4 Cellular injury and adaptation In reversible cel injury all are true except ‘a. ATP depletion is responsible for acute cellular swelling b. Can cause myocardial cells to cease contraction within 60 seconds . ATPisgenerated anaerobically from creatine phosphate 4d. Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are hallmarks of irreversible cellular injury fe. Isassociated with myelin figures Metaplasia a. Isirreversible b. Iscommonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium An example is the transformation of epithelial cols into chondroblasts d._ Retinoids may play a role fe. Even ifthe stimuli is persistent itis a benign lesion In apoptosis ‘a. Itinvolves physiologic and pathologic stimuli b. Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse d._ltsmechanism involves ATP depletion fe. Itinvolves an inflammatory tissue reaction Hyperplesia a. Occurs after partial hepatectomy b. Refers to an increase in the size of the cells Is always pathological d. Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle Usually progresses to cancerous proliferation Metastatic calcification Causes widespread tissue damage Occurs with normal calcium levels Can be caused by systemic sarcoidosis Occurs in hypothyroidism Is caused by drinking large quantities of milk b. a Whi is incorrect in regards to apoptosi a. Itmay be regarded as a normal physiological process b. It is characterized by chromatin condensation 6. loften elicits a strong inflammatory response 4. Itisthe process by which ovaries atrophy in post-menopausal women fe. Itis characterized by cell shrinkage Coagulative necrosis ‘a. Results from necrosis in which cellular enzymatic digestion predominates over denaturation b. Ischaracterized by marked WBCinfiltate & Isuncommon after mi d. Usually occurs after iereversible ischaemic cellular damage fe. [snot usually seen in association with caseating necrosisEs 10. u. 2. 3B. 14, Metaplasia 4. Respiratory epithelium of smokers b. Vitamin a excess Barrett's oesophagitis 3. seen in all of the following except Epithelium of a pancreatic duct conti Foci of cel injury ing stones is not characterized by ‘a. Pleomorphism b. Abundant nuclear ONA & Anuclear : cytoplasm of 1:6 d. Coarsely clumped chromatin fe. Lack of differentiation Apoptosis a. Is usually stimulated by hypoxia Produces a moderate degree of inflammation Features chromatin aggregates Is the underiying pracess in caseous necrosis Is stimulated by decreased cytosolic calcium Irreversible cel injury is characterized by Dispersion of ribosomes Cell swelling Lysosomal rupture Cell membrane defects Nuclear chromatin clumping Dystrophic calcification can be caused by a. Sarcoidosis b. Multiple myeloma © Advanced renal failure d. Advanced atherosclerosis fe. Allof the above Metaplasia ‘a. [san increase in the number and size of cells ina tissue b. Isthe process that occurs in Barrett's oesophagitis ._Istypically an irreversible process d._ In the respiratory tract preserves mucous secretion & Can be caused by Vit B12 deficiency Which is correct Hyperplasia constitutes an increase in the size of cells in an organ or tissue Transudate has a protein level of <30g/dL, SG<1.012 and LDH<200mmol/L Apoptosis s reversible Failure of Na/K ATP-ase membrane transport isan irreversible process Morphological changes evident of irreversible cell injury includes clumping of chromatin15. Which is correct 3. Metaplasia is irreversible b. Fibronectin is produced by dying cells and may result in pigmentation 6 Reversibly injured cells are frequently shrunken and pyknotic 4. Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown pigment seen typically after surgical procedures fe. Metastatic calification refers to deposition of calcium within normal tissues 16. Metaplasia a. Involves an adaptive response of individual cells b. In Barrett's eesophagits, involves a change from columnar to squamous cells Involves a neoplastic transformation of stem cells 4. VitA deficiency suppresses respiratory epithelial keratinisation 2. Is reversible 17. Regerding atrophy and hypertrophy ‘a. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue b. The phenotype of an individual cell may be altered in hypertrophy © Atrophy is always pathological d._ Inthe heart, trophic triggers are the only factors that cause hypertrophy fe. The colour of brown atrophy is due to melanin pigmentation 18, Cytosolic calcium in cell injury a. Only enters by active transport b. Partially derives from mitochondria Increases ATP 4d. Inactivates phospholipase fe. Inactivates protease 19. Metaplasia (2 correct] ‘a. Is usually a premalignant condition b, Isdue to genetic reprogramming of cells May be regulated by Vit 812 4d. The most common type is from squamous to columnar epithelium fe. Isirreversible f. Doesnot occur in mesenchymal cells g. May progress to cancer transformation fh. Isusually accompanied by hypertrophy 20. Hypertrophy a. Occurs after partial hepatectomy b. _Istriggered by mechanical and trophic chemicals Increases function of an organ exponentially d._ Isusually pathological fe. Occurs after denervation 21. Dystrophic calcification Is formed only in coagulative necrosis, Is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate mineral Is rarely found in mitochondria Rarely causes organ dysfunction oes not occur on heart valves22, Allof the following are morphological features of apopto: a. Cell swelling b. Chromatin condensation © Lack of inflammation 4. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies except Formation of cytoplasmic blebs ‘a. Loss of functional polarity in polarized epithelium b. Detachment of ribosomes from ER Acute cellular swelling 4. Severe mitochondrial vacuolization ‘e. Formation of membrane blebs 24, Features of reversible cell injury include all except a. Swelling of the cell lumping of nuclear chromatin Autophagy by lysosomes Nuclear karyorchexis Ribosomal dispersal 25. Metaplasia is a. Reversible change from one cell type to another b, Irreversible change from one cell type to another Reduced function of ell dd. Increase in the number of cells fe. Increase in the size and function of cells 26. Innecrosis ‘a. The nuclear changes are due to non-specific breakdown of DNA b._Karyolysis and pyknosis are the only 2 types of nuclear changes ._ Incaseous necrosis the basic outline of the cells is preserved 4. There is a decreased eosinophilia in the necrotic cells fe. Liquefaction necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic injury 27. Dysplasia ‘a. Isa feature of mesenchymal cells b. Inevitably progresses to cancer Is characterized by cellular pleomorphism d._ Is notassociated with tissue architectural abnormalities, fe. Isthe same as carcinoma in situ 28, Regarding atrophy, whichis false Porsistonce of residual bodios Decrease in myoilaments Decreased rough ER Decreased autophagic vacuoles Decreased smooth ER29, Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy 3 b. a 4 Increase in liver size after a partial hepatectomy Increase in the size of the female breast Increase respiratory epithelium in response to Vit A deficiency Increase in size of the female uterus in pregnancy ). Regarding fatty change, which Is false b. May result from protein malnutrition Fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria May result from diabetes mellitus May represent unmasking of normal cel fat content 31. Examples of hyperplasia include Glandular epithelium of pubertal breasts 32, Metastatic calcification occurs in Answers 1D 20D BOA 4A 5. C 6& Cc 70 a8 9. ¢ 10. C 1D b. J Old LN Gastric mucosa Atherosclerotic vessels Damaged heart valve 2, 3 1. 15, 16. V7. 18. 19. 20. 2 2. pamerammasd 23. 24, 25, 26. 2. 22. BSSB el oconr>oO