DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Tambaram, Chennai –601 301

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE8461 – HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

IV SEMESTER - R 2017

LABORATORY MANUAL

Name :
Register No. :
Class :
 DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

VISION
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.

MISSION
 To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
 To contribute to the promotion of academic excellence in pursuit of technical education at different levels
 To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISION

To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to shape
them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the challenges in
deploying technology for the service of humanity

MISSION

 To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the civil industry
 To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
structural systems
 To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practice

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 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

1. FUNDAMENTALS
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. CORE COMPETENCE
To train the students in Civil Engineering technologies so that they apply their knowledge and training to
compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. BREADTH
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theories and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. PROFESSIONALISM
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. LIFELONG LEARNING/ETHICS
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the large,
through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career

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 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Civil
Engineering field

b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability

c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for analysis and design of structures

d) To identify, constructional errors and solve Civil Engineering problems

e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks

f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities

g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large

h) To understand the impact of Civil Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary
issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility

i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities

j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning

k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams

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 CE8461 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB
SYLLABUS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the discharge/rate of flow using different devices

2. To perform calculation related to losses in pipes
3. To determine the characteristic study of pumps and turbines
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
A. Flow Measurement
1. Calibration of Rotometer.
2. Flow through Venturimeter Orificemeter.
3. Flow through variable duct area - Bernoulli’s Experiment.
4. Flow through Orifice, Mouthpiece and Notches.
B. Losses in Pipes
5. Determination of friction coefficient in pipes.
6. Determination of loss coefficients for pipe fittings.
C. Pumps
7. Characteristics of Centrifugal pumps.
8. Characteristics of Gear pump.
9. Characteristics of Submersible pump.
10. Characteristics of Reciprocating pump.
D.Turbines
11. Characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine.
12. Characteristics of Francis turbine.
13. Characteristics of Kaplan turbine.
E. Determination of Metacentric height
14. Determination of Metacentric height (Demonstration).

COURSE OUTCOMES

1. Ability to measure flow in pipes and determine frictional losses.

2. Ability to develop characteristics of pumps and turbines.

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 CONTENTS

S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

CYCLE 1 – EXPERIMENTS

1 Orifice meter 6

2 Venturimeter 10

3 Rota meter 14

4 Losses in pipes(major loss) 17

5 Losses in pipes(minor loss) 21

6 Centrifugal pump 25

CYCLE 2 – EXPERIMENTS
7 Submergible pump 30

8 Reciprocating pump 34

9 Gear pump 38
10 Pelton turbine 43
11 Francis turbine 48
12 Kaplan turbine 53

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

13 Rectangular Notches 58
14 Orifice (constant head method) 62

LIST OF PROJECTS

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Expt. No. 1 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF
DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICEMETER

Aim:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter

Description:
Orifice meter has two area sections with area a1, and area a2. It does not have throat like venturimeter but a small
holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out
of manometer.

Apparatus Required:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Select the pipe for doing experiments
2. Switch on the motor, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. Note the reading of h1 and h2
5. Note the time taken for 100 mm rise of water in the collecting tank
6. The experiment is repeated for various flows in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:

Where
A = Area of collecting tank in mm2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 100 mm
t = Time taken for H cm rise of water

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Theoretical Discharge:

where:
a1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid

where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Co efficient Of Discharge:

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 ORIFICE METER
Observation:

Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6

Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water =1
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2

S.No Manometer readings Difference Manometer Time for H = 100 mm Actual Theoretical Co efficient of
Head rise in collecting tank discharge discharge discharge
(t) in sec

h1 h2

(cm) (cm) (m) (m) t1 t2 mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )

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Graph:
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis

Result:
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter = ……… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter by graphical method = ……… (No unit)

Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement.

Viva–voce

1. What is the difference between an orifice and a mouth piece?

2. Why the co-efficient of discharge for a mouth piece is higher than that for an orifice?
3. What is vena-contract? How is it developed?
4. State the relation between Cd, Cv and Cc
5. How can you differentiate the small and large orifice?
6. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
7. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
8. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
9. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
10. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
11. Define – Relative density.
12. What is vacuum pressure?
13. What is absolute zero pressure?
14. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.

Applications
Natural Gas, Water Treatment Plants, Oil Filtration Plants, Petrochemicals and Refineries.

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Expt. No. 2 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF
DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER
Aim:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through venturimeter

Description:
Venturimeter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is represented as a1 and
the later is a2 water or any other liquid flows through the Venturimeter and it passes to the throat area the value of
discharge is same at a1 and a2 .

Apparatus Required:
1. Venturimeter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Select the pipe for doing experiments
2. Switch on the motor, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. Note the reading of h1 and h2
5. Note the time taken for 100 mm rise of water in the collecting tank
6. Repeat the experiment for various flow in the same pipe
7. Calculate the co-efficient of discharge

Formulae:
Actual Discharge:

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Theoretical Discharge:

where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 100mm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for H cm rise of water
h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid

where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
sm = Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Co-efficient of Discharge:
Co-efficient of discharge

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 VENTURIMETER
OBSERVATION:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water =1
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9810 mm/sec2

S.No Manometer readings Difference Manometer Time for H = 100 mm Actual Theoretical Co efficient of
Head rise in collecting tank discharge discharge discharge
(t) in sec

h1 h2

(cm) (cm) (m) (m) t1 t2 Mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )

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Graph
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis.

Result:
The co efficient of discharge through venturimeter = ……… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge through venturimeter by graphical method = ……… (No unit)
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement

Viva–voce

1. The meter discharge coefficient Cd is less than unity if the pressure head h is measured across the converging
piece. The value of Cd will be greater than one if the measurements are taken across the diverging piece of
venturimeter.
2. Can be the same calibration be used if the venturimeter is inclined?
3. Comment and discuss on the usefulness of this experiment based on the plots prepared
4. How discharge coefficient varies as the area ratio is changed and with change in manometer reading?
5. What are the relative advantages and limitations of a venturimeter versus other flow meters?
6. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
7. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
8. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.
9. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?
10. What do you mean by vena contracta?
11. Define coefficient of discharge. .
12. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
13. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
14. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
15. Mention few discharge measuring devices

Applications
1. To measure the speed of the air around the plane.
2. To measure the fuel and air distribution in carburettor
3. To measure the Flow rate of chemical through pipes

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Expt. No. 3 CALIBRATION OF ROTOMETER

Aim:
To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate.
Apparatus Required:

1. Rotometer setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)

H = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10-2 m).
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
Conversion:

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 ROTOMETER TEST RIG
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2

Quantity of water
Rotometer readings % Error =
Time for H = 0.1 m rise collected
S.No Rotometer readings in
in collecting tank
LPM in LPS = LPM
(t) in sec
60

(LPM) (LPS)
t1 t2 mean (m3/sec )

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Graph:
Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
Result:
The percentage error of the Rotometer was found to be =…….
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement

Viva–voce
1. What are the types of fluid flows?
2. Differentiate steady and unsteady flow?
3. Differentiate uniform and non – uniform flow?
4. Differentiate laminar and turbulent flow?
5. Differentiate compressible and incompressible flow?
6. Differentiate rotational and irrotational flow?
7. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
8. What is orifice plate?
9. What do you mean by major energy loss?
10. List down the type of minor energy losses.
11. Define turbine.
12. What are the classifications of turbine
13. Define – Impulse turbine.
14. Define – Reaction turbine.
15. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.

Applications

1. Chemical injection/dosing – controlling flow rate of fluids to be mixed (added) to the primary fluid.
2. Boiler control – measuring steam flow to a boiler or of gases that heat the boiler.

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Expt. No. 4 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF
GIVEN SET OF PIPES
Aim:
To find the friction factor for the given pipe
Description:
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional resistance depends upon
the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more the frictional resistance. The loss of head
between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.
Apparatus Required:
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale

Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the pipe and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the pipe
2. Keep the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2 are noted
4. Repeat the above procedure by gradually increasing the flow rate
Formulae:
Friction Factor (F):

where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
d = Diameter of the pipe (m)
l = Length of the pipe (m)
v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe (m/s)
Hf = Loss of head due to friction (m)

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X = h1 ~ h2
Where
h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs (m)
h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs (m)
Actual Discharge:

(m3/s) Where
A = Internal plan area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = Rise of water for 100 mm
t = Time taken for 100 mm rise (sec)

Velocity:

(m / sec)
Where
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ sec)
a = Area of the pipe (m2)

Graph:

Graph is drawn between hf along y axis and v2 along x axis.

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 FRICTION FACTOR
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Pipe d = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Area of pipe a = m2 Density of water =1
Length of the pipe L = m

Manometer Actual Friction factor

Manometer readings Difference Head Velocity
Time for H = 100 mm discharge Velocity
S.No rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec V2
h1 h2

(m) (m) (m) (m) t1 t2 Mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )

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Result:
1. The frictional factor ‘f ‘for given pipe = -----------(no unit)
2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method = ---------- (no unit)

Outcome:
Ability to determine the friction factor in a pipe.

Viva–voce

1. List different types of pipe flows?

2. Indicate the type and magnitude of possible errors occurring in this test.
3. Deduce the effect of the pipe diameter on friction coefficient of a pipe.
4. Discuss Moody’s diagram.
5. Show that, for a laminar flow f = 64/Re. How do the results for laminar flow compare with this equation and
with Blasius equation?
6. What is the significance of upper and lower Reynolds number and what are their values?
7. What is the effect of ageing of a pipe line on the friction factor aged pipe line?
8. What is the function of draft tube?
9. Define – Specific speed of turbine
10. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
11. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
12. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
13. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
14. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
15. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?

Applications

It is used to find the friction developed in pipes to reduce the amount of flow.

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Expt. No.5 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF MINOR LOSSES
OF THE GIVEN PIPE FITTINGS

Aim:

To measure the head loss due to different pipe fittings at different flow rate and to determine the loss of co-
efficient due to sudden enlargement and sudden contraction of pipe fittings

Theory:
Various fluids are transported through pipes. When fluids flow through pipes energy losses occur due to
various reasons. Predominant loss is due to pipes roughness. Also additional components like inlet, outlet bend
add to the overall loss to the system.

Apparatus required:

Flow losses in pipes apparatus with flow control device and manometer
1. Collecting tank
2. Stop watch
3. Piezo meter
4. Meter scale
Procedure

1. Note the inlet and outlet diameter of the test section.

2. Make sure that only required water regulator valves
3. Start the pump and adjust the valve to develop the full flow
4. Measure the pressure difference across the section
5. Record the time taken for 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank
6. Increase the flow rate by regulating the control valve and repeat the steps for different flow rates

Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)

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Loss co-efficient due to sudden contraction, bend and elbow

2gh
Kc 
v2
Loss co-efficient due to sudden enlargement (or) Expansion

Kc  2gh
2 2
v1  v 2

Where
d = Diameter of pipe in (mm)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in (mm /s)
v = Velocity Q / a (mm / s)
a = Area of Orifice in (mm2)
Q = Actual discharge (mm3 / s)

h = Manometer head in (mm)

Where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
sm = Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Co-efficient of discharge:

Co- efficient of discharge Cd Qact


Qth

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 LOSSES IN PIPE LINE FITTINGS

Observation:
Inlet diameter of Pipe d = mm Density of Hg = 13.6
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = mm Density of water = 1

Manometer readings Difference Manometer Time for H = 100 mm Actual Velocity

S.No Type of joint Head rise in collecting tank discharge Friction Losses
X = (h1- (t) in sec
h1 h2
h2)

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) t1 t2 mean (mm3/sec ) (mm/sec )

CONTRACTION
1

2 EXPANSION

3 ELBOW

4 BEND

KC = for sudden contraction, bend and elbow

KE = for sudden enlargement (or) Expansion

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Graph:
Graph is drawn between h along y axis and v2 along x axis
Result:
The co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is Cd = …… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge is Cd by graphical method =……… (No unit)

Outcome:
Ability to determine the losses in the various fittings in a pipe

Viva–voce

1. What is meant by energy loss in a pipe?

2. Explain the major losses in a pipe.
3. Explain minor losses in a pipe.
4. How is it developed?
5. State Darcy-Weisbach equation.
6. What is the expression for head loss due to friction?
7. What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow?
8. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe..
9. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction.
10. Write the expression for loss of head at the entrance of the pipe.
11. Write the expression for loss of head at exit of the pipe.
12. Give an expression for loss of head due to an obstruction in pipe
13. What is compound pipe or pipes in series?
14. What is mean by parallel pipe and write the governing equations.
15. What are a) Hydraulic gradient line [HGL] b) Total Energy line [TEL]
16. What are fluid machines or Hydraulic machines?
Applications

It is used to find the amount of water or liquid loss in pipe fittings.

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 Expt. No.6 DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the characteristic with maximum
efficiency
Description:

The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for the removal of air before
starting is called priming. After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal
head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The water flows
in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure.
Now kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the delivery pipe
to the required height.

Apparatus Required:

1. Centrifugal pump setup

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.

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Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)

h = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.

Total Head:

Where:
Hd = Discharge head, (m)
Hs = Suction head, (m)
Z = Datum head (the diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge)(m)
Input Power:

Where,
Nr = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = Energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
Output Power:

Where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)

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Efficiency:

o = Output power (O/P) 

100 Input power (I/P)

Where,
O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

Graphs:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

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 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81 m/sec2
Energy meter constant Ne = lmp/kwhr γ = g X 1000
The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge (Z) = m

S.No Pressure gauge (Hd) Vaccum gauge Total Z

readings (Hs) Time for Nr Discharge
Input power
= 10 lmp Output power
Time for h = 0.1 m Efficiency
energy
rise in collecting tank =
Head of Head of meter =
(G) (V) (t) in sec
water (m) water (m) reading
(T)

Kg/cm2 Vx13.6 (m) t1 t2 Mean (sec) m3/sec) (kw) (kw) %

Gx10 Kg/cm2
1000

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Result:

Thus the performance characteristics of single-stage centrifugal pump was studied and the maximum efficiency
was found to be
Corresponding Total Head
Input power
Output power
Actual discharge
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on centrifugal pump machinery

Viva–voce

1. What is priming?
2. What is use of foot valve?
3. What is Manometric head?
4. What is the function of the casing used in centrifugal pump?
5. What is NPSH?
6. What is the minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump?
7. What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal pump?
8. What is water hammer?
9. What do you mean by head race?
10. What do you mean by tail race?
11. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine?
12. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine.
13. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
14. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
15. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
Applications
1. To pump the general water supply, To provide booster service, To support the fire protection
systems
2. To provide a hot-water circulating service, To provide sump drainage.

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Expt. No.7 DETRMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS
CURVES OF A SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of a submersible pump
Description:
In submergible pump electric motor and pump are coupled together and both are submerged in the water. The
electric current is conducted through a waterproof cable. This is multi stage centrifugal pump with radial or mixed
flow impellers. The suction housing of the pump is fitted between the pump and motors are provided with a
perforated strainer. The windings of the motor are insulated well and cooled by water. A gate valve, which is a non-
return valve, is provided at the top of the pump to discharge water.
Apparatus Required:

1. Submersible pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. Start the submersible pump is started
2. The delivery gauge reading is set to the required value by means of adjusting the gate-valve
3. Note the time taken for Nr revolutions in the energy meter disc with the help of stop watch
4. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in water level in the collecting tank is found carefully.
5. If the water flow is heavy reduce the ‘h’ value
6. Repeat the experiment for different delivery gauge readings
7. Tabulate and calculate readings
Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2

30 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 h = Venturimeter head in terms of flowing liquid

where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg =
13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Input Power:

where,

Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc

Ne = energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)

Output Power:

= (watts)

Where,

γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
:

Where,
O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW

31 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP TEST RIG
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Outlet diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water =1
Energy meter constant = lmp/kwhr Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/sec2
Where γ = g X 1000

S.No Efficiency
Pressure gauge Input power
Discharge Output power
readings (Hd) Manometer Time for
Difference Head =
10 lmp =
Manometer
energy
readings
Head of meter
(G) reading
water

Kg/cm2 h1 h2
G x 10 (m) (m) (m) (sec) (m3/sec ) (kw) (kw) %
(m) (m)

32 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of submersible pump was studied and the maximum efficiency was found to be

Corresponding Total Head

Input power

Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on submersible pump machinery

Viva–voce

1. Define the major energy loss and minor energy loss.

2. Define – Water hammer in pipes.
3. Define – Incompressible flow.
4. Write down the examples of laminar flow/viscous flow
5. What are the characteristics of laminar flow?
6. Write down chezy’s formula.
7. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
8. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
9. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example
10. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example.
11. What does velocity triangle indicates?
12. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
13. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine.
14. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines.
15. What is submersible pump?
Applications
Single stage pumps are used for drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping

33 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Expt. No. 8 DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS
CURVES OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the characteristic with
maximum efficiency
Apparatus Required:
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. Repeat the experiment for different delivery tubes.
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.

Formulae:
Actual Discharge:

Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
Total Head:

Hd = Discharge head,
(m) Hs = Suction head,
(m)
Z = Datum head (the diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge)(m)

34 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 G = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
V = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg
Input Power:

I/p
Where,
Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)

Output Power:

= (watts)

Where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Efficiency:

Where,

O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

35 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG

Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81 m/sec2
Energy meter constant Ne = lmp/kwhr Stroke length of the pump (L) = 0.045mtrs.
The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge (x) = m Cylinder diameter (d) = 0.04mtrs.
Speed of the pump (rpm) (N) = Area 0f Cylinder (A) = m2

Pressure Vaccum Time for Output

gauge Total
gauge Time for h = Nr = 10 Input power power Efficiency
readings (Hs) head
Sl.No (Hd) 0.1 m rise in lmp Discharge Theoretical
H= collecting energy discharge % Slip I/p = η = Po
Head tank meter
ead of of G+V+x (t) in sec reading
G water = x100
water( (T)
(m) Pi
m)
Kg/cm V
G Kg/cm (m) t1 t2 Mean (sec) (m3/sec ) (m3/sec) (kw) (kw) %
2 x10 2 x13.6
1000

1
2

36 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Graphs:

1. Actual discharge Vs Total head

2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
Result:
The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the efficiency is
Corresponding
Total Head =
Input power =
Output power =
Actual discharge =
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on reciprocating pump machinery
Viva–voce
1. What will happen if I put Gear Oil instead of engine oil in a generator engine?
2. What are the applications of gear oil pump?
3. What are the types of gear pumps?
4. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine.
5. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
6. Define – Pump
7. How pumps are classified?
8. Differentiate pump and turbine.
9. Define – Rotodynamic pump
10. Define – Positive displacement pump.
11. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.
12. Define – Cavitation in pump
13. What is the need for priming in pump?
14. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump
15. What is reciprocating pump?
Applications
Reciprocating pumps are used in the applications such as oil pumping from deep oil wells.

37 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Expt. No. 9 DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES
OF A GEAR OIL PUMP
Aim:
To draw the characteristics curves of gear oil pump and also to determine efficiency of given gear oil pump
Description:
The gear oil pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with a fine clearance inside the
casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the point of contact. One of the wheels is
keyed to driving shaft and the other revolves as the driven wheel. The pump is first filled with the oil before it starts.
As the gear rotates, the oil is trapped in between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The
rotating gears build-up sufficient pressure to force the oil in to the delivery pipe.
Apparatus Required:

1. Gear oil pump setup

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

Procedure:
1. The start gear oil pump.
2. Adjust the delivery gauge reading is for the required value.
3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted.
4. The time taken for ‘N’ revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help of a stopwatch.
5. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the gate valve.
6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and delivery gauge is noted.
7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted down.
8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings.
9. Finally the readings are tabulated.

Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

38 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)

Total Head:

Hd = Discharge head, (m)

Hs = Suction head, (m)
Z = Datum head (the diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge) (m)
G = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
V = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg

Input Power:

I =

where,

Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc

Ne = energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
Output Power:
=

where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Efficiency:

Where,
O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

39 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 GEAR PUMP TEST RIG
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81m/sec2
Energy meter constant Ne = lmp/kwhr Density of Oil = 850 kg/m3
The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge (x) = m

Note: 1 Kg/cm2 pressure = 12 meters of OIL

column Where γ = g X 1000

S.No Pressure gauge Vaccum gauge Time for h = 0.1 m Time for Nr Discharge Input power Output power Efficiency
(Hd) readings (Hs) rise in collecting tank = 10 lmp Q = Ah Pi = Po =
Total head (t) in sec energy t 3600XNr X γQHx1000 η=
H=Hd+Hs+ meter 0.8 Ne X T Pox100 Pi
Head of Head of reading
Z (T)
(G) water water (m)
(m)

Kg/cm2 V x13600 (m) t1 t2 Mean (sec) (m3/sec ) (kw) (kw) %

G x 12 Kg/cm2
850x1000

40 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 Graph:

1. Actual discharge Vs Total head

2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

Result:

Thus the performance characteristics of gear oil pump was studied and maximum efficiency was found to be

Corresponding Total Head

Input power
Output power
Actual discharge

Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on Gear oil pump machinery

41 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 Viva–voce
1. What will happen if I put Gear Oil instead of engine oil in a generator engine?
2. What are the applications of gear oil pump?
3. What are the types of gear pumps?
4. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
5. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
6. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
7. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
8. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.
9. What is the function of volute casing?
10. What is the function of guide vanes?
11. Why the vanes are curved radially backward?
12. What is the function of impeller?
13. Mention the types of impeller used.
14. Define – Specific speed of pump.
15. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump.

Applications

They are very commonly used in lubrication pumps for power transmissions in automobiles, heavy trucks,
lawn care equipment, hydraulic lifts, and other machine tools.

42 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Expt. No. 10 DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF
PELTON WHEEL
Aim:
To conduct load test on pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of pelton wheel turbine.
Description:
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for generating electricity. All the
available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of spear and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet
strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the
velocity of the water is reduced and hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and
hence shaft is rotated.
Apparatus required:
1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
Procedure:
1. Start the Pelton wheel turbine.
2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. Note the pressure gauge reading and it is to be maintained constant for different loads.
4. Note the venturimeter readings.
5. Note the spring balance reading and speed of the turbine.
6. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted down.
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.
Formulae:

Venturimeter Reading:

(m of water)
where,
h1, h2 - venturimeter reading in (m)

43 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Discharge:

where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m 2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid

where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m= Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg =
13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Output Power:

(watts)

N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)

R = Effective Radius of brake drum = m
T = Torque= R(W1-W2)g (Nm)
W1= spring balance reading in kg
W2= spring balance reading in kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2

Input Power:

P0  y × Q × H × 10 (watts)
Where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)

44 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 H = Total head of water (m)

Efficiency:

o = Output power (O/P) 

100 Input power (I/P)

where,
O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

Graphs:

The following graphs are drawn.

1. Output Vs Input
2. Output Vs speed
3. Output Vs Efficiency

45 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = mm Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = mm Density of water= 1
Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81 m/sec2 The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vacuum gauge (x)= m
Break drum diameter = m
Where γ = g X 1000

Pressure gauge Discharge Springs

(Hd) = Q = 0.9 x Shaft Efficiency
Nozzle Total balance
S.No Opening Manometer Manometer Torque Output Input η=PoX10
Head head readings Head Spee readings power power
in 0
Approx. of d (N)
(G) kg Pi
water
(m)
h h2 W1 W2
Kg/cm2 G x 10 (m) (m) (m3/sec) (rpm) (Nm) (w) (w) %
1 (m) (kg) (kg)
(m)

46 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the Pelton Wheel Turbine are done and the maximum efficiency of the
turbine is ………. % corresponding
Total Head
Input power
Output power
Actual discharge
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on pelton turbine machinery

Viva–voce

1. What are main components of Pelton turbine?

2. Draw velocity diagrams (at inlet and outlet) for Pelton blade
3. Why is Pelton turbine suitable for high heads?
4. What is the function of spear mechanism?
5. What is the normal range of specific speed of a Pelton turbine
6. What are the characteristics of Pelton wheel? What are their uses?
7. After the nozzle water has atmospheric pressure throughout, then why is a casing provided to the wheel?
8. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.
9. What is the function of air vessel?
10. What is slip of reciprocating pump?
11. What is negative slip?
12. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?
13. What does indicator diagram indicates?
14. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram?
15. Briefly explain Gear pump.
Applications
Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available water source has relatively
high hydraulic head at low flow rates.

47 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 Expt. No. 11 DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF
FRANCIS TURBINE

Aim:
To conduct load test on franchis turbine and to study the characteristics of francis turbine
Description:

Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium head turbine. Hence it required
medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock enters the squirrel casing. The casing
completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guides’ vanes direct the water on to the runner. The water enters
the runner of the turbine in the dial direction at outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. Thus it
is a mixed flow turbine.
Apparatus Required:
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
Procedure:

1. Start the Francis turbine

2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down
4. This is to be maintained constant for different loads
5. Pressure gauge reading is ascended down
6. The venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.

Formulae:

Venturimeter Reading:

h = (h1 ~ h2) (m of water)

where,
h1 , h2 = venturimeter reading in (m)

48 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Discharge:

(m3/s)

where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m 2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid

where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Output Power:

(watts)
N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)
R = Effective Radius of brake drum = m
T = Torque R(W1-W2)g (Nm)
W1= Spring balance reading in kg
W2= Spring balance reading in kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/s2

Input Power:

= (watts)
Where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)

49 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Efficiency:

Where,
O/p = Output power kW
i/ p = input power kw

Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn
1. Output Vs Input
2. Output Vs speed
3. Output Vs Efficiency

50 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 FRANCIS TURBINE
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water= 1 Where γ = g X 1000
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/sec2 The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vacuum gauge(x) = m
The break drum diameter = m

Pressure gauge Vaccum gauge Total Manometer Manomete Discharge Shaft Springs Torque T Output Input Efficiency
readings readings r Q = 0.9 x Speed balance = power power
head H
(Hd) (Hs) Head readings in R(W1-
(N) kg W2)g Pi = η = PoX100
Head Head of h1 h2 γQH
S.No of water Pi
(G) (V) W1 W2
water (m)
(m)
Kg/cm2 G x 10 Kg/cm2 V x13.6 (m) (m) (m) (m) (m3/sec) (rpm) (kg) (kg) (Nm) (w) (w) %
1000

1
2

51 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the Francis wheel turbine are done and the maximum efficiency of the
turbine is …………. % corresponding
Total Head
Input power
Output power
Actual discharge

Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on francis turbine machinery

Viva- voce
1. What is the function of draft tube?
2. What is the function of guide vanes?
3. Can you locate the portion in Francis turbine where cavitations likely to occur?
4. What is the advantage of draft tube divergent over a cylindrical of uniform diameter along its length?
5. What are fast, medium by slow runners?
6. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel?
7. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump.
8. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump.
9. What is separation in reciprocating pump?
10. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump?
11. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.
12. What is francis turbine?
13. How will you generate power in francis turbine?
14. What are all the applications of turbine?
15. Mention the merits and demerits of francis turbine.

Applications

The turbine and the outlet channel may be placed lower than the lake or sea level outside, reducing the
tendency for cavitation.

52 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Expt. No. 12 KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG

Aim:

To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine

Description:

Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of low height to convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are best suited for low heads say from 10m to
5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to 1000. Water under pressure from pump enters through the
volute casing and the guiding vanes into the runner while passing through the spiral casing and guide
vanes a part of the pressure energy (potential energy) is converted into velocity energy(kinetic energy).
Water thus enters the runner at a high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy due to curvature of the vanes the kinetic energy is
transformed in to mechanical energy, i.e., the water head is converted into mechanical energy and hence
the number rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged into the tailrace. Operating guide vane
also can regulate the discharge through the runner.
Apparatus Required:
1. Tachometer
2. Meter scale
Procedure:

1. Keep the runner vane at require opening

2. Keep the guide vanes at required opening
3. Prime the pump if necessary
4. Close the main sluice valve and them start the pump.
5. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor switches from star to delta mode.
6. Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum cooling water gate valve
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings
9. Note the orifice meter pressure readings.
10. Repeat the experiments for other load

53 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Formulae:

Venturimeter Reading:

h = (h1 - h2) (m of water)

Where,
h1 , h2 = venturimeter reading in (m)

Discharge:

(m3/s)

Where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, mm2
a 2 = Area of the throat in mm 2
g = Specify gravity in mm / s2
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid

Where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric
liquid (i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Output Power:

N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)

R = Effective Radius of brake drum (m)
T = Torque R (W1-W2)g (Nm)
W1= Spring balance reading in kg
W2= Spring balance reading in kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81

54 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 KAPLAN TURBINE
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water= 1
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81m/sec2 The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vacuum gauge = m
Where γ = g X 1000
Springs
Pressure gauge Vaccum gauge Manomet balance
(Hd) readings (Hs) er readings in Efficiency
readings Manomet Shaft Output Input
Total kg Torque T
S.No er Discharge Speed power power
head Head =
Head R(W1-
Head of (N)
of
(G) (V) water h1 h2 W1 W2 W2)g
water
(m)
(m)
Kg/cm2 V x13.6 (m) (m) (m3/sec) (rpm) (kg) (kg) (Nm) (w) (w) %
G x 10 Kg/cm2 (m) (m)
1000

55 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Input Power:

=
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)

Efficiency:

Where,
O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW

Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn
1. Output Vs Input
2. Output Vs speed
3. Output Vs Efficiency

Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the Kaplan wheel turbine are done and the maximum efficiency of the
turbine is …………. %
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on Kaplan turbine machinery

56 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

 Viva–voce

1. What are suitable conditions for erection of Kaplan turbine

2. Why is the number of blades of Kaplan turbine restricted to 4 to 6?
3. Is this turbine axial flow or mixed flow?
4. Port load efficiency of Kaplan turbine is high, why?
5. What is the minimum pressure that can be maintained at the exit of the reaction turbine?
6. Differentiate pump and turbine.
7. Mention the types of characteristic curves for turbine.
8. How turbines are classified based on working principle.
9. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
10. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
11. What does velocity triangle indicates?
12. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
13. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
14. What is the difference between pelton wheel and francis turbine?
15. What is Radial flow reaction turbine and their types.

Applications

Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power production. They cover the lowest
head hydro sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions.

57 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00

Expt. No. 13 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF THROUGH A RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Aim:

To determine the co-efficient of discharge of flow through rectangular notch

Apparatus Required:

1. Notch tank
2. Rectangular notch
3. Hook gauge
4. Collecting tank
5. Stop watch
6. Piezo meter
7. Meter scale
Procedure:
1. The inlet valve is opened and water is allowed to rise up to the level of the rectangular notch
2. The pointer of the hook gauge is adjusted so that it coincides the water surface and note down reading
3. The inlet valve is opened so that the water flows over the notch at the same rate
4. The water level is noted by means of point of hook gauge
5. The readings for h2 is noted
6. The time required for100 mm rise of water level is noted
7. The above procedure is repeated for different discharge

Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)

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 RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2
Breath of the notch B = m

For Trapezoidal Notch QT = Qth = (2/3) x B x √2xgxh3/2 + (8/15) x tan (θ/2) x √2xgxh5/2 m3/ sec.

Head over the Theoretical discharge Co efficient of discharge

Sill level of Time for H = 100 mm
Hook gauge notch Difference Actual discharge of the notch
S.No rise in collecting tank
X = (h1- Q
(T) in sec C d act
Qth
(h1) (h2) h2)

(mm) (mm) (mm) T1 T2 mean (mm3/sec ) (mm3/sec )

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Theoretical Discharge:

(m 3 / s)

Where
h = Manometer head in (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in (m /s)
θ = Angle of notch

Co-Efficient Of Discharge:

Co- efficient of discharge Cd Qact


Qth

Result:
The co-efficient of discharge of rectangular notch is Cd = …… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge rectangular notch is Cd by graphical method ……… (No unit)

Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement.

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 Viva–voce
1. What is Manometric Head?
2. Differentiate static head & manometric head.
3. List the types of fluid flow.
4. What is Steady and Unsteady flow.
5. What is Uniform and Non-uniform flow.
6. Compare Laminar and Turbulent flow.
7. Define One, Two and Three dimensional flow.
8. What are all the classification of boundary layer?
9. What are all the types of notches?
10. Give the practical example of rectangular notch.
11. What does velocity triangle indicates?
12. Define Rotational and Ir-rotational flow.
13. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
14. What is the difference between pelton wheel and francis turbine?
15. Define Compressible and incompressible flow

Applications

The head over the rectangular weir is measured and correlated with the water flow rate through the open
channel (and over the weir).

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 Expt. No.14 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF THROUGH A ORIFICE (Constant head)
Aim:
To determine the co-efficient of discharge of flow through orifice (constant head)

Apparatus required:

1. Orifice tank
2. Collecting tank
3. Stop watch
4. Piezo meter
5. Meter scale
Procedure:

1. The diameter of the orifice and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank are measured
2. The supply valve to the orifice tank is regulated and water is allowed to fill orifice tank
3. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time required for100 mm rise of water
collecting tank and is noted using stop watch
4. The above procedure is repeated for different head and observation are tabulated and the co-efficient
of discharge is calculated

Formulae:

Actual Discharge:

Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)
Theoretical Discharge:

Where
h = Manometer head in (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in ( m /s2)
a = Area of Orifice in (m2)

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 ORIFICE (Constant head)

OBSERVATION:
Area of collecting tank = A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2
Diameter of the Orifice = d = m Area of Orifice = a = m2

Supply tank Theoretical discharge Co efficient of discharge of the

Time for H = 100 mm rise in Actual discharge Orifice
S.No. level (h)
collecting tank (T) in sec Q
C d act
Qth
(mm) T1 T2 mean (mm3/sec ) (mm3/sec )

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Co-Efficient Of Discharge:

Co- efficient of discharge Cd Qact


Qth
Graph:
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis.
Result:
The co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is Cd = …… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge Orifice is Cd by graphical method ……… (No unit)
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement

Viva–voce

1. What is the difference between an orifice and a mouth piece?

2. Why the co-efficient of discharge for a mouth piece is is higher than that for an orifice?
3. What is vena-contracta? How is it developed?
4. Relation between Cd ,Cv and Cc
5. How can you differentiate the small and large orifice?
6. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
7. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
8. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
9. Define – Coefficient of discharge. .
10. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
11. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
12. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
13. Mention few discharge measuring devices
14. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
15. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.

Applications

Orifice plates are the most widely used type of flow meters in the world today

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