Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module
6: Central Limit
Theorem
Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Central Limit Theorem
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and
Probability Quarter 3 –
Module 6: Central Limit
Theorem
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding
of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We
trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to
Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the concepts of the Central Limit Theorem and the skills associated
with solving problems related to the topic.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the Central Limit Theorem; (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)
2. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central
Limit Theorem; and (M11/12SP-IIIe-3)
3. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.
(M11/12SP-IIIf-1)

1
 What I Know

Directions: Read and analyze the story below. Write the letter of the correct answer
on your answer sheet.

1. Which sample size gives a smaller standard error of the mean according to
Central Limit theorem?
A. 10 B. 15 C. 25 D. 35

2. The Central Limit Theorem says that the sampling distribution of the sample
mean is approximately normal if .
A. the sample size is large.
B. all possible sample are selected.
C. the standard error of the sampling mean is small.
D. none of the above.

3. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means according to the
Central Limit Theorem is .
A. exactly equal to the population mean.
B. close to the population mean if the sample size is large.
C. equal to the population mean divided by the square of the sample size.
D. cannot be determined.

4. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means

according to the Central Limit Theorem is .
A. exactly equal to the standard deviation.
B. close to the population standard deviation if the sample size is large.
C. equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of
the sample size.
D. cannot be determined

5. Samples of size 25 are selected from a population with a mean of 40 and a

standard deviation of 7.5. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of
sample means?
A. 7.5 B. 8 C. 25 D. 40

6. Samples of size 25 are selected from a population with a mean of 40 and a

standard deviation of 7.5. What is the standard error of the sampling
distribution of sample means?
A. 0.3 B. 1.5 C. 7.5 D. 8

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7. What happens to the shape of a sampling distribution of sample means as n
increases?
A. It becomes narrower and more normal C. It becomes narrower and bimodal
B. It becomes wider and more normal D. It becomes wider and skewed right

8. In a group of 20 randomly selected unicorns, the mean is 1,000 and the

standard deviation is 25, what is the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution?
A. 25 B. 5.59 C. 4 D. 1.25

9. A group of 625 students has a mean age of 15.8 years with a standard
deviation of 0.6 years. The ages are normally distributed. What is the
probability that a randomly selected students are older than 16.5 years old?
A. 12.1% B. 86.4% C. 87.9% D. 13.6%

10. If the random samples are large, what is the shape of the sampling
distribution of the mean?
A. skewed to the left C. normal
B. skewed to the right D. rectangular

11. These symbols  and  represent the mean and standard deviation for
which of the following choices?
A. The Population C. The Sampling Distribution
B. The Sample D. None of these

For numbers 12-15, refer to the problem below.

The average precipitation for the first 7 months of the year is
19.32 inches with a standard deviation of 2.4 inches. Assume that the
average precipitation is normally distributed.

12. What is the average precipitation of 5 randomly selected years for the
first 7 months?
A. 19.32 in B. 22.4 in C. 20.52 in D. 15.56 in

13. What is the probability that a randomly selected year will have
precipitation greater than 18 inches for the first 7 months?
A. 0.7088 B. 0.8523 C. 0.4562 D. 0.1258

14. Compute the z-score for precipitation of 18 inches for 5 randomly selected
years for the first 7 months.
A. – 0.55 B. 0.55 C. 1. 23 D. – 1.23

15. What is the probability of 5 randomly selected years will have an

average precipitation greater than 18 inches for the first 7 months?
A. 0.8907 B. 0.2587 C. 0.4156 D. 0.2879

3
 Lesso
n Central Limit Theorem
1
Statistics is the most commonly used branch of mathematics. We use it
almost every day. It is also a must-have knowledge for a data scientist. Central
Limit Theorem is the cornerstone of it.

In statistics, the given data set represents a sample from the entire
population. Using this sample, we try to see the patterns in the data. We then try
to generalize the patterns in the sample to the population while making the
predictions. Central limit theorem helps us to make inferences about the sample
and population parameters.

What’s In

The context of Central Limit Theorem is comprised of statistical terms. To

test your prior knowledge of the concepts, let’s see if you have understood the
terms listed by answering the activity on the next page.

4
 Match the definitions in Column A with the corresponding statistical terms
in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

Column A Column B

The set that contains all data of Mean

elements, individuals or measurements from your experimenting space.
Population
It describes the data/population
/sample range and how data is Sample
spread in that range.
Distribution
Average value of all data from your population or sample.
Standard Deviation
It is a randomly selected subset from the population where the sample size is denoted by n.
Sample Size
It describes how spread the population is.
Normal Distribution
The population is spread perfectly symmetrical with (σ) standard deviations around the mean v

Notes to the Teacher

In this part of the module, the teacher will try to recall the conceptual terms related

5
 What’s New

Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the

mean approaches a normal distribution, as the sample size increases.

Regardless of the initial shape of the population distribution, if samples of

size n are randomly selected from a population, the sampling distribution of the
sampling means will approach a normal distribution as the sample size n gets
larger.

The standard error of the mean measures the degree of accuracy of

the sample mean ( ) as an estimate of the population mean (). It is also
�
known as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sampling
mean, denoted by 𝑥̅.

Formula: ̅𝒙
= √𝒏
σ

where: σ = population standard deviation

n = sample size

Remember that if we want to get a good estimate of the population mean,

we have to make n sufficiently large. This fact is stated as a theorem in the
Central Limit Theorem.
Now, can you determine the standard error of the mean of the given set of
data below? Your knowledge of the formula and manipulating the given data will
be handy in solving this problem.

I know that you can, so let’s do it!

ACTIVITY
Direction: Read the problems below then write your answer on a separate paper.
1. Determine the standard error of the mean for each of the following sample
size n given the population standard deviation of 30. Round off your answer

a. 𝑛 = 5
to the nearest hundredths.

b. 𝑛 = 12
c. 𝑛 = 28
d. 𝑛 = 35
e. 𝑛 = 40

6
2. Analyze the answers obtained in item number 1. What can you say about the
relationship of the sample size and the standard error?

3. How does this relationship affect the distribution?

4. When do we obtain a good estimate of the mean?

5. When do we say that the mean is a poor estimate?

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 What is It

Central Limit theorem is important because it teaches researchers to use a

limited sample to make intelligent and accurate conclusions about a greater
population. It also justifies the use of normal curve methods for a wide range of
problems.

Furthermore, it justifies the use of the formula 𝒛 𝑿̅ −

when computing
= 


√𝒏
for the probability that 𝑋̅ will take a value within a given range in the sampling
distribution of 𝑋̅ .
where: 𝑿̅ = is the sample mean
µ = population mean,
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size

When do you use these formulae?

𝑋̅ − 
 𝑧
𝑋̅

=
𝑧
− 

√𝑛

=

Study the illustrative sample problems below.

1. Assume that the variable is normally distributed, the average time it takes a
group of senior high school students to complete a certain examination is
46.2 minutes while the standard deviation is 8 minutes. What is the
probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will complete
the examination in less than 43 minutes? Does it seem reasonable that a
senior high school student would finish the examination in less than 43
minutes?

a. If 50 randomly selected senior high school students take the

examination, what is the probability that the mean time it takes the
group to complete the test will be less than 43 minutes? Does it seem
reasonable that the mean of the 50 senior high school students could
be less than 43 minutes?

8
Solution for #1:

Given:  = 46.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝜎 = 8 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝑋̅ = 43 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

Step1: Identify the parts of the problem.

Find: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)

𝑋̅
Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-score.

𝒛=
−  43 − 46.2

𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
=
 8

𝑧 = −0.40 has a corresponding area of 0.1554.

Step 3: Use the z-table to look up the z-score you calculated in step 2.

shade the part that you’re looking for: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)
Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the z-score and its corresponding area. Then,

0.15

Since we are ded part

looking for the probability less than 43 minutes, the
will be on the lef
t part of –
– 0.40

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.500 − 0.1554

Step 5: Subtract your z-score from 0.500.

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.3446

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 34.46%

Step 6: Convert the decimal in Step 5 to a percentage.

 Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected senior high school

student will complete the examination in less than 43 minutes is 34.46%. Yes, it
is reasonable to finish the exam in less than 43 minutes since the probability is
more than 1.

9
Solution for #1.a:

Given:  = 46.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝜎 = 8 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝑋̅ = 43 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝑛

Step1: Identify the parts of the problem.

= 50 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Find: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)

Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-

𝑋̅ −
score.
43 −
46.2
𝒛=

= 8
√𝑛

√50

𝒛 = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟑

𝒛 = −2.83 has a corresponding area of 0.4977

Step 3: Use the z-table to look up the z-score you calculated in step 2.

shade the part that you’re looking for: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)
Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the z-score and its corresponding area. Then,

shaded part
0.4977

–2.83

Since we are looking for the probability less than 43 minutes, the shaded
part will be on the left part of – 2.83.

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.500 − 0.4977

Step 5: Subtract your z-score from 0.500.

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.0023

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.23%

Step 6: Convert the decimal in Step 5 to a percentage.

 Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected 50 senior high

school students will complete the examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.23%.
No, it’s not reasonable since the probability is less than 1.

1
2. An electrical company claims that the average life of the bulbs it
manufactures is 1 200 hours with a standard deviation of 250 hours. If a
random sample of 100 bulbs is chosen, what is the probability that the
sample mean will be between 1150 hours and 1 250 hours?

Solution:

𝜎 = 250 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠; 𝑛 = 100 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠

Step1: Identify the parts of the problem.

𝑋̅
Given:  = 1200 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠;

Unknown: 𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250)

= 1 150 & 1 250 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

𝑋̅ − 
Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-score.

𝒛= 𝒛=
1150 − 1250 −
 =
√𝑛
1200 1200
250 250
√100 √100
𝒛 = −𝟐 𝒛= 𝟐

𝒛 = ±2 has a corresponding area of 0.4772

Step 3: Use the z-table to look up the z-score you calculated in step 2.

shade the part that you’re looking for: 𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250)
Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the z-score and its corresponding area. Then,

0.47720.4772

Since we are looking for the probability between 1 150 hours and 1 250
hours, the shaded part will be between –2 and 2.

𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250) = 0.4772 + 0.4772

Step 5: Add the two z-score values.

𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250) = 0.9544

𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅
Step 6: Convert the decimal in Step 5 to a percentage.
< 1250) = 95.44%

 Therefore, the probability of randomly selected 100 bulbs to have a

sample mean between 1 150 hours and 1 250 hours is 95.44%.

1
 What’s
More
Let’s see how well you understood our discussion. At this point, I want you
to solve the following problems. Show your complete solution by following the
step-by- step procedure.

1. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain

brand of ice cream is 660 mg, the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the
variable is normally distributed.
a. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the
cholesterol content will be more than 670 mg?

b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability

that the mean of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?

2. In a study of the life expectancy of 400 people in a certain geographic region,

the mean age at death was 70 years, and the standard deviation was 5.1
years. If a sample of 50 people from this region is selected, what is the
probability that the mean life expectancy will be less than 68 years?

3. The average cholesterol content of a certain canned goods is 215 milligrams,

and the standard deviation is 15 milligrams. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed. If a sample of 25 canned goods is selected, what is the
probability that the mean of the sample will be greater than 220 milligrams?

4. The average public elementary school has 468 students with a standard
deviation of 87. If a random sample of 38 public elementary schools is
selected, what is the probability that the number of students enrolled is
between 445 and 485?

1
 What I Have
Learned
This time, I want you to work on the activity below based on your
understanding of the topic by completing each sentence.

I. Supply the missing words/phrase that will make the sentence complete.
1. Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches a as the sample size increases.

2. A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean
is small or .

3. The mean is a poor estimate if the standard error of the mean is

.

4. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is

to the population mean.

5. The measures the degree of accuracy of the

sample mean as an estimate of the population mean.

II. In your own understanding, answer the questions below.

1. Do we always add or subtract from 0.50? Explain.

2. When do we add the corresponding area of the z-score to 0.50?

3. When do we add the two corresponding areas of the z-score?

II. Enumerate the steps in solving problem using Central Limit Theorem?

1
 What I Can Do

Directions: Read, analyze, and solve the problems below. Show your
complete solutions.
1. There are 250 dogs at a dog show that weigh an average of 12 pounds, with
a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 4 dogs are chosen at random, what is
the probability that the average weight is greater than 8 pounds?

2. The average number of pages in a novel is 326 with a standard deviation of

24 pages. If a sample of 50 novels is randomly chosen, what is the probability
that the average number of pages in these books is between 319 and 331?

3. The number of driving miles before a certain kind of tire begins to show wear
is on the average, 16,800 miles with a standard deviation of 3,300 miles.
a. What is the probability that the 36 tires will have an average of less
than 16,000 miles until the tires begin to wear out?
b. What is the probability that the 36 tires will have an average of more
than 18,000 miles until the tires begin to wear out?

1
 Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze the story below. Write the letter of the correct
answer on your answer sheet.
1. According to Central Limit theorem, which sample size will give a smaller
standard error of the mean?
A. 7 B. 12 C. 23 D. 40

2. If a population is not normally distributed, the distribution of the sample

means for a given sample size n will .
A. be positively skewed.
B. be negatively skewed.
C. take the same shape as the population.
D. approach a normal distribution as n increases.

3. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 75 and 15,

respectively. The sample size is 100. What is the standard error of the
mean?
A. 1.5 B. 1.73 C. 0.15 D. 8

4. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 400 and 40,
respectively. Sample size is 25. What is the mean of the sampling
distribution?
A. 400 B. 40 C. 25 D. 8

5. What is the standard error of the mean if the sample size is 25 with standard
deviation of 16?
A. 6.25 B. 3.2 C. 1.25 D. 0.64

6. The weights of the eggs produced by a certain breed of hen are normally
distributed with mean 65 grams and standard deviation of 5 grams. Which
of the following will you use?
A. Normal Distribution C. Discrete Probability Distribution
B. Central Limit Theorem D. Binomial Distribution

7. In a study done on the life expectancy of 500 people in a certain geographic

region, the mean age at death was 72 years and the standard deviation was
5.3 years. If a sample of 50 people from this region is selected, and the
probability that the mean life expectancy will be less than 70 years, which of
the following will you use?
A. Normal Distribution C. Discrete Probability Distribution
B. Central Limit Theorem D. Binomial Distribution

1
8. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 200 and 20,
respectively. What is the probability of selecting 25 data values with a mean
less than 190?
A. 69% B. 31% C. 0.6% D. 99%

9. In a metal fabrication process, metal rods are produced that have an average
length of 20.5 meters with a standard deviation of 2.3 meters. A quality
control specialist collects a random sample of 30 rods and measures their
lengths. Suppose the resulting sample mean is 19.5 meters. Which of the
following statements is true?
A. This sample mean is 2.38 standard deviations above what we expect.
B. This sample mean is 2.38 standard deviations below what we expect.
C. This sample mean is only 1 standard deviation above the population mean.
D. This sample mean is more than 3 standard deviations away from the
population mean.

For number 10-11, refer to the problem below.

Suppose the teenagers that attend public high schools get an average of
5.7 hours of sleep each night with a standard deviation of 1.7 hours. Assume
that the average sleep hour is normally distributed, and 35 high school
students are randomly selected.

10.Compute the z-score for 6 hours of sleep.

A. 1.04 B. 0.18 C. 0.52 D. 0.82

11.What is the probability that a randomly selected group of 35 high

school students gets more than 6 hours of sleep each night?
A. 0.3508 B. 0.1492 C. 0.0714 D. 0.4286

For number 12-14, refer to the problem below.

The amount of fuel used by jumbo jets to take off is normally distributed
with a mean of 4, 000 gallons and a standard deviation of 125 gallons. A
sample of 40 jumbo jets are randomly selected.

12.Compute the z-score for 3, 950 gallons.

A. – 0.4 B. 0.4 C. – 2.53 D. 2.53

13.What is the probability that the mean number of gallons of fuel needed to
take off for a randomly selected sample of 40 jumbo jets will be less than 3,
950 gallons? a. 78.1% B. 34.5% C. 2.5% D.
0.57%

14.What is the probability that the mean number of gallons of fuel needed to
take off for a randomly selected sample of 40 jumbo jets will be more than 3,
950 gallons? b. 0.57% B. 49.43% C. 65.54%
D. 99.43%

15.Researchers found that boys playing high school football recorded an average
of 355 hits to the head with a standard deviation of 80 hits during a season.
What is the probability on a randomly selected team of 48 players that the
average number of head hits per player is between 340 and 360?
A. 56.96% B. 43.04% C. 40.32% D. 16.64%

1
 Additional Activities

Direction. Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the activity below.

Journal Writing: In your own words, explain the usefulness of Central Limit
Theorem (CLT) in solving problems involving sampling.

Also, cite other importance of the use of CLT in our daily life by creating
your own word problem.

1
Answer Key

1
References

Books
Department of Education (2020). K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies with
Corresponding CG Codes

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Bacay, Efren B. Mateo (2016). Statistics and

Probability First Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Jesus P. Mercado, Fernando B. Orines (2016). Next Century Mathematics Statistic

and Probability. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Simon L. Chua, DT, Eduardo O. Dela Cruz Jr., PhD, Isidro C. Aguilar, EdD,
Archieval Rodriquez, EdD, Lucy M. Puro (2016). Statistics and Probability
Soaring 21st Century Mathematics. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Website Links
Iyim, Ceren. Central Limit Theorem in Action. Retrieved December 27, 2021
from url https://towardsdatascience.com/central-limit-theorem-in-action-
1d4832599b7f

Study.com. Central Limit Theorem. Retrieved December 27, 2021 from url
https://study.com/learn/central-limit-theorem-questions-and-answers.html

1
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