ttro--ll1)'O/nl<nnc." Bell 122. ,.u.;,
"'J<fo (l"",noI>ub"....... ""trik. L 1'Il35, ... Tho:r< ... At<h:oro-
1'I'.~l. 17). Rome. logic>l HeroN, in A""""", i. AT-
""""'"~,~"".L.I999. Onne, R. 1'Il31. 1I0t"'"folot.1ft' Am-- '1tMoIork'" "'''boil "'OJ n-ry 8.
'Fra<o F'tghn"ll·S<....... [';' oJosit',: A. 10_';"" I.<>n<l<:o.. «I. M, SdliA"ct. Orl...lo, PI' 27---61.,
de..." fQ.- W..hlt< fI.rtjy;,ic> in 'Il< Palolm.. T. G, 198-1. "S<ri\>ol OI-pni' I"oketa', T. R.• t. S. Kdl)\ G.... Frin:.
t.1IA Aege.n.";n Loffi....... lm.. ..,.,., and PaI.nol A<-tmty," in N. H.lopi_, S F.li,..and
1'1'.331-339. Shelm<,.I;,.. and 1'Jl.im. 198-1. E. Horp>V<.1OO2. 'Tho: lla......
LaIIin<ul. R.. «I. 1981. "no......,I", W J l-J9 ",F...,;"ll onoI Puhl'" Ritual at
"""''''''1---''' '" t,« .I~ ""
_ . ,. .-I<u, "" ~ '" /.itt<
- - . 1'Il31. ·M"",n",,.n ~ and
SoE"If' in -0..;, 1"...""""", and
foMly CohuL,,' A"",A~/67,
PI' 2$7-21'J.
(,f~ .. 1),1-"<8<. Adtnini....tin: e;"..,..,.," in T__ I'oroili<,j. R. 2001. ·f,..';ng fo<
- - . 1m.. "","",,-' 1~ ""InU I.~M,,,,..M. ~"PoflM Proopori'Y' A Snody of Soo.rtlo:m
,..,rn.r '"
t.,« • I ~ d. II"",.,. f:;pth 1~/~CoiJovo;'".. N""h_, C.,.., fe..,iotg," in
A,,,, <II t. ]' _trr't"""';"""" M,.........,.. s-J;n. 0briJ. rd. P. H. o;.n", and 1l0J'i<n 2001, 1'1'. IllS,
"';"n.oI. U...."";" '" f.~ (A.... IO<volU ..., L C~. Skori<, 214,
_ 1~).I-"<8<. pp.2~9-M6 Pi",,,,,, C.• J-I' ()lM,cr. and j. L Me_
--.19991>. '0. M]d'n<o I H... --.1'll38.71<smbnof~(1n. ....... 1m 'I.<-<im<ripbnouctl
"""" R<fbi"", lUI """""'V't*U< c-nnabub v-" 87), Rom<. Iino!";'" B d« oodul<t de 11>&<0

p'
" JA"U C. "'.'CIIT

(l9l!2} La foo.UlI<. In do<u......... ",.M AJ",;.",,",,- j• • M,.... V""tDk;, S• ....J). Killen, <do.. .1001.
In.-'bili*' d',nte<prfution,' _ •• f'oIM,. hf<n of. s,-,.m.... &-].u~;"""M~
BCIIII •. pp- l(l}-\Sol, NowYotk. _.IW.uS-,,(~
Sctun.n.lt-Ik<o<..., I), .!001. "Fcooring Sp<th,J. D, 1911l Biu" x;u,...J s.", ~ s.x;.ry, s..ppl. m.
in tht An<W;n, N.,... f..,,: in c.."", D«i>.... Md,"I ~ A.,v", C~_
lh<tIrt ond H.,den lQOl, pp. 391- lfu_C~ W<W>',J. c. 1m, -n.. 5",';01 Con·
~. Tudakio, Y.• anol H. M..u.... <do. f~ olll<lOrf, Th< Arrho«>l·
StwW, M,ondC.Tdky. 1987. fI.- 19W. /IIj_., "",/11,.""""",.. ogy ol M~....,.rt ~. in
~"l AmIoonoIov- 'Tl<o7''''' F""~ ofnm nou, Arh<no. 1'1.<0"1 ,IN Go./i- 5-<""';"-'
"-,;.<, C ~ _ Vm,"" M.• andj. CbJdwkk. 1973. s-N Sfw";. AoO<.J C""",,,
Shdn><I'din<, C. w.. onJ T G. P.loimo., Do<.""""i. 111,."""". G.-m. <d. S. E. AIrock ond It Otb..o'n<,
No, 1m, PyJotc-...A/rod"""'. 2"'<d..C~. Ouonl,pp-37-7B.

p'
 A SURVEY OF EVIDENCE
FOR FEASTING IN
MYCENAEAN SOCIETY

Jama C. Wright

ABSTRACT

TIt. .tudy of kuling on the C_k mainland during the Middl< and Lau
Bronu Age ~ in.ish" in,o the n.lUre of Mya:nOftJl _iety. C ..'"
good. ",""""n""'e ch.nge. in feuting .nd dtink;ng peooetka .nd 'hei' im-
po,tantt in the fonnation of &It .~'" id<ntity. Cooltio&> Rroing. and dtinking
>no<1s.f< &Iso ~tmk<I in Li ....... B doeumentl. F...ting ..."...wnr in
,he Ii-<o<oa ofC.... ond ,he ;slond.. &ltd ,he My«lUftn. od.o.p' 'hit ,radi-
tion for repnoont.tion in the;,- pslacn. F...ting icoo~phy it &Iso found in
..... painting, polr'h<ulorly in carnpla- ofthe I'ictoriiI Sryk. M J'C'I't'O<aI' fast-
ing i. &It u;p....ioo of'he h.......hk&l oociopoIitk&l "rurot.. of the poJoceo.

INTRODUCTION

In thi. P'per I 511""'" the artihetual evi<let>«: fo, My«tU<aJl f.ming,

including pottery, bronu .......10. freocoa. Linar B ideograms, and paintod
"p"'$<:nl>tion. on p<>tt.ry ond othe, runrotl> anifact,.' The", i. n(> gen-
.raUy =pt.d ddinition ofka"ing: ",me schoW. pref.r. definition thot
encompauco most occo.ion. of the <On5l1mption offood and drink; others
'rgu< for-. mo", mtrictiv< 0"".' 1'0' tho purp<*> of thit in..,.tigation,
I define k ing ., the formal .....mony ofrommunal ••ting and drinking
to celeb ignific.nt occo.ion•. I ",dllde the quor:idian pan.kingof food
.nd drink that i. ,,"mod ou' fo ' biological 0' fund.m.n,a100eiol ...sons,
such,," ••ting with family ot .,,"utIly wi'h acquojnlatlC<c., friend<, ond 001-
kague......-.ctivitie. tha' do not include any perceived ~iprociry. Material
"";dence for eith... eating or drinking m.y indicote re.,ting. but one must
..,ru,ini.. the cvidone<: closely '0 det.nnit>c whether the ",mojn. am 'he
mull of fonnal and rirual .<tivit;" not involving f'OSling. For example,

I. I om ind<h<<<l to ,he _/~ J.,-n. M<><pn foo- i.,.;ghtful """"""" Mary [}.ol>n<y,!'to... HoI".tod, Y",n;,
".;"."., B.u. H.,..kn onJJ."'...,. ..-.d _fU1 bibliog.-.phy, ond l>htio. lluniLlki•. ond ]);",;".; No.luoi. fo.
Ro",", foo- ,hrU- oh"'l'~ <riticio.m Stu... foo- """''''''''' ..-.d ~_ "'AA",,"""..-.d hdp.
"'M''''''''"
ond .....". ....llon,
<~ ond i"'p""""",,,tI. [ ,hank
foo- .....n' ond fOr pn:Mdinf; V'gw-< 8. I .... 1. [);"tlet.no! H'rden ZOOIb, 1'1'- }-
4; Clm< ZOOI, I'l'- 150-151,
...., V""fU1 '" fJioabcn.llorg>u.
 'UIT'"'' ," ","""AU" 'OCUTV .,
forma,ion of p"'- 00 prorohi.fOric ~.n culrurn at<: b...d on ......101'-
,iOlU of drgrtt of in",ran;on. pan;rularly 'hrough modes of produc,ion
and CJlch.nge, induding CJlchange. ofinf<><malion.' H<>dd<r, ~" ar-
gun Ih., in genoral.uch in'<raction modd< haY< been used rn«hani.ti-
cally and ,ha' th< Mnc<nm.,;on on <connonic tnltSaClion. has n:suJ1<d in
an inl<kqUlt< OCCOUnl Qf cultural f<><mllion Ind change.' H< m.inni",
Ihor modd. of oocial id<ntity 00 in",raninn benc, expwn lhe """".. of
and p""'..... hehind culrural forma,ion Ind change. Through <,hnoar-
chl""loginI<rudi.. he lkmonml'e. Ih .. CJlpressiono ofgroup ilknl;ly"
'0
manife.. in ma'erial culru", are highly v:uiable 00 ",bice< many diffc,--
en, impetu..., particuW-ly social .tr:ncgi.. and concq>rual f.. m ~ ,h..
=ge ICfOSI . . riou. orders of oociopo~ticol integration.' These ilkntiti..
are m.nipula,<d .nd mu",hle 00 ruuh in ma,crial exp....ion. ,ha' are
ephem.ral. yn lMd.d wi,h mconing. Conl<qu.orly. th< degr« of c",,,i<-
,eney Ind dimihu,ion of ml..rial ....mblageo conno, be """oed merely
=ding '0 me<hanicol articulanon, of «:ooomic in'«=tin..., hu' in-
...ad hl>'< '" be undcn,ood .. <he: matcrial di<pla)" ofo<he:r kind. of social
activily. m.ny of which rei... '" th< exp.....ion Ind ",.ffirmation ofindi-
vidual ilkntity and membership in groups. reasting i. one.uch activity.
Atch>c<>logi....ltcmp' '0 defi"". culture by "reading" ,be ml",rial
remlin. of groups who hive odopt<d I .tyli"ic voclbulary represen,ing
,beir commo<lsocial CUS'Dm.... Thi. m.terial exp"".ion <-"OffiCt in'o being
rroc'" ,ha,
l..-gely .. I social evolvn .. it i< procticM. rcos,ing i•• funda-
me",ol oociaJ practice ,ha, marb moot celebntin... of~f. "oge' Ind nltu-
ral C)"t.. when ~Ie gatbe' .nd in varying W2)1 <Ii.play, "",11'"m, 00
chonge their iden,i,ies .. individuala and .. m.mbc.. of groupo. It i••n
intcgral pan of rilU.llnd religiou. practice, <><:cUtring n....ly ~ni ....rsally ..
~ componen' ofo,h.. ac,ivi,i...; the unive..a1ily ofi.. pr,>cti ce und<ncorn
ill import.l\C<: in ,he forma,;"" of id.ntity." \V...."", h.. p,.,.,.;dcd in-
.ight i~to the 1''''''''' of identity f<><ma,ion i~ I<V<rol <lhoographic .lUdi...
7. D;tkiotoo 1m: Cl><rry.oo ,hot examioe ,be social meaning> and ~I<' of 'lyle." Particularly Ul<ful i.
0>.",1982: 1I<nn<'.oo Gw!)" 1997.
h.. di.tiOct;on bctwttn twO furm. of di.play ,hi, lead '0 the furmation of
pop. 90-%: 11<...... 1m.
8. Ilodd<rIm.pop.8-9, 185-1'10. ilknliry: •....nive- .nd -.mhlemic." A....nivr: di.pl.y "'1'~n.. the oc-
2Ol-2OJ: d. Earl< .00 E<icoon 19n: ,i", procctO Qf identity forma,ion and i. ct>t>C<m<d wi,h the .ctivitin of
PIog 1976: Wobo, 1m. ka<kn, or individuala compe,ing for lcadcnhip, who uJc obje<..... part
9. s...<.I.. lloddtr 1m. of their competitive di.pl.y. Emblcmic di'l'by n:aulll wh.n • comn,,,,, I<t
10. Hodder 1978. pop. 18Soo229-, and
.... <.1.. llii and YoIfe< 1998.
of oymbolie ~ ..ion. i. ach;~ and bccomn an o:pt'<S$"'" of group
I l. Oth<f ivi!i<> ,bo, ,dal< 'Q id<n';ly. "
Ilkn';'i.. Ire form<d. <:><prcoscd. oflinncd. and changed ,hrough mlny
ioXnti!)" f<>rm.t»n and <>ft<n inoo<J"""
nt< f..>ring i",,1ud< hon'ing,....n.... oocial "",ivi,ies...peciaUy ,..... ,h.. bring groupo l<>geth.. for celebration,
cnf, Il<'ivih<s, _ i l ' ogioNlru",•• ..J which are u.ually aceornpani<d by fcos,ing." A. \Vic"ncr poin.. our:
...imal ho""ndry.
Il. s... <.1.• W......,. 1983. 1'199. Fc..,ing involvn fOod .h.ring .nd food di<tribu,ion. Food .haring
13. W,.....,.I983. pop. 257-15K "pp"an '0 ha,.. ill root. in the por<nl-child ",Ia,ion.hip and thu.
I•. On ....,.. ,hal Nioin< UI"<"4 con be. W"1yof <:><p.....ing .Ike,ion and ""t<nding familial beh~vior
",hural i<i<n'i!)", ... Eli.. 1978: I..,..",
to di"ant or non-IUn in order 'Q bond largc:r group'. By con'''''',
1981: Goody 1982: Mo","y 1'.190. 19'16;
S<hmirt p",t<! 1'l'IlO: ON:d<>- ;IJJ(l1: fOod distribution, which oflen requires rerums ., .1.... d..., =....
H oyd<n 200 I.. t<mpom,. imbalance belWeen food donon.nd recipienll.nd
U. W _ ;IJJ(l1. p. 116. penni.. the c<ln"ruetion ofincqu.lily."

p'
,. J...... C. "'.'GIIT

ldcnriry. diff."',...,.•nd oblig'''ion ..., primory oocial m.nifi:.... ';O'U of

roi,inc, and. II m.oy ..hoi... h..... oboerved. lM ronSlructioo of ",leo of
.tiq"""c fun"". rdineo ,lin< di"inctiono...
In,;. and Ben,lCt 1'IlI rtttntly r<rornm<ndcd WI '0 .n........ ,he: qun-
lion of who the Myren ". arc, ..... enminc ',he me<h.ni"",. ,hOI lay
behind the "",.rion of ,he jI,·l,....flMUl.,·" lhei, ronduoion i. ,ha' ·,he
forrn>tK>r>. of .. Myton>",n m...,ill <uJrur< appears '0 II... b<:<:n It>< ....ul<
of. pro<.... wher<by specifIC rtg;onaJ tn<!ioon. och....-...J ",pro-region.l
prom;""na and ...,re .b-.,«l
gradually.o • SUlUJ •• 1M domina,,' stylro
accepted by tlu: elite who ~mcd Ml"cnartn kingdom•."" Missing &om
.hi. obstrvalion. OOwOVtl, i•••pecilir "">lOlny of ,hi, pro<:ell 01 """,k.
Fusting i... vny .ignif'<1Il1 "",ivil)' in ,he furm..i"" of M)nruran cul-
nrn: ~u.." .. _cd .b<M::, if II "<>rly aJways linUd fO other ooci:aI x-
,iviti.,.. whe,her hunting Of harvesting, wonhip 0' ini,i>tion. Fouting II"
p<ftmincn, oociaJ cdebr.uion ro...i"."dy I""""i.dn an "",no for ,he di,-
phy of .rykt. In pan ,hi. i. bttau«: it iI ctTcctivt in cncompu.ing :all
m.mbe.. of.....i2l group and """n lhoK ""toide it. while "in reserving
.p«iol plxn fur subgroupo (e.peeiolly difU) '" differen'u'e .hem",lves.
In ",he. "",d., fe...ing allaws for the reinfurce"",n, of egoL.arilll hori-
"0,,,01 relal;"nshipo while .imullonwwly focilitoring Ihe ""ns'nlCrion of
hierotic or hienn:hi.c:rJ ond ",,,ic.l (K>CJ."
At Ha,tlcn poin.. OU', f..... have many pr>ctical hcncfi ..: .....ling
roopct'lltivc relalionshipo, .llio",,", and p<>Iiticol power. m<>biliaing Iobor;
otKI "".r>cting and inves,ing owplu....• An "f,~ .....;.,.;ri.. "ff,,".ring
are i"'.m"",n••I,o ,he formal;"" of """'pi"" _i.. ie<. Th<: """,munica-
rive a.pee! of .hi. procell' "f oociol format;"" involves rhe ernr"", ",<I
reproducri<>n "f "yle. ,ha' 'l'mbo~ac the oominan. group. no< merel)'
through mo"""'mic embkm. bol :also Ihrough p<>1y..-mi. ones thal rtprc-
..n' aL.nr OCI;"';,ie< and "nlCWral reb."",. of Ih. group. Thac ore .ry\c.
~ iwn<>gropl>ically and are part "f .he ""mfJUCf"'" "f. _icty',
.<>omology,of,he pmp<:t" rel.1.;"",hipo a"""'g propl., _iery, otKI <>arure."
11K pro<><tI ofid.miry form>tiem i. an ..... of reroming and. in .tyIi.-
lie te.m•• "f """"ructing ... icon<>gnph;'; oyn,he.i., .. P:anof.ky defined
,he ph....." Such. 'yntne.i. nettonrily ""clud.. certain infunno,;"",
particula.ly .. ,>«"
ofac,ivilia not ",1«I.d for inclu."'" in .mblemi. di.-
ploy, .i""" recording i. 0 propr;"rory oc' go"'Crnc<J by _iol ....,,""', by
"""i<>pc~i,i.c:rJ .nd iJroIogiaJ hicrarchin, and prescribed by"""""n""n,
•..Jilian. dl!j(tn•• and .i,uol 0<1;"". In thi< way. a. Da";. and Bennet oote,
".peeif.. rellional ,raditions achieved .... pro-~"".I prominc"",,:D .hough
.he ,co.ul';nll"donIinOfl' 'lyles" are not "",rely p...i""ly OC<'Cptcd, bo, ""her
u.ilized and actively practiced, and he""" inhc",ntly mutable. C""""'lucndy.
'0
what the trlodem oboe"",. can hope achieve 'hrough ,he an.l}"i. of ,he
on:lu.roktgi<:olly re...... red m..e.ial .nd w.itten """"" "f fe",.ing i. on

16.Sc<.e.~ .. Eli.. 1m, DougII> "cs,"'" onJ "produ<_ ofltyk. 1'1" 52-1'9, 121-1.:1-1. f",. mhqu< ...
IkU 19'11,1'1'. ,g]-I%: 1'0<. di«u......
..... loh<rwooJ 197'9; G<w:>dy 1'Ill2: I 9. F';nm>n 1998. I' I01; 0i0<tJ.,
W,iW-,. I'o<tl>romi"l!: o. 1_.1'1" 141-\42: H..,.J<n 2001 .. of.t>< tol< of "J'I< ;" ....... onJ ci\ili-
17, lhoi,.nd Iknnct 1m. p. Ill. 1'1'. .!841. tll""'f. ... 1I.......nd "Qlf.e 19'Ill.
18. Ih>i,.nd Ikn...' 1m. I' II": ZO. Hark" 2001 .. 1'\'_ 2'1-.10. F.... l'\'.lS2-259.
•'- Ihi "'" "oir« (l9'lll.w-lJ.l- ,~ .....rs;. of the rth""lltopfb< 11. Panof,ky '939. 1'1" J-17.
236), ''!'''' ,Ico,
<I;"" <'Oft,m1 <>iol<n«, >to: l1.oy<.l<n 19'15. 13.0.,;, ..... _ lm,p. 114.
rultu...J ~..,,;,., ,h""'tlh ,t>< 11. T~""" \%7; Ilouniir.. 1980.
 "An'NC 'N '''C.''AU>I .octnv
"
und<"'t.nding. howevt:' imp<rfttt, o(.n ironogn.phy .h'rK.eri";" pri-
m.rily o( Myccna<:.n palace society. Asp«" of (e..ting th...re nOi '1"'-
cif,caUy controlled 0< influenced by the paloce. might .100 bt: 'I'!"-rcn"
'0
hut they arc hard.! di<ccrn, in brgt part (tyr l""k o( "'dundancr in the
arrhaeological tc<Ofd. A good cxarnple i. provided in the ch.pter in lhi.
volume by Dabney, Hal"ead,.nd Thorn.. concerning. d<posi' a. TIOUn·
giza, ,he intetprctation o( wh;"h depend' in part on the anif.ctual con-
nection with objecn known ptimarily (rom pab.ial con'alS. The vari.bil-
ity and ubiqui,ou. noN .. of feosting in .ny lOciety ""'.... lho. k ..,. will
1,0>" ....Lahl. arthacological t......; only thc>oc that arc .n:.te<l through
repe.i.ion .nd the rel.,i""ly romi..en. u.iliu.ioo of identifi.bl. remain.
arc left ror u. to intetp"" wi.h a high degn:c of probability.'"
R.pn:'$Cntation o(rc..ring may bt: undc",,,xxl a. part of the wry p=-
tice of feuting. It i. aloo a part of the tradilion .h.. the Myc.n...... drew
upon from Neopol.,ial Crete .nd the i.lando of lhe Aegean. An iconogra-
phy oH.uting in the pa!a<.. may how <kvcloped by LH iliA hut i. only
fuUy developed in the LH I1IB fn:srocs o(the main building at Pyloo (_
below). By a.mining the <kvcloptncnt of .hi. iconogn.phy, _ will Un-
de",tand betrcr .h. ptoC'.... through whK:h, "'.... gc""... lion. of inrc"",-
tion, eli.e grouP' cam. to conlrOl .nd admini.ter the palace ""ntc"'. A.
D.,,;. and Ikn"", ..ate, "Myccnac.n materi.l cullUtc came'o def",e.he
.lite o( thooc pal...", and o(the temlOri.. thcyconn-olJed and influenced.""
Largely mi..ing from this analysis .. evidence fo< .he multiple ronn.
offeuting. .nd .he oocial.nd ri...w nU'nCCl ofthe p"""ice ofk...ing that
tr.lnlpircd during the L.te Bronze Age in the Aegean. Such infonnation
will probably he hell.. presctvcd in kuling deposi.., .1 I'aaketa' and hi,
colleague. ho"" =<ly dcmon.....ted f<>< fe..ting ., Cahokia in .helowcr
Mi..;..ippi Valley.'" But it m.y well be that by .ketching the outlin.. of
fe'''ing ., • g<:ner:al phenomenon ofMyccnocan paIo.e lOcie!)" din:ctions
for fuM" ..ocarch wiU he irxliCOted .hlt m.y lead.o. mo", dclOiled.rx1
.....htl. ond•.--standing of thi. furxlamcntal social acr.

DRINKING RITUALS

1l>c cvidel>CC ror drinking ritual. i. preKrvcd in archaeological con.",,"

whe", an abundance ofdrinking ""..e1. or the dcpooi<ion of opceial vesocls
indic..... ex.raordinary acri,,;ty, for cxarnple, cup' and "hali.,... from the
..nctu.ry It K••o Syme on C"'te {Fig. I)." Special veoocl., some o(wh;"h
arc for d.inking, were fourxl in the mortuary coma' of.he Shaf, Groves
at r,.·lyttno<.Thcir intended function, howevt:., i. not cleat, ,ince their depo-
,ition may he ."rihuted to • numher of intention.. including the "'quell
of.he deceased 10 inter them, the fulf,llmen' of ritual obligaNon. ulOci-
24. S« CIarU 2001. "" 11S-16l;
Knigh' 2001.1' m. .ted with ,h••fiCflif., tyr., tokenl given by the burying group, perh.ps
25. [h,;, .,..lll<m><l 1_. p. 115, representing the de..,...d'.....u•. 1l>c'" are twO woys to decide .mong
26, ""'ke,.. '" .1 2002. th.... poI.ibiliti",: to e",hli,h whe.her.he deposition of drinking .......1s
27. l.cl:><.. i v>d Muhly \'187: \9'90. (or omcr.......,1i a5lOciated with f...ting) wol • ""tomary mo.tu.ry p""'-
",,3H-327.
ticc of.he group being "udicd" .nd to ocatth fo< po5Iibk symbol;" mean-
n. H"",;j,.b,lm.
29. r...,(oky 1939.1'\' 3-17, "" 'f-.< ings of.he .......1., bo.h .. iconographic conven.ion••00 .. icon. wi.hin.
oymbofun\ q( d,;n~ >« JeUi...k particular culturil ocri";ty." A .uita!>ly large and chronologically brood oct
1m; 0;.,,10;.19'90. of .omparonda i. necClOaJ)' to det.rmine cu.romary mottu.ry pncticn,
., JA . . . . C. W.,CHT

r~ .. 1. Pott..,.rholn from K..to

s,...... AI,.. I........... ~lohly ,m.
p.llJ,~lb

~nd their vari.tion "'= time. The di"""",'Y "f rymbolic mnning i. rom-
pliclled both by the fngmtn'ary pr«crv:o'ion of rcprc<cnt1rion. and by
tho probability ,h.t ,..,...1. are l"-" of • variety of practi.es with difkrtn'
meanings, ROt oil of which ;nvol"" drinking md cuing.
To identify a CIUlom.ry ott of onif:lCf$, I ",•.ncr myself h... to ,h.
enmin..'"" of. My<cn...n drinking ..rvicc f<>rn>N., the b<ginning<>f
,he Lat. Bronze Ag<'o Its .ppcann« i. marl<cd by ,h. merging of indig-
enous pOIle')' form. wilh ~nou. O"tl, and by. 'hif, from ""ncry to
menl. The ...:qui,i'ion of imported pollet}'. especially drinking .,..,...'" i••
<.ign of differentiated soci:ol ....uo. The ""lui,iri"" of """"i e i.em. within
M}"'<n...n society .... ccn,.n:J primll'ily on SOUIttS in ,he Aegean, «PC'
.ially Crtle. Even before ,h. on..' of the Middle Bronze Age, im~
rup< and jugs .ppcucd .. s<:nkmcn.. JUch .. Lem•. The pref,,,,,,,,,, fOf
drinlcing """",I. in me" ron,,,,.. might h.ve re.u1fC<! from p~i""" of
comflClitive drinking in which display would h.ve e"h.nced social.tand-
ing.- The d..a unfurtunately provid< neither quant;t;lti"" mo:uures rtOf
ron.i".m ront.." tn de"",ns"'''e this "ao<.
In monuary oom.." of the later Middle B"",u Age. drinking >n-
ods predominate (Tabk I). lk<;auo< of rho h.t.rogen.ity of ~ cu,rom,
during rhi, period, num......... morphological and dew... ri"" ... ria'ions ",n
be id<ntificd. but the pmlominanre of cups and jugs .J><! 'he prtfertnre
fur 'peeifir drinking ......1$ (bntharol, .....ight·.ided cup.• nd gobkt)

30. In ..... octtl<:"",n' 00........ <lip. th... Mi""", impom ofMiddk Roo"" .w ond .s ..;,tun ,... """pl<o
obu..J.n, ".,;do,." «it" lOr ~ Minoon (MM) IA dlt., ond "'" Cy- o f _ '/SA do.. '" MH l....l<oo·
drinking """ ..r>ing """,to from ,he ,Iadi< ;mportal bowh (LnKr 1978. ,aiord Mi i~.(".erne< 1918,
=y b<g;nni"ll of ..... Middle Ildbdi< PI' 66--74), Floo. 2 of ........ BS ron- PI' 121-126) iI< """'" 98A ofla..
(MH) I"'r>od. >w>,f",,,,,!y from the "inod both Mi..,."iu"ll.Dt1 Miooan L<mo VA _,oiord. Mi...... ...,n.,..
H"".. of the l\>o< Hoi<>, wi'h 'Ur Mi· in'I""" ".,.t!y <III". bu' 01", • bar- "",krd jaf in toonI 1 ond • C",lailic
-.. impom (Z<n><r 191'8,1'1'_ 6l>-62); 00.;"" jaf .00 • ""'obi< numbor of rowl in toonI 2 (Z<"", 1978, pp. I U-
....l dq>ooi' 0 6OJ, ",,"i<I< 'hit """OC. o<her ",ft it<m. (Z<n><r 1971. PI' 75- 119), UnlOttu"...ly, ,..... it i"",ffi·
_raiord Mi""";.ln5 <upo """ • 81: "" oJ", ,he fiodo from the «>Un- ci<nt pubIiob<d infoomorioo obou, ,...
Mi-..;..g. D.pnoit D 597, ;"h it pN ond '_'. PI' 8&-'10), The YOrioo. """"",,0: d<pooi" of ,... 10", """'" of
d<o<rib<d ... I t _ .... "i&:: Os, MH 1OC<IIl""ioo I<v<b of"""oc 20 "" ~Iiddk Bronu Ago to """"'.....
dio<loo<d • ro"" M''''''';u''ll <up ";th """,OI<d ... ricty ofMinoo";u"ll .00 .."''''', ,hi> fondn<oo fOr ...,.;" i,..",
barl>o<i.. d<rorarion, .... ile: _ OS Minoo" port<rr o!ontI";th ",her rontinual ";!hin ,"'.. """"'!>old .....
,...If _,.lord. Mi""";u"ll _ I.. ""ft if<mO (".erne< 1m. PI' 99--109), or in <I,• ...u....", in _no!,
r~ ..u,,,,,, '" .. yc~ ........ " 'OC'~TY
"
TABLE I. DISTRIBUTION OF Mil VESSELS
AT UU'CTED MAINLANll CEMETERU'S

--- -- --
• • • • •

....
"'e-1;'
.'... I• I
I I
... I I ! I II d
I
I
t

--
•• • 0
0
0 0
0

_.-. •
u·"
~
• 0
0

0
0
.!-
L

.~: •• •
0

•
_.. •
.,w 0

r:'-' 0
•
0 0

-\_... •
0 0
_,w
••
,
0 0

~
0 0

-"
=:.- •
•
•
0
• 0
0

•,
0
0

~
0 0 0

• • .'
0
0

~
0 0 0

--
0 0
0 0
0 0

•!-
,.
0
., 0
••
• •
--
a 0 0
• 0
• :i::
-,
••
o '

:i::
0
0 0

•
0
0
•,• 0 0 0 0
0
0
•• 0 0
0
0
0
• •
"" 0
0
0
0
Sou,"" Aoi...:,f"... IJ. pp.1J-6J: ~ 1m."" Il1--l.I6;
Alp Di<n 1991: Prooymna: Bq.ft 1937, PI' Jl}-5O; C"';n,h
(Nonh C<rn<kr)'~ Con... X!ll. PI' frU.

M , ,
 JAMU C. W"""T

Fi&U", 2. Gold korIlhomo from

M,........ C ...... c;rele A,shaf,
I"'" IV. _ A , t'n." (AT lOS~
_~_olC'-'<al
s..t;""A_

probably indic.te. concern 10 provide the dece.sed with vessels needed

for drinking." In buri'] ....,mbloga .t the end of.he j\1;,Jdle .nd begin-
ning of1"-' LOTe Bronze Age, such ., gnve 1971-3 Of As,..... nd <he Shoft
GI'IlVCS.1 Mytenoe. theoe indigenou, forms.re increa.inglyst:mdordiud
morphologi<oIIy ond decomi.,.tly,.nd imponed "",..Is .. well 0' '"eSKls
influence<! in sh.pe ond fann by foreign 0 ........ oIso fOund (Tobie, 2, 3).
Thi. tl'll",itloo i••c«>ml"'nied by 0 replocemenl of POllety in high-st.tus
burials by lweuriou. ""...10 mode by specioliud "",f"penon. working in
gold, silveT, ond bronze,,, indin,ed in Tobin H. I'.nmpln include.
gold komh.roo (Fig. 2) ond "Nestor's cup' from gn"" IV of Grove Circle A
., J\Iytenoc;ud\C Ialrer combines Ihe Vopheio cup shope, lhe chalice "em.
ond ,he hondks of • konlhonJl, From lhe ..me lomb come, 0 composi'e
~Ielladic-Minoan .ilvergoblet. wilh its corinOled shope ond a Minoan niello
IIoroJ ...... (Fig. 3)."
I addressed <hi, r"-'nome""" in on e...Ii. . ,tudy, in which I empho-
.iud thOl this shifl reflc<:t.
on .mplif>eolloo of troditwn. which were already 0 po" of indigo-
no." behavior; ,hus, foreign objcc..... introduced olongoidt pm-
tigious item. oflocol origin, Act:omponying ,he.. objocts mus, be.
change ofbehovior thO! arlain. their p.... nce.... n.. prestige
enhonc<:ment lho, o<comp1llics ,he introduc,ion of foreign bul nol
alt<>gclher I>CW cercmoni.. of drinking, and ,he "",iOI di...nce
apressed by the Iwrunou. ve...1s u..d in the «rcmonic. arc funda-
mental 0.pc<1S of ,he emergence of chiefly groups "' developing
J\I)'--.nocon ""nle..... Hybrid ,.....,10 incorpo re all ,hese clemen"
and documenl the syncrelistic n.turc of e ly M),,<n.e.n sociol and
politico! ideology.'" 31. Wright. fOnhromi"llo.
32. J)avi< Im.PI'- 18.J-18b.
[wu concerned in ,ho, poper I" .how thaI ,he emergence of...""";CO of <Il. IlO. 1>3.
,hi.type ,"u!ted from ,he desire of eli'e. to di.play ,heir tlevo,ed ...rut 33. Davi< 1m. PI'- 2OIl-220.
•nd from effort. to co"",lid..e power. ond I coml"'rcd ,hi. proce.. '0 the ca'. IlO. 83: fOr ptd<ns. ... Shaw 1\1\13.
34. Wrigh' 1995., PI'- 2'!"'2'!S, ...
odop{ion ofGTCCk ond E'm..an drinking cus'om, by ,he Celt. o. demon-
aIoo Nmcr 1994, 1995.
"ro,ed by Dinkr .nd ArnoW. "Thi. i"uc h.. also bcen ark>rcd by Clm 35. IJictkr 1990. PI'- 375-380, 382-
ond BI.ke in ••rudy of ,he adoption of foreign ce"""i.. by aggrandiz- 3'JO: Amoid 1m.
ing eli,es in Lowland Me"",meri"" during the Early FormOlive period." 36. Cbri< and 811l<c 1m,
 "

-
TABU'• 2 DISTRIBUTION OF POTTERY
· IN GRAVE CIRCLE· B
-
,-..... • I I I I ,I , • I
........
- , •I
~

.... I I I I I I I ! I • I •• I• I I I I• • I II II I
'
I

I
I I I
I

,I
•
I
I
I I

--
--
---- • •
,
-. •
•
I
••
I

II - 0
• 0

---
u_
,,- 0
· 0
0

•.'
• 0-
0

• • 0
• 0
• • •
•
--
0 0
0 0
: 0

-- •
• -l- • •
•• • 0
0
• 0
0

• • ••
0

• •
--
0- 0 0

••
--
0 0 0

• • •
••
0

••
0 0

•
--• ••
0
,

--- 0
• •• • • •
.• 0

0
•
+'0 •
•
• •
• •
•
0 • 0
••
0
• 0
0

=JiLo
0
•
• 0

• •
I' •

-
TABI , E J DISTRIBUTION OF POTTt.'RV IN GRAVf• CIRCLE A

""~- -
•

--~ --
.. .. I
,..,
I i I I
I
I I
tt I I I I I I I I I I ! I I
,
I
II ! I
I I I

• • • • • ••
~
0

••• • •
• • • • • • • • ~

• •
s.o..mt, " - 19.1O-193J, PI' 41-16$.151-258
• • • • • •

p.
..
TABLE 4. GOl.O AND SILVER VESSELS FROM

--
THE SHAFT GRAVES AT MYCENAE

~-
_.
1_ _ _
-
...., I ~ ) f J I •t i ! ~
, • • •
"'" • :1. • IX
" •• •• • • • • • •
•
V

~
B 1:127
•••
8A325
."" • •
""
.. .... ..
BN 325

, , '

...."."." "
They '00 ~nlph":;zc ,h•• in onkr for lh••yrnbolic meaning of forrign
i,emo'o be 'ran.fem:d 10' community, il rnuS! be Cllpressed in. familiar
ma,e,i,1 code. In ,h. caS<: ttlcy ""dr, lhe foreign technology of ceramia
i. introduced by clay .....d. imiming the ,hap" of gourd YClIS<J, au-
ren, in the community. Signif",ont f<> the prcocn••rudy, the~" inu",-
duccd tll"""gh mi, lJ1Jl,krcn« of medium _'" thooc UKd fOf oerving
and drinking ~quid•. R;,ing .L,•• at E.,ly My<:en...n cenle,.. mu" limi-
wly h.ve expressed new cuSlom.,hrough familiar funn. (for enmpk, tM
uSC of lh. Iun,h...,........ two-handled arinoteJ rup-for oerving wine)

F~", J. N..1Io sobin from Mye<-

no<. G..", C;,d. A, ,hof, va'" IV.
Ah«M.nn- .... llimonl97J,p1.186,
........,. H....... Vcloll;
 .,

I - 0

- •
-- •
1 ~ 0 o ••

•
I
• -'~ •
u,
••,
o•
- •• 0

o
z
<
z•
-.... •
0
•

,z
-
<
• • ~ ~ ~ • I'
-••
,
,
-~ •
••> 1
,

-~ .~e1. ~ •• •
••>, j
,

--- • •
o
z -- • • • • •
<
o,
o
o
-- • • •••• . ~. ·I~ •
o
z
--- •
o
,. I
•
.-•
• J a~.
~ ••• : . ~ni •
t
o
•,
••~
• ~• •• ~
'
i J jl! I i I
•<'
. • II • .-
i ,~ .~
-~ .~

M , I
 jA . . . . C. WOICHT

TABLE 6. DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY OF-POSITS OF KRONZE VESSELS

IN
• TIlE AEGEAN

.............
-
-- -- -
... .......
'
!
I
I
In I I! I I• !• ! I• I• I
I
j II
_ .....--
,
E _""<l__
n- O
•
• •• •
..
0 0 0

,, ... _--- 0
• 0
0 0
•
•
_ _ T_ _

e"•• • • 0
•
0 •
---
~,-,
•• •
0 0
•
• 0
•
•
,-" 0 •
l _ _"'
" ,-" • •• • • • •
•
•• •
I
,-"
... •• 0 •
0
•• •
,-,
_.
0 0

• •0
•• • • • •
-_
0 O.

-" ... • • • • • •
•,I --
0
0 0 0 0

-"
• •• •
•
•
• •
• 0

_.
--"
_U -" •
• •
" 0• 0•
• •
0
•
0
•
" • 0

iI 0 • • • •
_._...
,I ~..:... •
• " 0 • •
0

•"
• • •
• •
•
0

•
• •
• • • • • • •
•
0
0

5out«. ~brthJm 1980.1'1'_ 63.!oS. 69. 70. fill'_ S 8_

while ir",ooocing ~ f.,.-m< (Minoan Ih.pes .nd <kcon,i..., schemes. fOT

in<l'nce) in "'rc mOlerills. In thil f•• h;on the"" .~t •••<!opted MinD""

-..
luxury i'em. while adopting ,hem fOT ,heir own "",wend•." l7. On />Ii...- boh"ll.'" MO<I<lr
Tobl.. 5.00 6 di,pl1y ,he wide distribution across m.inland G.... ce 1987: Ihmiliki. 1'1'/9; R.nt,. f<>"lh-
of.......1s of gokl,lilver.1lJ'Id bruit... thot ... re prodlK~ Of .peeiilize<i W<l",. l8. In", Im,M."hlus 1m"",
.hops "" Crete. ,he C)"I>de>,:and the m.inl.nd .nd con "'''''nably he ....... dri~ ..... ~ ;" "'" N... f.>..,
..soci..ed with drinking.'" It i. i1so de.. in com~ring Tabl.. 2~ ,h.t, ... 1>1"",.,.1980.
 "AITI~G I~ .,YC.,.A.A" IOCUTY
"

~)
•

F~t<~ r'"1')' SiMr_kfrom while (he: carlie' G ,.., Cirrk B., M)'ttnae rontain<d Wge numben of
D<nd,. tomb 10. u..ft II. Ali«
_''U2.f'a.~99;........,. ceramic drinking "" 1. (especially goblm). in the: l.ter Circle A where
s-J;ot, '""mol< .. A,...". b"",,~. ,il""" and gold drinking ""...Is a.., ",,"'mon and widely di"rib-
utM, .....mic on... art b. ""II rtp"""n,ed. The prcfe"J><T flK met>!
1'"'1"'" S (........). Se. of"rioJ><d" Vapheio cups among open form. i. not.bl. (fable 5).
pon<ryfrom Drodn.Akr-"
1'lo01.p. 9Z,r...1OO,_S-""
In MJ«naean 00<;"1}'. drinking ritual. a<h~ sundar<! expresti""
!MOM< .. A!hmo through «min "",..lsh.pes. beginning wi'h ,he V.phcio cup:and .1aIJow
ClIp. both of which ..... re f"OI'Illar ""filmic ,hapes during LH II and lIlA,
0"0 'Pl'",ring in g<>ld and .il...., (fable S)!'1l>e.. ""'" replocul by ,he
kylix during LH lilA.'" l'articul... ly wonhy of not;"" it • lie. of LH lllA
.il"", drinking vessels (.hollow cup. om..u Ind large gobkrs) foond in lomb
10, shlfl 11, "fthe «melery It Dend", (Fig. 4, Table S).ln the cootemp"'-
rary thob It K<>1<I1 In"lhe, SCI <>f .il"", plets, o.Iong with I .il"", 01>01-
Iowrop Ind three .il"", ronieo.l cups, was foond, while lhe AcmpoJi. T","-
.u'" /Tom Myc<:n>e cootlin. f"", golden plet. Ind a oemigl<>bulu cup
rrabk 5)." Set. ""'h I i thc<c we", emul1tcd in day and ",;n""d-to res<'m-
ble .ilve, <II" gold; these appeu 1t Dendra (Fig. 5). in lhe Alhenian Agon,
ond e1""whe"'."'The Ippelra~ <>f these ""to coincide. .ignif"'"ndy wilh
the o~ndoncr of the kyfu furm.·'
39. s.. _ ; n Da>;o19IT: mode m.tehq JObI<ts and p;t<bcn .ol, Irnmcrwaht 1%6, C;(l;, 19"11,
Wrigh'. fonhromizI,; L (Mounrjoy I'IlIJ, 1m. PI' 57-58) 19"12, 1m. 19%. 1997;0<I><'rnmpl<o
olO. In potkry .....U.. mrnI: .r>d on< can speak '" I<U ofZlJlO'l..... rom< from Athena, " " ' - . Myc<1lI<,
I>'""n~ 1986. pp. b+-M. The notion pon'ry of Lit lJlBI d1te. I th.nk and 101Y''''''
of potkn pr<><Wcing match;"'; o<ts of J. Run... fot odvk< on !hit point. .oJ. M.nhl... 1'IlIO, P. JoIO: Mount-
....... for uO< ..me. h.. b«n 01, "'noon 1~'2. PI' 87-95;Dcm.- ~ 1986. PI' 64-66. Th< dwIgi"ll
~nk cq>Iot<d ( Mi<GilIiYny 1987 k<>poWou 1m 19"13. 19"17, on ,I>< romJ-irionoithct< ...... putoithc
ro. aampleo (rom proI0I.... rial C,,,,). AcropOO,Trcuurc.... 0.,;, l~n. proccoo of the .. tobtiohmcn' '" UI
Thu L th<~q(Ep/l)n<.n ....... pp.2\lI-2'J6, etiq.><n<: ... Wri&ht. fotthrornilll"
•• JA . . . . C . . . tlCHT

FEASTING EQUIPMENT

If1M >els of drinking ~ ...l. dcscrib«l .Ix>ve .... p,.."umcd to h.,.., bocn
uoc<l in «""ing ccrcm""i<s, it would be pfOfitoblc ,,, survey primary de-
pooi.. "fbronze ""••d. in do""'''ic .od mo'Nary con'''''u, for ,he.. dc-
posits prescnt a wid...ray of v<uel. auoc:i.t.d wilh ,h. rooking and
..,mng "ff<><>d. Thel, di",ibu'i"" i. prn<ntro """"" in T.bl. 6, which
includn ""...,1< from ",lcct.d coman daring hctwe<n L... MiOOlln (LM)
I .nd iliA and MH IlI-LH iliA. The following lorn1>o """,i,t.ntly
provided the h",.<k" group" of ""'$<11: chamber tomb 14 at Z.phcr , ..-
POUR, ntat KIlOS.... (~ig. 6);" 'holos A at Arrh.ReO:" A.<ine chamber
tomb I, 5;" Dendra chambe, .omb 2:" and the tho"" 10rnh at Nicl""ri.'·
The groupo included ,-nod. ,h .. W< would expect ..ere: u""d (", f...,ing:
tripod and <ylindriCil kenl..., IcbMs (cornu conical, 'fK"Ucd bowl.).
bml"" MS;o" bowl., cups. pi.ch.... pano, hyd.i., (water j...). and ,m-
pho.... (tw<>-h.ndl.d ,,~ jar. for li'luid,). Ovcr.oll ,he rnorphologinl
",,,i..ion .mong .h.pes i. ron.id.,..ble. SolO. vari.tion can be o'tribulOd
10 ,he production of diffe~n, workshops ond 10 ,he p~..,nC<' "f heir·
loom.... bu, i, moy be due in p:ut t" ,h.i, u..,. fur difT.~nt types of
p..pa",rion or. perh.ps, for particul... occ..ion. (..., below).
11>< Shaft Grava ar M~n .. tql.....nt ••peciol cue. rew grava (8
el"iloo, .nd A I. Ill, IV. V) <:ontaincd any 'luan.ity "fbron......""1. (Ta-
ble 6)••nd their <:oncen''''tion ..flOClS 0 ..kttivc g.,h..ing from diffe~n.
produce.. 'hroughou' .he Aegean."'11>c people who deposit.d ,h... va-
,d. sh<>w<d 0 particulor pn:fcrcn« for krttl<$. pi.. h<:.., h)'tlrU<. pan., and
knrc.. (lorgo miiing bowls fur liquid.). Thi. <:oUcetion diffe.. from ",h..
<:on'.mporary ..""mblage<, odminedly Ie.. well known, thot com< largdy
from Min,,,m d<>rneotK: <:onta,.. Al.hough the differc"" may be prima-
rily """ <>f""",,:.t, i' could sugg<'S' ,hot the Shaft Gra'" ..... mblagco m.ni-
f..t a dev.:Loring M~n ..an faS'e, ..peci.Uy .inC<', •• we .h.Il...,. thoy
~101O to peculiarities in fn:oro painting that Morgan h...nribuf<d to na-
liC<Cnt M~n ..an p"'f.... n<eo."
Many of ,he"" veuc:1o .how .ign. of we... and rq>air, and, 'hc",fon:,
cannot ha... h«n mad< apn:"ly for ,he mortuary rite but WC~ ei'her
owned by the d..,..o<d or gi n by ,he mou"",,,. Either w.y ,h... culi-
nary i,.m••ymboli.. ,I>< f , and announce the .ignificance of fe..,ing
'0 ,he burying group. The <:ombin.tion of ,he"" vcw:k for u"" in drinking
and prtparing .nd "'rving food-----1n «rami<:, brontt, .~""r••nd gold-
d.mon.,,..,cs. d,..maric inc",.", in fe•.,ing e<juipmcnt beginning ot ,he
end <>f.he Middle Bronze Age, focused on a ,10011 group of high-.tatul 44. F:...... 901\.
burials. This indication ofr...ring """tin"", bu' i. n:pn:""n,ed """" widely 45. SWu..u;. 1970: SWllHakio
in weolthy buriili .mong the many chamber tombs 'hroughou' ,he m.in- ond S~. [991, P.SO.
land:rnJ on Cn:,e (LM and LH 11-Ill). The.. developments an: accom- 46. Ff6:Iin 1938,
ponied by on dabon,ion of m.pes and fono., Al'hough it i. difficult to 47._1942.
48. W"Jk;c 1992.
quan,ify a ,pecif,c .. rvice <>f ""'<clo. by LH lilA the following oppeor
49. i\bnhluo 1980, P. l>6; Palaim.
'oge,her mos, frequ.ntly: kenl... leltan.., b•• i.... bowl., pi.chers, p.n.,
hydri." .mphoru, ond cuI" (..., below, Fig. 7:226. for an ideogrammatic
=. M.rthl", 1980.1'1' J-4[-J4l.
SQ.
tql",..,nta,ion of • ",rvice). Thi, integra,ion <>fdrinlUng ""'selo and e<juip- S l. MOIlI.n [990, 1'1' 257-258.

p'
 'UIT'NC 'N MVC."AUN 'OCUTV
"
-.
:- -.-

-=.'-
c.
F>«",,6. B_ _lofton> lOmb
14 o' up..... P.pou... Aft", £..... men, for feasting in ,he d<:pooition of mtt.O! vcud$ witb ,b. d<c<ucl i.
l'lOfo.p1.11'1 IIOl l><Cell... ily proof tna. the two activities ...", bound 'og<,ber; .h<r<
«>uk!:olw:oys lwr< bo:en odi.. inchon I><tw«n Imting on<! drinking. f ...ting
con b< ei'ber an ind"'i"" or an ClldusM: ..'ivity, ..... know from many
ooun:c. from dusi<-al an'iquity .nd modem ethnography." The pr<K""C
of fc..,ing cquipm.n' in 0 'omb roo doub' "'pr<Kn...b. :ability of.h<
d<c<ued '0 ."",,<or rca".. and m.yalM> indic..", m.mor:ablt: ocruion. nf
.pon..... hip .nd • reputation for bospi.oliry. Drinking iI a .p<ciolitcd .nd
of"'n <xd",i"" ocliviry tl11l 0C<."\ln .i.ber in .be cont<Xt of f...... (con.ider
the diff.ren« bcrwct:n tkiJ>~.~ .nd 'Y"'po,;.~") or on an individual bui•.
The p",oc""e of drinking ........ 1s in a lomb, <:opcc..uy of lilvtr and Il"'ld
.0
(bu. also ofbron:rc "'""tinnc<!" day), m.y ",fer .b.ltalU. of.he deceased
a. one who sh..... drinks wi'h .pecial comp.nion._
The prac.ice of depositing valuahlt: me'a1"....1s in fOmbil from 'he
lal< Middlc: tbrough .be Lale Broo.. Age in the Aegean indriteo the
Sl. So« MIlITJIY 1~ fot diOCUllioo. value .tta<:hed bo'h '0 ,h. objects and '0 'be ac,iviti.. ,hey .ymboli...
ofl>.ul< ~, C'-icIJ, lltllt..";.,, .nod Their .ignif>c'''' culy .ppcaran« in eli", burial< on ,be mainland .nd
""... PtniUl (<a.ring: fot ,he Nu. £U,
.hei, conrinuing predominance, ..peciaUy in the Argolid and Mcucnia,
,. _nl,_1lcntu.- 1~71,<>p. pp.
1~1S6; l'ot M>«doo'''_1Iona
.ugge.t • f>lycenaean ",.fOm. Anention b.. b«n given to tbe appeal'llne<
19113; fot H>JI".n, I « Dictk,- 1m, of similar buri"," on Cn:"" primar~y around ICnosso&, and, e""n if no'
SJ. M....,. 19'90." 6. .he burial. of occul'J'ing Mycenae.n overlord., they strongly indicate 'be

p'
" jA . . . . C. wa'CHT

oe<:<ptancc of Mycenae.n C\mom. fur .~t. burial. It dUo tim.... A....<us

marl<c.. the>< .... mbbgeo 10k"",. what Dieck. and Hoyden term ,he "di.-
cri,K.-a/" re.... i.e., on< ,hot i. marhd by JUrnpru'ry di.ploy!' Metal ~"kJ
and bo,in. found in ,h... d<pooin ""' btgrr than ,h.i, ",rami< coon ..,...
part. and then:fo~ may indicate ,h.
ability of the occupant 10 sponsor
oub..:mtiol fc.... ,h.. would h.~ "".....d sociop<>hticoJ .. weU .. e<:<>n<>mic
purposes." A. durobk goods of high val"" tl>ry rttwd. p<nonol and.,...
cia! history and can be ,he I0O.I1'« and in'ri"'tio" for n.fUl'.... ,C.u'ion i.
recommended ;n our .h""",logical and l)'pOk>gical eumin.tion of the",
<kposi.....in« they mly conrain heirloom. or obj«.. .. acquired "",,;d. the
nctwo<k of K"""raUy ~zed achange. Gi'. .n ,h.;r value .nd utility.
,hnc mortu1ry obj«to we... of.." in,.. n,ori~ while they...,,,, in u..!'.
fOJIi< pur<utd in the fulkrwing ftttian.

l.INEAR B EVIDENCE

In the Lina< B rc=«I" """,,Is are r=mk<l and denoted by Kkogram.

rq=scn,ing I wide range <>f ,h,P"" and typ<'I (Fig. 7, Tabk 7). Tht i<!ro·
Kram. are. shonhand designarioo occornpanying wnnen ltxt. which of-
"'" includn the vnKl name_ No. """'Y mention of "",..I, in th~ t>bl<ts
ran bc: :ISM>Ci...d with fr...ing. Sorne---MY Gt 602-4J04, KN K 773.
1809---0", o:oncerned with >rti";ties of production." A long list of .. bins
toOOfd off~ringl to d~;,i.. of amphoJu r.n~d with honq (KN F, Sv; KN
Gg 10, 701 ~711, 713.994, 995.7370, 5007,5184,5548,56.37.8243, 7232,
7371, 7372, 7792), which may be exclu,ively I dedi<:>'lion but could II", be
used in f... ts!· Otl.~. 'nt> wi,h ..., ..1ideogram, ~<k no dear 'extull
rontat (KN K 774-776, 778; KN K 829.874, 877[.]1052,7353, 7J63;
KN U 521.712, 7501), though som~ ... Is.ooci.. ed wi,h IhingllolCred
(KN K 875) "' ... p"rhap" .imply in n""ies (KN K 7(0).
Not 011 id.-ogrom. of drinlUng 1< found in Tablr 7 ... ronrcrnrd
wilh fea,.;ng. For exlmple, the i<lrogram. fot cllalice, goblct, Ind bowl on
Tn 316 /Tom Py\oo record off~ringo to <ki,ies on a ,able. th., ;. otriClly

sa, """.on (1999) rompam (,,\1

II """",,,,,,nw bwi.ab to buri&h of
lH I-Tl: Itt a1>o!\.ph,," 1973:
1,767 «,...till< II>< ....ng< bronu
tripod (diun<f<f O.JO m. d<f"h 0,15-
0.20 m) would hold b<twt<n 10.600
,-
"'"!ttl of lh<iJ .......... n"'tion '"
H. C[ llardm lOOt., pp. ..cl-ll.
fupham and Catlin& 197': M.nhluo ..... la,llS «. on eishtNld d;lfu.fI« SII. 11<""," 195i. PI' 79-82: 1962:
I'lliJ: Kili.In-DitImri<, I'lliS: and in <>pacify. n... tripods m.y b< impot- Sl><lmtrilin< 1'1li5. PI' 49-50, 117.
1.-1996. tont b diffCf<Otiati"ll bnw<... bIF- 59. Y. H>mibIti. rl"'" comm.)
55. Di<tltr 2001, PlI' S5-88: H'rdm ocal< f...... _h .. _ " PyIoo poin.. "", ,hat it io diffi<uIr to dio-
20010.pp.J5-02. (d;0<IU0<d by S,,><1«r and Do';" thiI 'inguioh o/ftrillJ' &om fno0"ll il<."o;
56, n...1atv<.krnl« "" at mu<h volu"",),.nd ""'"' .... tri<t<tl k.mnJ _ >bo Hunilakio and Koruo>Iaki 20001,
at 0.50 m in diamcorr, IIllllough th<y "". pri+'ikg<d,;roup tn" m.~ tw.o< pp. HJ-10S. s.. >bo Saa:oni 2001.
.~ about O.JO rn: «nmi< <J<affi- .njo)o<d >p<cial foodo. BIOM< tripods B. U.)'kn t1Ol<t (p<n. romm.) that in
..... rang< ("",,0.12 toO.20m (_ m.y II.... bttn uot<l b _h ope<ia1 ","..mpont)' BuddIW, "m..... "off",·
n. In. b<1ow). In volum<tri< '<mI' the ("'b"" but a1>o ao pan or tl>< ><tivi,;., inp or"n mod< to BOOdha, but
day tripodt.i{th<y ........ O.1S m in ofWg<r kao... n... problem O<f< iI 'h<y "'.... Uy""..j by It.: prin" b
Ji......... and "" O.07~.lO m in dotttnnini"ll ""'.. tl>< tripods ......, uot<l .I><ir ui*ttP and p<rlu.1" "" k"ti"l!:
d<pIlI, would hold b<tw<en 1,lJ7 and b. a 'l"'obon d;......-d b<1ow in the

p'
 'U.IT',"C , .. "YCU'A~A," 'OC'~TY

'.
,. JTz" (~.~~ '0 rY;
\y ., r <'=TO? \/
~H mQ m.~~ m\! ~~

~'0 ~~? m~ Ucj u?J

-,7dJ n''(jbn~u,* "~®:> "'Q
n"Dl

tj ''')(

no w

S'L - .T C~
w"
IE? = W(;7. , . .-

m~
...... 7.1' , _al ioo
...... B.Iodof-I_v , ..,j

()Ij,;" , , " ' . -

,
,.
.-.
_.. •
_
• o

..
.... o

___......
_ ..
-~_
•
•
•
o

_..........__...... •
•
•
o
•
o

•
....... o •

__ _0'
... •••.... o
o o

_................... •
••• •
.0' •
o o

•~ I ........
o
o
•

•• -_.
-_. ........ •
o o
o
0

•
•

.
<
< -_.-_.
-_.
~_.

•
o
•

o
•
t
-_.
-_-_. .....
o
o
o

•
•
••
o
•
•z -_. ........
-_.._.._. o
o

•
o

._.
o
• o

"•o
<
.......
•••
o

•
o
•o -.....-.............. •
o

o. . o
o • 0 0
• "
•o
z

,.
o
•••
_
•••
.
........
• •
•
•
o •
•
o

-•.• I
-o •
I
-
••
.•< •
 HAlT'NG 'N MYCINAIAN 'OC'"TY
"
rdigious."'n.e app"onntt of rhe cholio: and gobler ideogram. on Tn J 16
i. unique. and ,he bowl ideogram appean only inf~uendy. Thne ide0-
gram. do not appcll on t2b1... a...,.,ia~ wi,h f....ing (e.g., T. 709.nd
Tn 996). The Ta ..ri... from PyIos, Kill"n h•• • uggn~, "rtt<o.d.n .udi'
ofllle paloc". equipmcn' fot b.nq""ring.'" He belicve1 rh., ,hey m.rk
rhe "l'P"in'men' of rhe imrononr magi"....., ,he dJz·mt>-h-ro." The
.udi, inclu<ks Ii,.. of YCIOCIs ouch .. rripod krltt..., amphon., kro.....,
baoin., bowlo, and jugs, :among other f<>rnu:u>d vari.nts, ..pcci.lIy on lOb·
lets T. 641 .nd 709. To , ..... we ohnuld also .dd t2blets from K".,...,. r....'
deno'c .pecial ",... Is Of even ..11 of,bem (KN Gg 5637.8243, Uc 160,
K 93. K 74O.:and K 872)."
A. an economic .ctivity fe..ring drew heavily on ,he ",sourcn of ,he
pmc.,:u>d rrquircd con,ide...blc logi.rical pl>nning, .. Kill"n poin ....."
in hi. article on ...,e-.ponsored b.nquets., in which he .n.lyu...alings
'0
from Thebe••nd their ",lotion.hip rahle" fl'QfIl PyIos.nd KnOflOS."
In .hne dommcn.. Killcn otgue1 ,hat cartlc, pigs, and goaf$l'.hccp, which
we", ~ui.i,ioned.nd f.nened, we", inrcnded for fe..ts. and ,h., o,her
dommen" record the pn:paration of equipmen' fOf a " ...-.ponsored
fcas,. In advancc of .ny largc-lICil. f",", polo« off",ial. must ha", hod
:u>imili brought in from dilflnr grazing .nd foraging ..... and penned
up wbe", fodder ..... provided before they we", rokcn fot ,Iaughte•." Simi-
larly, ",UeJ. fOT ,be p"'p....'ion of ,h. f.as, would be ",odied for _,
checked for C<Indirion, and defecti", on... noted. S,ore. of po"Cl)' .......10
olso would be in",nIO.ied Of ~ui.itioned." In oddirion... Killcn .nd
!'alairn. note,olh.nobl... in ,be T a ocri... fCconI item••uch .. fumirufC
and inllrumen.. prob.bly U1Cd for .lough'er (""'.. and aword. o. kni.....),'"
A "hlet e.pcci.lly indicOli"" of the e<>lIecrion .nd recording of feaoting
equipmenl i. KN K 93, with ideogram. ·219, "126.. "J01, 'J02,:and 'JOJ
(Fig. 7:219, 226, 301-303), which record....rvicc of .......l. Ih.. w"",
kept toge,her."
The ideogram. on , ..... ",bien relied on .h"",hand for noting item•.
Fot ,be an:hocologi.t ",!>o C<IIlccto anifocts f.om oom..,i" and fu""rary
«JO''''''''.'
di.ju""",,,, ai", between ,I>< Li"".. B icIcognmo.nd ,I>< "'nge
of obj«.. known fa us. 'n,. ideogram. fur ""...Is do no' lend ,h.m.. lva
fa • ~teral reading .. ,hey were strongly modified by lCl<tu.aI d<s<ription
and vary !>o,h in =rion.nd type."llow, ,I><n, can we relate ,h.m '0
the many anifact$ we find in ,he poIoo:xs and tombo? Here we face rhc c1assi"
problem of 'tying ro read ,he id<ograms .. marktn within ow """ ')'1-
tem of tranocriprion .nd translation, in.teod of .".mpring '0 unde..,and
'0
how ,hey were u..d by .h. ",ibn .igniJY meaning 'hem..I...... nd '0 '0
60. s.. p.a;"", 1m, oJ>d ,his .....-
u.....: Saoconi 1'Ili7.
61.lWkn lm.p. .21.
62.lWkn 1m,
.
65, IGIkn lWO: fo.- 'M pro«dur<
in .n <th~ ....ing. ... HO)'I<n
~
66, loaUidou .. aL 2002: Wright
TIl< t>bItts in qutslioo If< T. 716 aM
n2; ... Palaiml, this voIu......
68. V...... n.b.d< and mYi<r 197'1,
pp. 271-273.

-_.63. A Iidkr <alW! oomid<nrion

oX mi. "",,,,,r is 10000 in

M. IWkn
Mclm:. 1'.1\lO.
l~
1'aI".,.,
mis

Pi«..,., O~';"r> aM
1994;GalIl}" 1m.. 1'1991>; Whit<-
law 2001 (l would tike to th.nk
J. Rutter fo.- n:mindi"l ..... oX thi,
n:ccnt ,rudy).
67, IGIkn 19\12: 19\I~, p. l!O; 1m.
69. Ben...." .00 O~Yi<r 1973,
pp. 2J1.2J5: V<nrri••oo C~k
1973. p'..im: ;\htthiuo 1980, pp. 78-
79-, Na;"", 2003, pp. 19J-198,

p'
 jAMU C. W"CHT

<>(Ml" Kril>«.'" I, i. 01...,. th>., cl'I< oddi,;"" ofl.;,.....,. B signs wi,hin ""rr:lin
Nlrognm. (~.g.. "201. oct ~~,g. 7) rnodif",. ,hri, m...ning," and we know
from ICXU whe... ,hr vessel form h.. been wrin.n out. ~.g.. PYT, 641 and
709. ,h" Ihc;,Joognm in """'" in.uncro ~ oupplcrnon,ing wi,h words
I" ro<l""Y' ~ "J'"<'ific rnoming." Thi. i•••ignifJCan' scribal ro<l""n~
non in th.,
i!allows u. 10 rorogniu ,hat ,hc ".nda",hc' ofideognm. was
too .maU ro "'1'=1 all Ihc cogni,i,~ typo> of .... "'10 .mployed in Ihc
p:a1a.cr-:o d ...ic probkm of ryp<>logy wilhoul ta>:<>nOO'lr." M ...hlu.. in
nrog<>riring lhc corpu' ofbron........1. from BronK Age Gr=<. ere--
ated al)poIogy wi,h .bewildering ,my of 1)']"" and ..m.n.. :ocron:Iing 10
form. ohap<:•• i.... nd dcronli"" .nd furlC'lional ..p«,....... da.. ifl<1l00n
rnoch V".",r ,han wit.. """ IOeO ..p...... nled 00 painted pott.ry 00" in fros·
roes.nd ideogram... sche.... ,h.. l..d. the ron'.mponry analYSI ,,,de·
spair when .ttempting ro dcrcrmi... fun<tional and oymboOC .. btionohipc."
Similatly, no Krille in ,",,';quity could ha"" worked wilh ouch 'l)pnlngy.
fur cvery vari.tion in Ihc oo;.c.. could ......' be rogi...rnl in burnueraric
di""",rw. N.... nhelcso, ,he ancien' Kril>« a, Pyloo and Knouoo h.a.d '0
accounl fur.ach _I. and ,hey dcvioed .....ys of adding dco<ription I" ,he
i<k<>grom. ,hat oa:oumed fur ,he vari.OOn and .nabled lhem I" ... r.,. 'n
""""in. ,......Ii.
This digrnoinn ..,....m••n im""""n' ...... of ""'Ihod A. 1\.I,ttM...
recognized. we ace nbliga,ed when .tudying p........ro """al >tiSCIo, and
in ....... ins'OJ>l:n ......... <In<S, ro ...la,. ,hem ro ,ex.. di"",.. ing ,Moe
......1o."To 1'T'C:OV<:' maning from ,ho tell... we mus' lam '0 ",ad .... m.
no! ....... ly 'ran.la,.
lhem•• nd. in ,he "rucruraJi" K ..... admowlcdge the
i.conngraphic n:adinon ,h.. unde,lies ,hc idt<Jgrartu. This ironography in~
fontl'i other n>ndcs of ..p..... nn'ion: pain,ed .......10 in lTeo<:oet. pain'ed
......10 on ......1.. and depic,ion. of 10 in UK. Whik ,he", is no """.
f<>-<l<\< ronapoodc_ hclWUn a<n>al 10 and ....i' iIk:ogra.mma'ic
rcprcsmlation,. ",lali..dy romis,.", u..go .mong dilK",nl form. of "'P""
rnc:nlation may inform us .. to whal ,he 1\.1)......,....... we", saying aboul
fcos,ing Ihrough oud1 dcpKrionI.

7O.~b_ 1'I8Q.p. 78. 14. "'" ....... pl<. Mnthtuo (1'I8Q. ~ b... is onknnwft ... day. _ no

71. V..,.,.;, .,.j Cl",.l"';k 1973. W Bl-lll) cuqoriud Unl<s ill", ron<koiX ,ha,
i, .,;,,, in m<ul. <.1..
p. !la. fitI, 16: V.... .. doDd 0Ii. ";,,. 1)-p<O. <><lI wittI .......,..,.. and..n· WI_poi! k<nl<> with ri"l! han·
.... 1m. pp. 185 ('USA ',.;l ("JIlA .,.." I) krnko ,.;m ..... of...triplr _"h<~is_ ....... ,..
1'i'6 rlJJA m--J06 rJI U 1Ja ("}(}]A ~ 1).....,.1w\dltd Unl<s wim ht p<>ints ou~ ifrh< fIbIm ~
lS9 ("J09A .,.j 21,6 rJIOf
n, "'" o;ompl<.?OJand." ........
""tk-""" .....: round--bo<tlJmcd
3)
It<nl<.I ,.;m <aM.rinn: k<rtk>,.;m
4)
wry w,;. numbcn of ....... (hunJ«do
'" thnonando). rh<n it ..."..lJ b< .........
..... wittI ond withooo. I..ndloo, V • sJ>o..kI<r <aNwioft: 51 kt<tIrs wim tho, they ... ',,,•• ,,,,,i,,,
of d.1 1o;
<lrnab<dt: and O\ift. '9J'l. W 1Ja- ri~ t..o.dl<o: 6) ~L\I nipoJ Unlco; wi"""', IU<h 'f'UItilia,jnn """ <"01'_
ll'l; V"..".;, and CIud.nd 1971, 7) cyIindrialllipoi! krnla wim hori· ..0 .............. =ami< '" "",,01 .......
pp. 3»-lJl NUA lJ6 ("ZJ6); 1I<n- _ullundl<o; 8) fWDd·bon<>m«I ... mmN "" Coooid<r ill ,10;, ..pd
..... ..,.l O\irin- 1971, P. 2l1: ... ttipnd kerdco with roIIu rim; and tho. PyIoo .,,*, T n 'i%."""" li>r> •

.......
....... ~brSbrrta".• hd
1l. So:< Rn 19I17. P. lS"; IVlWloo
9) "",...t-bor«>mt<l tripoi! krnla with
dl<......Jrim.
75. M .......... 1'I8Q. P. 80, In hi> dio·
few <n<ul ...-10..... fow..! ill pan"1
"""" lO, wloi<h """•.w.:..t Sl2 <I.r
pot> (\\'.;v., In.!, I'J' &24, ... abo
and II.-.. 1m: Adamo -.l AdUIlo """""" Ma_ ~ th" ... <"aot> Moun'inY 19\13. W II-Il).
19'11; Sinnpoli 19'11. W -<9-67. ...............1tOnn If'I""U' .. In ...,.

p'
 "YC~N"~"N 'OC'~TY

"
HAST'NG 'N

Tho: Linear B docum.nts '?P"ll"O indin.. ,h., ftooting .... :an im-
porum activity ,hit occurred with 'ROOgh fmj""""Y.nd requi~ ouch
.pt<ioliud impl<me:n" ,h.. :an inv=toty wu """'"'Y. A. P:ili.im......
guc., """" of tilt i,.ntI u5C<l in f....ing ""'.. hei,Ioom••nd hod nam.tivt,
hiotori..l, ptrsonol,.nd prestige volllCl.'" Olh." ""'''' ,imply lorge day
......10 tha' needtd 10 be on hand fu< u",." Tho: .tten,ion givtn to ~rd­
ing impkmcn.. u5C<l in f...ring i. t>Of unlike the p""",,,,,,,;on of impur-
,:ant ....idllCl off","ing, .uch •• the !>limed ... nl< bon.. from ,he An:hiva
Room "' Pyloo diOCllssed by Stocker >od Davi. d ..wt.e.. in thi, ...,Ium•.
£'hnogno.phicil .nd hi.toricol .lUdi.. of f..sting h.... documen,ed haw
communities record f•••U; for exampk, ,he Alth. of nonhem Th.iland
displ.y wo'" !>IIfWn hom, ond pig mandibla." Hoyden oboe..... thor
rll... ..., >=d. of. ·community·••bility '0 spon_ ooch ..... n..."" Wi,h-
oor rUNoI record.. however. i, i. unclcorlh.t ",m.ino n:cove~ ...,hoell-
logicilly could be in..rpmed in ,his m... ~r, they might j...t .. "",n odver--
ti.., .he _oIlh or hilroricil p"'ition of a powerful",,,,,,, or group wilhin
the community." In rhi, rcgud. Killen', roncluoion rhat ,he Myo:n••:an
"".. ",~r to f..." .h., m.rked ,h. tn...,.;,ion of mogi'lTO<les i. only on<
of. number of I"'"ibk inttrprcto'ion. of f....ing pra<ti<-c, :and we
nonnot <:Xl<nd his cl...if..ltion ofM,.,......." paIa,ial ~ ".11.. '1""'-
oon:d' to oIl.n:hocoJog;cally di""",,,,,,d inotonceo off ting.End«<!. ,he",
i. r>o rn""n '0 be~.... ,h.. all of lhe f..... Itt<>rd<d in the leX.. nccd to
ha... bc:cn .ponoon:d by ,he ........

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS

M....ial evidence for f...,ing is foond uni.......ny 'hroughout the

not
mainland. For ,he ••rly ptriod, it is largely ....tricted to • few 'omb. in ,I><
Argolid and in oourll"",... rn Mesocni.; Ioter, it i. d;mi!>ll,cd mo... widely
around .h. Argolid Ind r.lesocni•. Evid.1'I<O! i, m...h kfo .!>IIndlnt in
Lokoni.. A,ri.... Boioti',:and ThcssaIy."' In Lakoni., for """-,,,pl., only ,he
Vlpheio ,holoo of LH II do.. con,oined Iny r....ing equipment••nd not
in Iarg<: quantity, oIlhough 'hoc cf(.... of ~ng mull be nktn into.c-
roon,."' In A,hli. in the ......m Pclopon"..." "omb., K..ruroktil pro-
vWcd •• il.... bowl.• I><mi.phcrical bron.. bowl, I bowl wi,h wishbone:
hlndle. and I ...,inOlo:d bowl." In ccnfr.l1 G"""" or Thebe.. un... ,i"". in
• "orcroom on ,he ocrop<>Iis lIImed up • kw bmnu ......d. of probabk
LH IIlAI dl":' rwo-hlndlcd bowl. piriform jug, .nd brood-.immed

76, P:W.im' 2003. >nd rlIio ooIwn<. k>r h.~ ... found durinK Im-I9'17 "'ling me to i0oi< It tIlio problem 01
n. SIOund 1'l8O. P. 239', Wnp' raN< opcnriono 01'.... Kodmeio, di'lriburion and .neml"' to <:<plain it.
1n<,1'I' ll--26; GWl}' 1m" 1999b, Thcbeo, in • LH HUll drpooi. in 8J. In bronu the..... ...., jugs, •
1'1' .5-19. 69-72. n-!IO; Wlu,<I,w .-.-n 1, _ SnrJu and II.ndri""" 2001. l...Ik. >nd • brazier. in silv<r. , la.dl<
2001.1'1' 52-t>2. 71-76. 7'1, H.yden 2001 •• ,,55. and -... fngmrnto; >nd in JOId. the
'!S, H.,drn 20010. P. 55. fogo. 2.7. 80. H.,.l<n 20010.1'1'- 57-18. ...., fOlOOU' "'I" (~hnhl". 1980.
2.8, Cia<\< 2001. Ofint<ta' in ,hi. 81. 1"'... ~ n. N>hMio for ohi. rr- l l- JJ).
~ io. dcpooi' ,,( O<"<n wild _ inoig!It. ~. p"podopooloo 1m. I'!' 2n-18O.
"",ndihla. 'pp'",ndy p;.n:«lthroo>gh Ill. I wioh to ,h.nk J. Jlu..., fQr

p'
 JAAIU C. WO""'T

bowl." Addi'ion:d hoard. ",",,~...d throughou. ,''' mainlond. on ,h.

AcropoIio in A'....... a. An'hcdon .nd Orehomc"", in Boi.o,io, ond ..
Kalydon in Ai'oIio odd .lightly 10 ,... ~JlCC."
;\1011 of dtcK inslUlttl da,.
bctwt:t:n .h. pc1"iod. LH llB .nd LH
lIlA, when mojor dcpooi.. ofka"Ulg equipm.n' oppe.. in ehunb.r tomb$
"" Crne. A, dUo time ,... lI'l)nn..,.n. we... eo...b~.hing '... m"'l.......
""",lords of ,he Crnon pab<c.. ond ,he contempo"'ncoo•• preod of k ..,·
ing UKtTlbbp in elite ,omb$ On ,he moinIond ond .. mojo. em.... on
Cntt ;, IUt'<ly indicori... of ,he nglh 'hil cuslom hod ollaincd among
high·...IU. and powerful group< Borgno explore. in h•• ClAy in ,hi.
volume." Tho: .bocnce of _h ovid.""" during ,he co.-lie., fannotive pe-
riod hcrw=t IIlB III and Lilli i. indi..,ive of'he voriou. "'Kionol m-
jonorits "" ,he mainland .. communit;'" mode the t",nli,ion from "mn.·
'0
cg>Jinrion" more high!y orgon.iud cn,i,ies ouch ... chi<:fdom. or .. o,~•.•
Tho: mon~. m.y be unde"lOoo in '.rm.
of Dickinoon·••uggesOOn ,h..
lIlyttno< hod a "<p«i:d ...bti.m.hip· with Crete," ,hal i•••ho, fur dim ill
lhe Argolid .nd Meoocnia ,he .... off...tin~1 weD .. "'prcKn,ing if-
woo on impOI,.n' .nd ..If.....,nscioul dilJ'l.y of oggnndiumenl tho, may
hove hod i.. originl in 'heir ...bOOnlhip '0 coun ~k in p.b,iol e...,.,"
Th.. il WlI.1ao impo<1.nl in other ~on. It> di.pby ,he eopohiliry It>
f...., may indico•• ,h.. dilk...nl cu.It>m. of oggrondizcm.'" cvol~ in
difl"cn:n' ...... (or cquolly ,h.. oggnndi:r.ing beh.vioI was discour.ogcd for
ooci.l .nd i<koIogic:d ....son. ill some ....... or ,h.. certain communi,i..
'0
bcW lhe fUOUfCCI.nd oociol connccrion. un... ,he wnopiroouo weol'h
_h behavior would rcqui...j." fl.j I h.ve atgUcd el_h...," during the
fonn..ive .. oge ofdevelopment oflllycenacon soci<:ry. vari.tion w<>uId hove
been ,he nonn,.nd lhen: i. no compelling reason for diff....nllOci:d groupo
It>"'prnen' their identi'ies in the lame WlIy. At the heigh, of M)'CCo..,an
sociery in LH Ill. f....ling wu widely pncliced. becoming port of ,he
.mbkmic iden,;ty of IIlpn....n politi... 1, i.likely 'hal ,he "'prn<n..-
'ion of f...,ing in frCIron began .. ,hi, 'ime (... below),
lltc on:hocologicoI.nd ,..tu:d ev;dcnec for fca..ing dem"".mteo in

,he social
.n
S"~ra1 ill importance for the fonn.rion of poIilicol.nd economic lies by
.i.ing eli during the fann..ive of IIlpn...n soclcty. In m.oy ......
of f••I';og WlI. prob.bly independen' of and p...ecdcd ,be
fo<mali"" of ,he Mpnoean '"".: r...6ng in "'esc ......
"""""l hove
functioned not mc...ly fur ,h. odvanecmm. of poli'icol gooJ•• btu .. an
oklcr <'U.lOm far kin group'.nd faction< within ,he community '0 m.. k
oca.ion. of importance. promo,. so~d .. ity wi,hin th. f...,ing group,

85. M.oktu, 1911:1. p. H. been dctcrib<d .. "trib<:This rop;e;, .. _Iy .. Mil 1I ,hen: ~ di'"
S6. M.,,""', 1'l'11fl. 1'1' 53-58. w..:u-d .. It,,«,h in Wrigl", ro..h- bwiolo ";th """'"' ..-.llunt.,.l.ffif ,
81. S<t: oloo 1(i1i... -I)i.lm<lcrI91l5; «>fIling b. ,,;mibr to I""" ~~ r<' ili,.;,.,Ii .
M."h"" 1m; Poph........ COlling 11':1. DKkinoon 19n.p.54, It ;, .. dW lim<... I "S'" ,locwhctc
1974. 90, Wrigh' 1995•• PI' 290-292; (Wrigh, 2001, fimho:<>oU..... hl. tha'
88.111< ~ ·'~i,..un· i, 1'l95b. P. 7l. ,he", ,~ """"'8 ,~tet md;ffcn:n'
.-J by Il.yd.en (1995) to mer to 91. In 1><. m.. "'rfuI put>lic>rion of ..p....,,,,,,,,
t>f """prt'''5 ,hI! .....
d", "......,. '''«<0 of "",,,pl<:oity in~­ ,he ·wft-I"""-'omb .. Kolonoa on not gow<mN by""" d."'''''ffiing ,he
.." in .....,;,;"., f",", <g>~'ari.n to A~n•. includin~ '''"'''paron.... Ndy IU..... ofi """" 'f'!""I"'U" 'c '"1'"
,""'l'Jom. .... ~ •...,." nuant<J of high........ MH """bo. Kilian- ",,,,n, .~'" tu~
........nglD what rndi';"".ur Iuo Oidmci<. (AII-Ap... IV.3) - . rhll U Wright 2001, fimho:<>oUng •• b.
 HASTINC IN "YC~N .. tAN '()CI~TY H

demor"''''t< superior cronomic and aocial rnourcn. and, only at tile level
of tho ehi.fdam and ...... ro off•• 'ributc."
In 110m. rcgion.. oo<ably the Argobd and Messeni•• fouting would
how been manipulated by ebtn .. an effecti"" way KI mobiliu boor, f""'""
I1'IOfC aIlcgiance KI thc \coder, and makc alliances wi,h other p<>W'OI'fuI groupo.

It was probably 00' alwaya in"itutionaliud. however, but "'lher was cu'
ried 00' .nd .pont<>rcd by individua\a .nd group!' at allkvt:1s of t<>cicty.
Thcoc functional aspec" of fea,ling ......Iy ",maincd io,pon.nl for all ...-
cial orden after lhe form'lion of the .late-lcvel inOli1\ltions of the Mycc-
nonn palaces. That the <Videncc for (calting ran~ widely. allhough vari-
00,1,., fKlm 1M Middl. lhrough 1M Llte Bronzc Age and broadl,. from
Minoan C"'te lhrough the iol.nds ond on the moinbnd, indieorca devel-
opment ond chong< in the cuotoms o(feolling. Ye' the", was contimuty in
'M act, .. i, docum.ntrd by tnc p.....ncc ofheirloomo among lhe :weJn-
bl.gn-both lhose preserved in lombs ond thooc OOl.d in Linear B."'n I
oonoide",lion o( the Knnogrophic <Vide""" prtMdcd by (r<oco<:>. tflc!o, i,-
..... (along with attendan, pr<>bl.m.) become much c\cartl'.

FRESCOES

Frncocs th>t iUuat"'«: (costing or lhe prepan';"n (or fi;.... 'Pl"''' ("""
1M beginning 10 tit< end ofthe Lot< Bronl.< Age (LM I on Ct<te lhrough
LH IIIB on ,he Gruk mainl.nd) .nd IlK found in m.nycontexto: the 00-
called '-;Un o( Neopabtial C",«:, !>uildinga >t $Cttkmenta on the islands
(of Lll. Cydadic I dan:), and in tho Myccna.on palaocs. Thcoc widcly
di.... rse ehrooological.nd geographic context, provide room for. number
o( interpretation•. The uS< o( cvidc""" (""" the C",ran NcopaIo,ial pe-
riod 10 help fill OOt II>< picturc of MyccnlC'ln feosting in lbe 101" Lot<
Brool.< Age might. methodologicalJy.be qucotioncd. We need loexamine
whetl><r who( 'ppC"" Knnogroph;"oIIy apprehensible ond oonsimn" ot
Panof.lry·.I.....1 of Knnogrophic .ynthcsi. os dcocribcd '00vr," i. indccrl
lhe same omong the posited rullU..1 entitic. of Crcte. lhe Cyelld;" i.-
land., and the moinlond, .nd whether that meaning chonged .. thcK indi~
vidual rulrural group!' d.vdopcd, as Morgan has empho,iud."
Militello has r=:ntlrobsc~ that lhe problem i. rompbealfll by the
93. s.. lbydrn 2001"1'1'5<4-58. unccnainty lhat much o( lhe cvi<lcncc we h...., can even he read ot lhe
94. H<~1oomo in <h< Shaf, C"'... initial and nctta<aI)' pre-iconographi< b-d!' It ia undear h<Jw KI idcnlil}
... di....-d by r.Jai.... 2003: _ in and name represenlOlion. of animals. inse<ts. fant.. lic etcalUres. vegrto-
_ _ ~ ing<1l<f'&l ... do<u· tion••nd an;hitcclUrc un,il we undcntond (he convention, of represenlO-
mrnl<d by M.Ith.... 1'180. 1'1' 341- tion. No. only orr we unccnain whal the Rut;", o( f = repr<:<cntoti""
J.02. n.. ",f<",noo:a in 1'\' T. 60011 t<I
·Cr<WI- tripodo rnad< by 'l'"ioc <nf.. orr, but dllC (0 the polyscmi< na1\l'" of representation in tM difkn:nt m.-
p<n<>n' ...rdy dorumrn' /OCjrloom. dio o( /Tcsco, ponery poinling. writing. and ... fonh. therr rem.ins lhe
(0«1..laim.2OOl). probobilityo(diffcrcnt meaning< .nd.truerurcS o( meaning." In .hi. study,
~.1'arK>foky 1939. ftowcv<,r. I 1m primarily con«med wilh tbe meanings of M)'C"nacan ""-
96. Morpn 1\/85. 1989. pression rother than lhose of Minoan or Cyclad;" prodtlCtion, .. ><I I h.""
97. H'11M T.... t 1'1' 2<5-206;
the benefit o(tCZ1\lol sourcn .nd ocYCraI oompn:hen,ivcl,. o1\ldied types of
0« ..... M"'Pn'.(l'l89)~of
ombiply. aniflCtS. One might infer badrward finrn mcaningo gleaned from My«-

" . 98.lf.JN Tn..u 1.p. H6;Morpn nacan e'-;dence 10 de....1op In expllnation of the rultural pra<ticcs of tbe
iolands or Crcte: for ""lmple, one might posi. lhot. ,;nce Mycenoeon.
>' )U'" C. WOICKT

""ra,ed .pee;>I i'e",. RICh IS the Cretan-made bronze lfipod. inventoried

in T. 641.1, thtre i•• historicil connocri<K1 in ~ and meaning fmm
pertu.ps U.ULH I ". LH lIIB. Such arguments, however, =open fO.he
objection tlul what""", hiuorin1 n>.m"i"" was .noRdan, on an object for
M)"'<......., rt«d bt2r no ",L1I;"" II> ,he m..ning it held either for it>
Minoan prod""•• or for any simiw object produced ror .<><1 uk<! by
MiOOll"< during LM I and II. For !hi. ""..,.,,1 reslri<t my discu..ion of
C",,,,.. and Cytl.dic r",5COeIi 10 pointing OUt "ruclUrai dilferenca ~­
twnon ~ from the N~p:oh,iaJ and M)'=nxan en•.
Strong evidtnce m... from tomb .....mbloges and Linear B 'able..
tI... item, m>de in lh. earli•• ph... ofMycen...n culture. i.c_. LH I-II.
ron,inucd fO be ulled during the pabtiol period>. Such <Vide.."" ju.tilles
d>e .... nion .hat • ct"lin ronsis.e""Y of meaning and practice prevailed-
at both ,h. fu~ .ndlOci..J ~I.l.ugge" ,hat ,hi, ronlinuilyhu.o
do with the int........ion. <>fEarI)' Myt."'nKan .~t<S .. they romp<'M with
.""h other in their 0'Wl'J regions ...... U.. in 0,1><. ~Ofj' that .....'" sources
for pre,tigiou. <nft goods (e.g.• vesKls of p<ecioo, rmtil)-"' Thil histOf)'
of int<f1Ction. ul,ima,dr uplain' the form.tion of the homologou.
M)ottnac.n pet", polili., di.lingui.hed by common archi'ectural form •.
po".ry manufOClUre,l.nguagc of do<um.ntation (ond in th. courts of Ih.
f"1luc'o. ,he I>nguagc of di""",I"S<:), and legend. of a:>cn,()f$, h.l"OeO, ond
deili... While M,..,.n"""n frescoes were d.ri""" from rcprescntotion, and
convention, of Minoan and Cycladi c p.inting, t~ M)ottn"""n, ad.pted
,,,"" for .~i. own I'Ufpoo<S. W•• houkI he ..... re that whal migh, he
.pec:if>ealJy ondc.. landablc from Linea. B Ie><cs---th.. fe.." we", 'pon-
IOred by che ...t< or WolIn"" co m.rk royal oc,i";ti..-may no' be under-
.tood dilttdy from the ftnroco with"", • considcra,ion of specific ic0no-
graphic evidcnc.: IlJtd architectural contex.. "
Illustration of ocli";t;'. thal 'l'I"'ar to be rebted to fca"ing begiru in
LM I in the form of miru.ton: f...."". from Ty6_ on Cre.. ond Ayi.o.
ItitU on K••• Fragm.nts from Tyli...,. tcCOnSh'UCted by Sh.w (Fig. 8) .re
organi:tcd in two regi... n. the k>w.r of which.hows mal.. moving in a
flie, on. of whom hold. on. end of. pole on hi, shoulder from whidl •
lorge jot i. ,o'pended. Elements of architecture suggc'" selting for the
action.'" At Ayia Inni • oc,;" of fragments "f mini.tore ffftOOC. from
room, 18 IlJtd 20 of ,he N"nheast 80$ri"" h.ve been rcron,rrucred by
Morgan as ,howing. fes,mI OIlts.idc ,he waI1s of. scO$ide ,own (Fig. '1).
She compares them to the mini.lUfC frcoco from the West I·loose at Akroriri
on Th.....nd to that from Tyli.sos. while noting ,h.t the Ayi. Inni~­
con have m.nr elem.nts thal fortshad"", M)ottn..an painting.'" In the
freoco m.n :arc depicted st.nding <>Ve' tripod ken!cJ. Abramovitz hO$ sug-
........
99. Wript 1995lx...:l so:< d>sco.oo-

'00.1 ,Iw>k LM~ forclarifr

gest.d that <>rIC m.n i, c.rrying to th. kenl•• large brown object from
i"ll ,hi, poi.,.
101.Sh>w 1972.
what might he • red table, .nd ,he ""'ndc.... if ,hi, m.y he ondcntoad as 102. M"'P" 1m l' 258, 1995:
venison from the hont.'"' Morgan obsctveO that the c.oJdron h.. "black Im.pp.201-lOS.
bo,n marks ...•howing th.t Ih. men.", cooking:'" 10). Abrun<>w;n 1'IlIO, l' 61. "",.
In other fragmen.. from Ayi. lrini, men are shown <:<>ming from left nno. ~5: for I<COCS of the hW>t so:<
• nd right in. pro,,,,,.i,,,,. whi.h Morgan comp...,.to the hilltop se."" in l' 61. <if. ""'. aJ-lI'J.
104. Motgltl 1'I9lI. l' 204.
Ih. nonh f",oro from the W..t 110110< .t Akrotiri.'" Some indi";doaI,. 1O~.Motpn Imp.2S7; 1m.
who :arc pan <>f. p«><.»ion, C2IT}' item, in their h.nds "r su,pended from l' 204; Abrart>o::noin 1980. pp. S5-59.
pol..;. brgc j... hanK' from one, while.n amorphou. objec. hanK' from cat. nno. 66-82.
 "

~
,, .
• •

·,, ..,
, 0

•, •
,
•

~!
~,
,, o

,••

M,",.o. "CO"'" w
 JA ..... C. WO'''HT
"
II
~I

F.",,,, 9. FteO<O fmm Ayio I"""

>n<>Ihe<.... 0"" fr;ogment .how> • maL< wilh. b~ 1>=1, whoAlmmowitl. (ClllfinK o«nc:. Ali<, M_ 1m,
''-'g'" ""'y be • dw:uf,'" although Jl.1<»pn <10<. not lingle II>< figu'" p. Xl'J.'os-.
OIlt for diocu.. ion. A group off..gments th>t Morgan bdieves rom~ from
the __ tern end ofthe IOOth wan, Of from the west wall, dopic'. hclm~.d
hunte' carrying • dct" .:lung from • pok. Other &.gmen.. from the west
will. l'I)l;" in oak than the IttIIC wilh the men :and kettles. show dogs
running 10 lhe _,h punuing de<:•." Morpn cmrhuizes tho, d,.,.. ."'"...
,how ho...... and char;".., th< .ulin. such rep"""n"';",,. in frnro....
M~·. comment. suggesting. opeciol affInity between the K••
""'net and Mycenu.n frescoa be... do••, in"J"'C,ion."· During LH III
$UCh tccncs we", ,till being pIlintcd in Jl.1)"C1U< ~. Sca,rc=J :oround
the pabce ground. and within the pala.:e room Pyloo .... fresco frog-
menU that =al1.hoK r""" Ay;o Irini. from ••«O",'"olory room (prob-
ably ahoY. hall 46) f..gm.on .ombine to.1>ow men and dogs from the
hun, ><rompanying oth<1- men carrying tripo<\o (Fig. 10), presumably to
cook ,h. mOl.'" Thit reconstructed "",nc ;"doxles (ragmonll .howing
""'0 and dogs hunring dc<:r,'" and, ';gniflGntly. from'M "",.hwelt will
(which roUapsed iom the .mall room. to 1M oidt of rht: flanking rorridor)
<:>.mt b'll"-Kak mg.mnts. induding 0 OCt"" wilh <ker and I"'PYNI.'" A
frogmtnt from tht DQrthwtlt f~ dump .how> • robtd m.n .ppartndy
holding 0 dud onimol by tht ltgs (Fig. 11).'1< 1"hc: limilorily of thtot Ottnt:l
10 lhoot from Ayi. Inni JUggtOll 0 rd"ionlhip bc:lWttn hunting Ottn",

106. AbrarnooIi.. 1980. P. 5~. d.... Itt "'" tI.. ..ru..t B"",,,, Agt 211148: 1'1' 107-1011, f... 12-loICO,
<>,. noo. 66. 68. 70, tq><n<n"_ oI"hon<,,~. 112, rw- rfN..,,... n. pp. 205-207.
107. A........".;.. 1980. P. 58.
<>,. no. 65. pl. 4,b.
~n« "'" dq>ictioM "'honet probably
gnvt .t<1;U from Mycrna< Itt
dI<
on 212.pl.M.
113. Fr. J6C17: rw- rfNt1M 11.
1011. Morp' 1m, p. 20<1: Abtom<>- ..rlitr.... My\o<w 1'nJ. P. Jl. <>,. no. pp. 118-11~. 195. pis. 61. 61. 136, C,
wi.. 1980. 1'1' 61-;,2. <>•. noo. 106-
113, I .h.... l~ M"'!"n roo- di""","1
"",«i
A.... 'l(). pi. 12:
odioo (I!I8ll, P. J 71 ,.
'0 L111 by G"zj- ... abo lq', dil<'lWion
wat<m wall. p. 1%.
"'til< north-

,hi, 0C<fl< with me, 110. Morgan 1'l'9O-. 1m. p. 205. 114. ""'- rfNfINr II, pp. 'J-U.
100. M"'lI1U\ 1m. 1'1' lO-l--205, 111. ""'- rfN"'" 11. 1'1'1>&-70. 49. 74-75. fr. 3111..... <. pi>. 22. N.
j. Rutkr poUlto "'" (pen. """,m,) ,h.. m. 16-171103. 1'l-20IH3. ...l

p'
 HAn,,,,, '" MYe."AU" ODe'ET'
"

~~ 10. FftO«I from PyIoo; "",n.

<lop..nd tripodl.. Min _ , , ,
_II. pi. 1ll:.......,.1'rinceo><I
U
C
<r ...... ondthoU-..otyof
.
.
---- - ... __ - - -
._---~~-'------ - -

F"""'" 11. Fraoo from PyIoo;

huntcn.. Min IW,,,,,_II. pi. '"
_1'rinceo><I U-..oty Prno .... tho
u..;,.,,;,yofC~
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
none of that noise and bustle which is usually so great a nuisance in
terminal stations. On alighting from our railway carriage a porter, with
true Italian politeness, asked us the name of our hotel, and,
conducting us to the side of the canal, handed us over to a gondolier.
Everything helped to make the scene as poetical as possible. The
night kept glorious, and there was not a sound to be heard. Our
gondolier, a tall, dark man with a thick black beard, was a beau ideal
of his class, and the hearse-like gondola being drawn up to the
landing-stage, the bachelors determined to see a little of Venice by
moonlight before going to their hotel.
 THE BRONZE HORSES—ST. MARK’S.
In a few minutes we found ourselves in the Grand Canal—the great
marble palaces rising on either bank, brilliantly illuminated here and
there by the beams of a full moon, and the lights from the graceful
Gothic windows reflected in the still water in long streams of light; the
domes and campanili of the almost innumerable churches piercing
the sky, and looking gigantic, from their details being shrouded in the
deep shadows of night; while their outlines were made still more
prominent and more distinctly defined by the clear, sharp moonlight.
One of these great campanili had an almost startling effect as the
gondola passed it. It seemed to interpose itself between the moon
and ourselves. We never saw any building which, for the moment,
seemed so gigantic. On we went—past the opening of many a
narrow canal, looking on one side into impenetrable gloom, and on
the other into almost magical light. Here and there was some
exquisitely traceried window, illuminated like burnished silver. The
plash of the oar and the ripple of the water against the gondola
added to the charm of the scene, and before long the strains of
distant music enhanced the poetry of that most lovely night.
A huge arch soon came in sight, spanning the great canal. Need we
say that this was the Rialto? The gondola shot beneath it, and
wound its way along past a sharp curve in the canal through another
bridge, and on our right the Church of the Salute came in sight, and
we soon emerged on to the broad and lake-like water of the
Giudecca. To our left was a garden, and a little behind it rose the
group of domes and the lofty isolated campanili of St. Mark. We
knew it was St. Mark’s, and were therefore not surprised at its
exquisite beauty, though, owing to the intervening buildings, we
could only see its domes and campanile. The Ducal Palace, strange
to say, did not present so striking an appearance by moonlight,
owing to its somewhat box-like outline. But still the deep gloom of its
arcades somewhat repaid the mind for the disappointment
experienced in its general aspect.
Of course, we looked out for the Bridge of Sighs, which was buried,
as it should be, in profound gloom. It was appropriate that this tragic
structure should be hidden in the deepest shadow of our first view of
Venice, just as we recollect the dome of the Salute forming its
greatest light. On the one side was typified human suffering, human
woe, tyranny, cruelty, and oppression, and on the other the salvation
which came to us through the Healer, whose purity is rightly
symbolled in the clear white dome of the church.
These two buildings, so typical of human life, are rightly placed. The
one at the junction of the two great canals, where they expand
almost into a lake, lifts its marble dome, soaring up to the skies, and
everyone asks as they come in sight of it, “What is that?” The
answer is, “That is the Salute” (Salvation). Happy omen for a city
where such a sign is always visible amidst the surrounding gloom!
The other building, half concealed, and skulking away over a gloomy
canal, like secret sin deep buried in the human heart. We know it is
there, and that its loathsome presence will be found when sought for,
and though the gloom of night may for a time conceal it, yet with the
daylight it will be visible, carrying with it condemnation.
More mundane thoughts, however, filled our minds, and we began to
realise the fact that in ordering our gondolier to take us a “bit of a
round of Venice” before landing us at our hotel, we were running
serious risk of going to bed supperless, if not of being shut out
altogether. So we directed him to retrace—we can’t say his steps,
but let us say his course—and, after passing down one or two
narrow canals, we found ourselves at the steps of our hotel.
It was not, however, without a sigh and a kind of feeling almost
approaching to dread that we left the bright moonlight of the Grand
Canal to penetrate the dark, silent, and gloomy little streams that run
between the high walls of the houses. Gloomy they are at all times,
these narrow quayless canals, but how infinitely more so in the night,
and how their lugubrious aspect impresses itself upon one after
emerging from the beautiful scenes which we have just attempted to
describe.
The first thing we did on arriving at our hotel was to see whether any
of our friends had written to us, and we were pleased to find quite a
goodly pile of letters awaiting us. How pleasant it is to hear from our
friends when abroad, and how doubly dear those friends seem to us
when hundreds of miles separate us from them.
A rather doubtful compliment this. But is it not always true that
“distance lends enchantment?” When absent from those we like, we
are inclined to think over their good qualities and those
characteristics that we admire, and to forget all those differences of
opinion and little waywardnesses that are so irritating to us when we
are with them. Of course, it is different with those we really love;
even then, however, absence intensifies the affection, but from a
different reason, arising from an almost nervous anxiety for their
health, happiness, and prosperity.
After reading our letters, we began to discuss our first sight of
Venice, and we both agreed that, up to the present, our fondest
expectations had been more than realised. Little did we think that the
morrow would bring its disappointments—that in the short space of
twenty-four hours we should underrate Venice, as much as we now
exaggerated its beauties—and that we should not gain a correct and
“lasting” impression of its peculiar and unique character, until many
days had passed away. In fact, one does not entirely form one’s
impression of Venice until it has been left, thought over, and
compared with other places.
From the city itself we called to our memory the wonderful history of
Venice, at one time the first maritime power in Europe, and so like
our own country in many ways.
Our girls may remember the importance of Milan and Verona during
the periods that the Viscontis and Sforzas ruled the former city, and
the Scaligers the latter. The history of these two cities, however, is
simply insignificant when compared with that of the great republic of
the Doges.
Venice is said to have been founded about the year a.d. 450, by the
inhabitants of Aquileia, Padua, Altinum, &c., who were driven out of
their cities, and their homes utterly destroyed by the cruel Attila, who
was at this time overrunning Italy. The persecuted inhabitants flying
before the barbarians, as a last resource crossed the lagune and
built a town on the islets which had formed in the Adriatic.
Goethe says, “It was no idle fancy their colonists fled to these
islands; it was no mere whim which impelled those who followed to
combine with them; necessity taught them to look for security in a
highly disadvantageous situation, which afterwards became most
advantageous, enduing them with talent, when the whole of the
Northern world was immersed in gloom. Their increase and their
wealth were the necessary consequence. New dwellings arose close
against dwellings, rocks took the place of sand and marsh, houses
sought the sky, being forced, like trees enclosed in a narrow
compass, to seek in height what was denied to them in breadth.
Being niggard of every inch of ground, as having been from the
outset compressed into a narrow compass, they allowed no more
room for the streets than was absolutely necessary for separating
one row of houses from another, and affording a narrow way for
passengers. Moreover, water was at once street, square, and
promenade. The Venetian was forced to become a new creature,
and Venice can only be compared with itself.”
The colonists, under the protection of the Byzantine Empire, must
have grown in importance and prosperity, though their early history is
very obscure, and it was not until the commencement of the ninth
century that Venice became a really important city.
The exact date of the election of the first Dux or Doge (Paulucius
Anafestus) is not known, but it must have been either at the end of
the sixth or the commencement of the seventh century. The year a.d.
809 was important for Venice, as the colonists in that year defended
themselves against Pepin, the son of Charlemagne, and throwing
over all foreign influence, they commenced their career of
independence.
The next important event was the bringing of the body of St. Mark to
Venice in a.d. 828. The evangelist was thenceforth made the patron
saint of the city, and his emblem, the lion, became the arms of the
republic. The Venetians had not as yet made foreign conquests, but
the great Doge, Enrico Dandolo, who went to the Fourth Crusade,
conquered Constantinople in 1204, and commenced the grand era of
Venice. The breaking up of the Byzantine Empire was a great
opportunity for Venice, the republic gaining possession of several
islands in the Greek Archipelago, together with numerous cities on
the Adriatic.
As can well be imagined, the growing power of the republic was
watched with jealous eyes by the other Italian States, especially by
Genoa, at this time very powerful. The rivalry between the last-
named city and Venice caused innumerable wars and misery to both
combatants. At first Genoa was successful, but the Doge Andrea
Dandolo completely defeated the Genoese in 1352, an event which
made Venice the most powerful city in Northern Italy.
The successor to Doge Andrea Dandolo, Marino Falieri, by secret
means endeavoured to upset the government of Venice and make
himself king. His plot was discovered, however, and he was
beheaded on the Giants’ Stairs in the Palace of the Doges.
The Genoese were at war again with the republic in 1379; but a
lasting peace was concluded in 1381. From this year until about
1450 Venice carried everything before it; Verona, Padua, Vicenza,
and numerous other North Italian cities, were added to the republic,
and by the year 1420 the whole of the east coast of Italy surrendered
to the power of Venice. But perhaps the grandest victories were
those gained over the Turks, as in these wars Venice undoubtedly
saved Italy the calamity of a Mohammedan invasion.
It was during the years 1370 and 1450 that Venice was building up
her commercial prosperity, which at the latter date had made her the
greatest maritime and commercial city in the world.
But as in individuals, so in countries. We go on increasing in health
and strength up to a certain age, after which comes the inevitable
decline. “First from age to age we ripe and ripe, and then from age to
age we rot and rot.” The decline of Venice is soon told. The capture
of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, and the discovery of the new
Indian sea-routes were terrible blows to the republic, from which,
indeed, it never recovered. The Turks, with whom the Venetians
were always at war, proved in the end victorious, and took
possession of the eastern colonies of the republic.
And then came the great shame of Venice’s history—the alliance
with the Turk against the Christian powers, the sacrifice of Rhodes,
and the selfish abandonment of that great Christian hero, Lisle
Adam; while, as a modern writer says, “the Venetians and other
merchants were trafficking their goods and their souls at the same
time with the enemies of the Church, and dishonouring their
Christian calling.” A sad Nemesis was, however, in store for Venice,
and, notwithstanding her crimes, we cannot read unmoved of the last
Doge embracing the banner of St. Mark and then flinging it into a
grave over which a solemn funeral ceremony was performed.
Napoleon, who regarded neither art, poetry, nor history, when they
stood in the way of his ambition, was approaching Venice.
Resistance was impossible, and the banner which had led the
Venetians to so many victories must not fall into the hands of the
invader, so, with tears and sighs, it was reverently placed in the
grave.
(To be continued.)
 UNCLE JASPER.
By ALICE KING.

CHAPTER III.
made my way forward as
quickly as I could,
endeavouring, as I went, to
make believe in my own mind
that I was not much frightened,
and did not very much dislike
the whole situation—in fact, that
it was rather an amusing and
interesting one. But, after all, it
was an extremely poor, thin
make-belief indeed. The
darkness grew thicker and
thicker, the outlines of
surrounding objects more and
more indistinct; the wind rose
higher and higher, and went
sweeping by with a wild, dreary
wail; the rain began to stream
down as if a couple of rivers or
more were being emptied from the sky on to the earth. I had brought
no waterproof with me, I had only on a mantle of light summer cloth,
and, as well may be supposed, I was soon enjoying the comfortable
certainty that I was getting wet through as rapidly as I could. Yes,
there was no denying it; it would decidedly be better to be in bed
than here, even if I was expecting next morning the arrival of the
ugliest ogre uncle that ever appeared in a fairy tale.
I felt a most real and lively inclination to sit down and cry; but as
there were some small shreds of heroism still hanging about me, I
did not do it—I persevered onward, instead. Things were, however,
becoming most uncompromisingly worse and worse. Hitherto there
had been at the side of the road fences of some kind, the dim
outlines of which had been, in a certain degree, a guide to me; but
now I had got out on to an open common, where there was nothing
round me save an expanse of what seemed immeasurable
darkness, and where the wind and the rain beat upon me more
violently and pitilessly than ever. I soon became aware, too, of
another very unpleasant fact: I had evidently got off the road, for I
could feel the damp, spongy-ground of the common underneath my
feet. I tried to find my way back to it, but all in vain; I seemed only to
get into wetter and less solid ground.
It was so dark now, I was so completely enveloped in thickest
blackness, that I could not have seen even a stone wall had it been
in front of me; but it would have been some consolation, some
reassurance, only to have felt it when I stretched out my hand before
me; instead of that, however, when I extended my arm it went
groping about helplessly in illimitable space. The storm appeared to
be finding a cruel pleasure in playing me all sorts of unkind tricks, for
now it flung the folds of my mantle over my head, and now it poured
a waterspout down my back. The ground under my feet was growing
every minute more swampy, and sometimes I sank in ankle deep;
two or three times I found that, by way of a little change, I had
stepped into a gutter, which caused a refreshing shower of muddy
water to come splashing upward to meet and mingle in friendly amity
with the raindrops that pelted down from above. The sprites of earth
and air may possibly have found much satisfaction in this meeting,
but most decidedly I did not, nor did my luckless petticoats and
stockings.
All at once I found myself making a most undignified descent from an
upright position; I had stumbled over some object which was lying in
my way. There was no saving my untrustworthy feet; the next instant
I was lying prostrate on the dripping grass, with my head in what
seemed to be a shallow puddle. I was going to try to pick myself up
again as quickly as I could, when there rose around me a series of
long-drawn-out, horrid, incomprehensible sounds, each of which
appeared to strike a rough note in a discordant gamut, while in
among them there was a tumultuous, confused jangle of bells, as if a
hundred tambourines were ringing together. Then there came a
sensation of having my face swept with a drenched mop that was
composed of very long, shaggy hair, and was passed and re-passed
over my cheeks and forehead, and used my eyes and mouth in a
most unpleasantly free-and-easy fashion, and after that I was
trampled upon by a succession of small, but by no means airy feet—
a process which it is far more agreeable to describe than to feel. This
over, there followed a noise of scampering and rushing and hurrying
across the common, until footsteps and bells all died away in the far
distance, mingling with the chorus of the storm.
My head was so dizzy and bewildered after this adventure that I lay
still for two or three minutes, utterly oblivious of all Miss Dolly’s well-
instilled principles with regard to damp ground and rheumatism.
When, however, I had recovered myself sufficiently slowly to rise to
my feet, I began to realise what had happened. I had fallen in with
one of the numerous herds of goats which we had often seen in our
drives, and which, no doubt, frequented the common. I must have
stumbled over one member of the flock as they lay huddled together,
and this must have startled and aroused the whole band. Yes, it was
all plain enough now. It was a horribly prosaic, unromantic incident,
and a horribly uncomfortable one at the same time.
If ever a young lady made vows never again to run away from any of
her relations—no, not even from a forty-seventh cousin—it was I,
Beatrice Warmington, that night. On I went, wading through the
heavy, marshy ground, shivering with external cold, yet at intervals
hot with inward fear. There seemed no possible way out of my self-
incurred difficulties. The darkness was as dense as ever, the storm
as unrelenting. I had completely broken down, and was sobbing
bitterly. What was to become of me? And the wind answered
mockingly, “What?”
My situation appeared to me, in truth, to be growing one of real
danger. I was becoming so weary that I did not think I could drag my
tired limbs much further; a half-stupor was creeping over my brain,
and my senses were beginning to be partially numbed and blunted
with terror and fatigue. It seemed to me that I must soon sink down
and glide into unconsciousness. I heard in the wind the voice of Lily
calling me, half sadly, half reproachfully; and with the thought of Lily
came the thought of prayer. But prayer had never been to me what it
was to Lily; I could not lean on it as she would have done in my
situation. I strove to get hold of words which would tell of my sorrow
for my rebellious wilfulness, which would be a cry to my Father
above; but they slipped away from my lips, and would not come
when I wanted them, as they would have come like helpful angels to
Lily.
I was now evidently beginning to descend a slope of some sort; I
could tell that from the feeling of the ground as I trod it. The earth I
was walking upon appeared to be less swampy than it had hitherto
been, but it was more slippery. Before long this slipperiness became
something that there was no contending against; my feet lost all
power of stopping themselves; I was sliding swiftly downward, as if I
was upon ice. Whither was I going? The question flashed confusedly
through my bewildered brain in the midst of the storm and the
darkness, and still I flew forward at always increasing speed. All my
senses began to float into a dim whirlpool, and I could scarcely take
firm hold of any distinct idea.
Suddenly there was a sensation of extreme coldness up as high as
my waist, and at the same time a consciousness that my involuntary
downward flight had ceased; I was standing still again at last, but
where was I standing? I stretched out my hand, and bent forward; I
could feel water round me. Now that I was at last still, I could collect
in some measure my shattered intelligence; I reflected for some
moments, and came to the conclusion that I must have slid down the
sloping side of the common, rendered especially slippery by the rain,
and must have landed in some stream which ran at the bottom of the
declivity.
I was wet up to my waist, but at least I was off the common at last; I
groped about cautiously with my hands, keeping my feet firm where
they stood. I soon found the bank of the stream, which must, I felt
certain, be but a shallow and a narrow one; I made a spring in the
direction in which my hands had gone, and was quickly, with a great
feeling of thankfulness which thrilled from heart to brain, standing
once more on solid ground that was neither swampy nor slippery.
I had apparently now reached again some road; it was still too dark
for me to distinguish anything, but the wind and the rain were less
violent here than they had been on the open common. This made a
small improvement in my condition, but still there seemed no more
hope than there had been before, of my getting out of my difficulties.
I moved onward, it is true, but it was quite without there being any
distinct notion in my mind of any end or object in my proceeding
forward. However, anything was better than standing shivering there
by the stream; movement would, at least, keep me warm.
 ON THE GRAND CANAL, VENICE.
I had advanced thus some little distance, when my further course
was impeded by some object in front of me. I extended my hand,
and what it touched was a cold iron bar; I moved my arm from side
to side, and still it was iron bars with which my inquiring fingers came
in contact. It must be an iron paling of some kind, I thought, and then
began, while I lent wearily against the bars, to ask myself vaguely
what kind of places are generally enclosed within such a fence.
While these questions passed through my mind, the bars suddenly
began to give way before the pressure of my whole weight, which I
was supporting upon them; the circumstance nearly caused me
another fall, but I saved myself just in time. Then I made a discovery
that sent a gleam of indistinct hope flashing through me; what I had
been leaning against was an iron gate, I could feel its fastening now
quite clearly, and hear the little click it made as I moved it up and
down with my finger. Did not the existence of such a gate warrant the
notion that some house must be near at hand? The gates into fields
are not generally like this gate, I argued.
I advanced some steps, and then I became aware of another fact; I
was certainly standing underneath trees; I could hear the wind in
their branches, could feel the raindrops that dripped from them. I was
pausing in doubt and new uncertainty, considering what I might infer
from this, when, borne on the wind, there reached me a sound which
was like the sound of voices. My heart gave a great leap, all my
senses went into the sense of hearing; I listened as eagerly as if I
had been catching the rarest notes of music; yes, voices were
decidedly drawing nearer and nearer to me, and with the voices
there approached a glimmer of light.
“If we can’t get in by the glass door, we shall by the store-room
window.”
Such were the words that reached my ears, spoken in a man’s voice
in French.
“We’ll get in quick enough if we can only reach the house,” said
another man’s voice, in the same language, and a very rough, harsh
voice it was this time, too.
“We must be very quiet and silent in our movements,” rejoined the
first speaker.
“Not even the old dog shall catch a sound of us—no, not even if he is
sleeping with one eye open,” replied the other.
“There must be a house, then, close in this neighbourhood,” I
thought, “and this must be the way up to it, and surely, surely,” and
now a great terror seized me, “these must be burglars who are going
to break into it.”
An agony of fear, worse than any by far that I had experienced on
the lonely common, now took possession of me, as I heard the steps
of the two men drawing nearer and nearer. I went on one side and
held my breath, hoping that, in the darkness, they would pass me
unnoticed; but I must have made some sound that betrayed me, for
the next instant a hand was on my arm, and I heard a voice in my
ear.
(To be concluded.)
 “SHE COULDN’T BOIL A POTATO;”
OR,

THE IGNORANT HOUSEKEEPER, AND

HOW SHE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE.
By DORA HOPE.
wo very happy events happened
in Ella’s household at the
beginning of this month; her
father came to see her, and her
aunt came downstairs for the
first time.
Mrs. Hastings had been feeling
rather anxious about her
daughter for some time. The
young housekeeper had had a
good deal of worry and anxiety,
and her letters had quite
unconsciously betrayed the fact
that she felt in low spirits. Her
depression soon disappeared,
however, when her father came,
and his strong common sense
and masculine way of ignoring
the little trials of housekeeping
were as good a tonic to her
mind as the sharp walks he took her were invigorating to her body.
Thinking her looking pale and languid, Mr. Hastings inquired as to
her daily exercise, and found that on many days she did not go out
at all, except to feed the fowls, or gather a few flowers from the
garden, as her household duties took her so long that she felt she
had no time for walks. Mr. Hastings considered that this quite
explained her want of colour and appetite, and insisted that it must
be altered. In vain Ella pleaded that it was impossible for her to go
out always, and would be still more so when the nurse left. Mr.
Hastings was quite unmoved by all her arguments, and insisted on
her promising to take some open air exercise every day, even if it
were only a quarter of an hour’s run up and down the quiet lane
behind the house.
He also planned in his own mind to send Ella’s two brothers, Robin
and Norman, to Hapsleigh for their Easter holidays. They were good
boys, who would not make unnecessary noise in the house, and they
would supply a complete change of thought for their sister.
Nor was this the only alteration Mr. Hastings urged in Ella’s daily
routine. In her restless anxiety about her aunt and the housekeeping,
she had entirely omitted all her own studies. The piano was rarely
opened, and all the useful books her mother had packed up for her
still lay untouched at the bottom of her trunk. Mr. Hastings strongly
disapproved of this, and pointed out to Ella that not only was it a
great pity for her to lose the knowledge she had spent so many
years in acquiring, but that it was very bad for her health, both bodily
and mental, to give up all interests in life, save the cares of a
household; nor would she be an agreeable companion for her aunt
or their visitors if she had no topics of conversation more interesting
than the difficulties of servants, or the best food for fowls; it was quite
imperative, therefore, that she should set apart a certain time every
day for reading and music.
Mr. Hastings was quite ready to acknowledge that Ella would find it
difficult to manage, especially at first, for her inexperience in
household matters made her twice as long over them as she would
otherwise have been; but she felt she could do it if she made effort,
and a little conversation with her father soon convinced her that it
was well worth exerting herself for.
In order to make her studies as easy as possible to her, before
leaving Hapsleigh Mr. Hastings went through the library with Ella and
chose out a selection of books which he thought she would find
interesting as well as instructive, for he held very strongly the theory
that unless a book interests us, it is waste of time to read it, for
though we may imagine ourselves to be getting a great deal of
information, if the facts do not take sufficient hold upon the mind to
interest it, the knowledge is as soon forgotten as acquired. He was
very careful, therefore, in advising a course of reading for Ella, to
consult her taste, and to select only those books which she would
really enjoy reading.
Nor was this the end of Mr. Hastings’s suggestions, for Kate had
commissioned her father to explain a new enterprise of her own. She
had joined a water-colour sketching club, and, without waiting to
consult her, had proposed her sister’s name also as a member. Each
member was expected to send in an original sketch once a month,
the subject being proposed by each in turn. The sketches having all
been sent in to the secretary, they were then submitted to a
professional artist, who put his initials on the back of the one he
considered the best, and wrote a short criticism on each. The
portfolio was then sent the round of the members, who each in the
same way marked the one they liked best.
Kate had sent a supply of all the necessary materials by her father,
with an injunction to Ella to be sure to send in a trial sketch in time
for the next month.
Mr. Hastings’s visit came to an end all too soon, but not till his loving
counsel had done Ella good in every way. His experience smoothed
over all her difficulties with an ease which seemed to her almost
marvellous, while she was encouraged to fresh exertions by the
unstinted praise he gave her for the manner in which she fulfilled the
duties of hostess.
To Ella’s surprise, when her aunt heard of these new schemes for
study she took a deep interest in them, and suggested that Ella
should read her instructive books aloud to her. The fresh subjects of
interest quite roused the invalid, and Ella had the great satisfaction
of finding that the little mental stimulus they produced not only
helped to soothe the irritability and restlessness which troubled her,
but that as the mind naturally re-acts upon the body, she was
actually better in health for it; while, for her own part, Ella found that
her aunt’s sharp intelligent remarks often cleared up points which
would otherwise have been a difficulty to her.
In the sketching, too, her aunt took a great interest, and once, when
Ella was lamenting over an effect she could not catch, abruptly
asked why she did not get Mr. Dudley to help her.
Ella felt shy of asking him; but shyness had no chance of thriving in
her aunt’s presence, and Sarah was despatched to ask if he would
have half an hour to spare that afternoon. He soon showed Ella
where she was wrong, and henceforward was always ready to give
her just the advice she needed; and as the weather grew warmer,
and made outdoor occupations possible, she was surprised at the
many charming “bits” he found for her to sketch in the flat,
uninteresting country in which Hapsleigh was situated.
Soon after Mrs. Wilson’s new servants arrived, Mrs. Moore, the
widow woman whom Ella had engaged as cook, asked her if she
might “make so bold as to say, could she not have family prayers for
them in the morning; for, not being a very good scholar herself, she
could never manage to read her Bible, and Sarah, though a nice
steady girl, was not so fond of her Bible as to care to sit and read it
to her.”
Ella was a good deal dismayed at this suggestion, but promised to
think it over and consult her aunt. This was a mere matter of form,
for she was sure that her aunt would approve of the suggestion, so
that the decision really rested with herself. She felt sure it was the
right thing to do; but she was really very bashful, though she dared
not say much about it at Hapsleigh, and this seemed to her taking so
much upon herself. And what should she read? and when?
A very short reflection decided her that it must be done somehow,
and for the rest she had no choice but to consult her aunt.
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