EC GATE Paper 2007

Q.1 – Q.20 Carry One Mark Each

1. If E denotes expectation, the variance of a random variable X is given by

(A) E  X 2  − E 2  X  (B) E  X 2  + E 2  X  (C) E  X 2  (D) E 2  X 
     

2. The following plot shows a function y which varies linearly with x . The value of
2
the integral I = ∫y dx is y
1
3
2
1

x
-1 1 2 3

(A) 1.0 (B) 2.5 (C) 4.0 (D) 5.0

3. For x << 1, coth ( x ) can be approximated as

1 1
(A) x (B) x 2 (C) (D)
x x2

sin (θ 2 )
4. lim is:
θ →0 θ
(A) 0.5 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) not defined

5. Which one of the following functions is strictly bounded?

1
(D) e − x
2
(A) 2
(B) e x (C) x 2
x

6. For the function e − x , the linear approximation around x = 2 is:

(A) ( 3 − x ) e −2 (B) 1 − x

 (
(C) 3 + 2 2 − 1 + 2 x  e −2 ) (D) e −2

7. An independent voltage source in series with an impedance Zs = Rs + jX s delivers

a maximum average power to a load impedance ZL when
(A) ZL = Rs + jX s (B) ZL = Rs
(C) ZL = jX s (D) ZL = Rs − jX s
8. The RC circuit shown in the figure is

+ +
R C

Vi R Vo
C

− −

(A) a low-pass filter (B) a high-pass filter

(C) a band-pass filter (D) a band-reject filter

9. The electron and hole concentrations in an intrinsic semiconductor are ni per

cm3 at 300 K. Now, if acceptor impurities are introduced with a concentration of
N A per cm3 ( where N A >> ni ) , the electron concentration per cm3 at 300 K will
be:
ni2
(A) ni (B) ni + N A (C) N A − ni (D)
NA

10. In a p+ n junction diode under reverse bias, the magnitude of electric field is
maximum at
(A) the edge of the depletion region on the p-side
(B) the edge of the depletion region on the n-side
(C) the p+ n junction
(D) the centre of the depletion region on the n-side

11. The correct full wave rectifier circuit is:

(A) (B)

Input Input

Output Output
 (C) (D)

Input Input

Output Output

12. In a transconductance amplifier, it is desirable to have

(A) a large input resistance and a large output resistance
(B) a large input resistance and a small output resistance
(C) a small input resistance and a large output resistance
(D) a small input resistance and a small output resistance

13. X = 01110 and Y = 11001 are two 5-bit binary numbers represented in two’s
complement format. The sum of X and Y represented in two’s complement format
using 6 bits is:
(A) 100111 (B) 001000 (C) 000111 (D) 101001

14. The Boolean function Y = AB + CD is to be realized using only 2-input NAND

gates. The minimum number of gates required is:
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

15. If the closed-loop transfer function of a control system is given as

s −5
T (s) = , then it is
( s + 2) ( s + 3)
(A) an unstable system (B) an uncontrollable system
(C) a minimum phase system (D) a non-minimum phase system

1
16. If the Laplace transform of a signal y ( t ) is Y ( s ) = , then its final value is:
s ( s − 1)
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) unbounded

17. If R (τ ) is the autocorrelation function of a real, wide-sense stationary random

process, then which of the following is NOT true?
(A) R (τ ) = R ( −τ ) (B) R (τ ) ≤ R ( 0 ) (C) R (τ ) = −R ( −τ )

(D) The mean square value of the process is R ( 0 )

18. If S ( f ) is the power spectral density of a real, wide-sense stationary random
process, then which of the following is ALWAYS true?
∞
(A) S ( 0 ) ≥ S ( f ) (B) S ( f ) ≥ 0 (C) S ( −f ) = −S ( f ) (D) ∫ S ( f ) df =0
−∞

19. A plane wave of wavelength λ is traveling in a direction making an angle 30° with
ur
positive x-axis and 90° with positive y-axis. The E field of the plane wave can be
represented as ( Eo is constant )

 3π π   π 3π 
ur j ωt − x− z ur j ωt − x − z 
µ e 
(A) E = yE
λ λ  µ e  λ
(B) E = yE
λ 
0 0

 3π π   π 3π 
ur j ωt + x+ z ur j ωt − x + z 
µ e 
(C) E = yE
λ λ  µ e  λ
(D) E = yE
λ 
0 0

ur
20. If C is a closed curve enclosing a surface S, then the magnetic field intensity H,
r ur
the current density J and the electric flux density D are related by
ur ur
ur r  r ∂D  r ur r  r ∂D  r
(A) ∫∫ H.ds = Ñ∫  J + ∂t  .dl (B) ∫ H.dl = Ò∫∫  J + ∂t d  .ds
s c   c s  
ur ur
ur r  r ∂D  r ur r  r ∂D  r
(C) Ò ∫∫ H.ds = ∫  J + ∂t  .dl (D) Ñ∫ H.dl = ∫∫  J + ∂t  .ds
s c  c s  

Q.21 – Q.75 Carry Two Marks Each

21. It is given that X1 , x2 ,....X M are M non-zero, orthogonal vectors. The dimension of
the vector space spanned by the 2M vectors X1 , X2 ,...X M , − X1 , − X2 ,... − X M is:

(A) 2M (B) M + 1 (C) M

(D) dependent on the choice of X1 , X2 ,...X M

22. Consider the function f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 2. The maximum value of f ( x ) in the closed

interval −4, 4 is:

(A) 18 (B) 10
(C) -2.25 (D) indeterminate

23. An examination consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2. The probability of
failing in Paper 1 is 0.3 and that in Paper 2 is 0.2. Given that a student has failed
in Paper 2, the probability of failing in Paper 1 is 0.6. The probability of a student
failing in both the papers is:
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.18 (C) 0.12 (D) 0.06
 d2y
24. The solution of the differential equation k 2 = y − y2 under the boundary
dx 2
conditions (i) y = y1 at x = 0 and (ii) y = y2 at x = ∞ , where k , y1 and y2 are
constants, is

(
(A) y = ( y1 − y2 ) exp − x k 2 + y2 ) (B) y = ( y2 − y1 ) exp ( − x k ) + y1

(C) y = ( y1 − y2 ) sinh ( x k ) + y1 (D) y = ( y1 − y2 ) exp ( − x k ) + y2

25. The equation x 3 − x 2 + 4 x − 4 = 0 is to be solved using the Newton-Raphson

method. If x = 2 is taken as the initial approximation of the solution, then the
next approximation using this method will be:
2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
3 3 2

26. Three functions f1 ( t ) , f2 ( t ) and f3 ( t ) , 2

f1 ( t )
2T
which are zero outside the interval [0,T], 3 T
t
0 T
are shown in the figure. Which of the
3
following statements is correct? -2

(A) f1 ( t ) and f2 ( t ) are orthogonal f2 ( t )

2

(B) f1 ( t ) and f3 ( t ) are orthogonal t

-1

(C) f2 ( t ) and f3 ( t ) are orthogonal f3 ( t ) 1

(D) f1 ( t ) and f2 ( t ) are orthonormal

-3

27. If the semi-circular contour D of radius 2 is as shown in the figure, then the value
1
∫ s2 − 1 ds is:
of the integral Ñ
D ( )
jω
j2

0
σ
0 2

-j2

(A) jπ (B) -jπ (C) -π (D) π

28. Two series resonant filters are as shown in the figure. Let the 3-dB bandwidth of
B
Filter 1 be B1 and that of Filter 2 be B2. The value of 1 is:
B2

L1
C1 L1 C2 = 4C1 L2 =
4

+ + + +

Vi R Vo Vi R Vo

− − − −

Filter 1 Filter 2

1 1
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 4

29. For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin voltage and resistance looking
1Ω
into X-Y are:
X
4 2 i
(A) V , 2Ω (B) 4V , Ω
3 3
+
2i
4 2 − 1Ω 2Ω
(C) V, Ω (D) 4V, 2Ω
3 3 2A

30. In the circuit shown, VC is 0 volts at t = 0 sec. For t > 0, the capacitor current
ic ( t ) , where t is in seconds, is given by 20kΩ ic
(A) 0.50 exp(-25t) mA
(B) 0.25 exp(-25t) mA +
+
10V 20kΩ Vc 4µF
(C) 0.50 exp(-12.5t) mA −
−
(D) 0.25 exp (-6.25t) mA

31. In the AC network shown in the figure, A

the phasor voltage VAB (in Volts) is:

5Ω
(A) 0 5Ω
(B) 5∠30° 5∠30° A

(C) 12.5∠30° -j3Ω j3Ω

(D) 17∠30°
B
+
32. A p n junction has a built-in potential of 0.8 V. The depletion layer width at a
reverse bias of 1.2V is 2 µm. For a reverse bias of 7.2 V, the depletion layer
width will be:
(A) 4 µm (B) 4.9 µm (C) 8 µm (D) 12 µm
33. Group I lists four types of p-n junction diodes. Match each device in Group I with
one of the option in Group II to indicate the bias condition of that device in its
normal mode of operation.

Group I Group II
(P) Zener Diode (1) Forward bias
(Q) Solar cell (2) Reverse bias
(R) LASER diode
(S) Avalanche Photodiode
(A) P-1 Q-2 R-1 S-2 (B) P-2 Q-1 R-1 S-2
(C) P-2 Q-2 R-1 S-1 (D) P-2 Q-1 R-2 S-2

34. The DC current gain ( β ) of a BJT is 50. Assuming that the emitter injection
efficiency is 0.995, the base transport factor is:
(A) 0.980 (B) 0.985 (C) 0.990 (D) 0.995

35. Group I lists four different semiconductor devices. Match each device in Group I
with its characteristic property in Group II.

Group I Group II
(P) BJT (1) Population inversion
(Q) MOS capacitor (2) Pinch-off voltage
(R) LASER diode (3) Early effect
(S) JFET (4) Flat-band voltage

(A) P-3 Q-1 R-4 S-2 (B) P-1 Q-4 R-3 S-2
(C) P-3 Q-4 R-1 S-2 (D) P-3 Q-2 R-1 S-4

36. For the Op-Amp circuit shown in the figure, Vo is:

2kΩ

1kΩ
−
1V Vo
+
1kΩ
1kΩ

(A) -2 V (B) -1 V (C) -0.5 V (D) 0.5 V

37. For the BJT circuit shown, assume that the β of the transistor is very large and
VBE = 0.7V . The mode of operation of the BJT is: 10kΩ

(A) cut-off

(B) saturation +
10V
−
+
2V
(C) normal active − 1kΩ

(D) reverse active

38. In the Op-Amp circuit shown, assume that the diode current follows the equation
I = Is exp (V VT ) . For Vi = 2V , Vo = Vo1 , and for Vi = 4V , Vo = Vo2. The relationship
between Vo1 and Vo2 is:

(A) Vo2 = 2Vo1 2kΩ

Vi −
(B) Vo2 = e2Vo1 Vo
(C) Vo2 = Vo1 ln 2 +

(D) Vo1 − Vo2 = VT ln 2

39. In the CMOS inverter circuit shown, if the transconductance parameters of the
W Wp
NMOS and PMOS transistors are kn = k p = µnCox n = µ pCox = 40 µ A / V 2 and
Ln Lp
their threshold voltages are VTHn = VTHp = 1V , the current I is:

5V

PMOS

I
2.5V

NMOS

(A) 0 A (B) 25 µA (C) 45 µA (D) 90 µA

40. For the Zener diode shown in the figure, the Zener voltage at knee is 7V, the
knee current is negligible and the Zener dynamic resistance is 10Ω. If the input
voltage (Vi ) range is from 10 to 16V, the output voltage (V0 ) ranges from
 200Ω
(A) 7.00 to 7.29 V +
(B) 7.14 to 7.29 V
Vi Vo
(C) 7.14 to 7.43 V
(D) 7.29 to 7.43 V −

41. The Boolean expression Y = A B C D+ A B C D+ A B C D+ A B C D can be

minimized to
(A) Y = A B C D + A B C + A C D (B) Y = A B C D + B C D + A B C D
(C) Y = A B C D + B C D + A B C D (D) Y = A B C D + B C D + A B C D

42. The circuit diagram of a standard TTL NOT gate is shown in the figure. When
Vi = 2.5V , the modes of operation of the transistors will be:

VCC = 5V

1.4kΩ 100Ω
4kΩ

Q4

D
Q2
Q1
+ +
Q3
Vi Vo
1 kΩ

− −

(A) Q1 :reverse active; Q2 : normal active; Q3 : saturation; Q4 : cut-off

(B) Q1 :reverse active; Q2 : saturation; Q3 : saturation; Q4 : cut-off
(C) Q1 :normal active; Q2 : cut-off; Q3 : cut-off; Q4 : saturation
(D) Q1 :saturation; Q2 : saturation; Q3 : saturation; Q4 : normal active

43. In the following circuit, X is given by

0 I0
0 I0
1 I1 4-to-1
1 I1 4-to-1
MUX Y X
MUX Y 1 I2
1 I2
0 I3
0 I3
S1 S0
S1 S0

C
A B
 (A) X = A B C + A B C + A B C + A B C
(B) X = A B C + A B C + A B C + A B C
(C) X = AB + BC + AC (D) X = A B + B C + A C

44. The following binary values were applied to the X and Y inputs of the NAND latch
shown in the figure in the sequence indicated below:
X = 0, Y = 1; X = 0, Y = 0; X = 1, Y = 1.
The corresponding stable P, Q outputs will be:

X
P

Q
Y

(A) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 0 or P = 0, Q = 1
(B) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 0, Q = 1; or P = 0, Q = 1; P = 0, Q = 1
(C) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 1; P = 1, Q = 0 or P = 0, Q = 1
(D) P = 1, Q = 0; P = 1, Q = 1; P = 1, Q = 1

45. For the circuit shown, the counter state ( Q1Q0 ) follows the sequence

(A) 00, 01, 10, 11, 00 …

(B) 00, 01, 10, 00, 01 …

D0 Q0 D1 Q1

(C) 00, 01, 11, 00, 01 …

(D) 00, 10, 11, 00, 10 …

Clock

46. An 8255 chip is interfaced to an 8085 microprocessor system as an I/O mapped

I/O as shown in the figure. The address lines A0 and A1 of the 8085 are used by
the 8255 chip to decode internally its three ports and the Control register. The
address lines A3 to A7 as well as the IO M signal are used for address decoding.
The range of addresses for which the 8255 chip would get selected is:

A7
(A) F8H – FBH 8255
A6
(B) F8H – FCH A5
CS
(C) F8H – FFH A4
A3 A1
(D) F0H – F7H A1
IO M
A0 A0
47. The 3-dB bandwidth of the low-pass signal e −t u ( t ) , where u ( t ) is the unit step
function, is given by
1 1
(A) Hz (B) 2 − 1 Hz (C) ∞ (D) 1 Hz
2π 2π

48. A Hilbert transformer is a

(A) non-linear system (B) non-causal system
(C) time-varying system (D) low-pass system

49. The frequency response of a linear, time-invariant system is given by

5
H (f ) = . The step response of the system is:
1 + j10π f
 − 
t
1 − 
t

( )
(A) 5 1 − e −5t u ( t ) (B) 5 1 − e 5  u ( t )
 
(C)
1
5
( )
1 − e−5t u ( t ) (D) 1 − e 5  u ( t )
5 
   

50. A 5-point sequence x n is given as

x −3 = 1, x −2 = 1, x −1 = 0, x 0 = 5, x 1 = 1.

( )
Let X e jω denote the discrete-time Fourier transform of x n. The value of
π

∫ ( )
X e jω dω is:
−π

(A) 5 (B) 10π (C) 16π (D) 5 + j10π

0.5
51. The z-transform X  z  of a sequence x n is given by X  z  = . It is given
1 − 2 z −1
that the region of convergence of X  z  includes the unit circle. The value of x 0
is:
(A) -0.5 (B) 0 (C) 0.25 (D) 0.5

52. A control system with a PD controller is shown in the figure. If the velocity error
constant Kv = 1000 and the damping ratio ζ = 0.5, then the values of
KP and K D are:
100
r ∑ KP + KD s s ( s + 10 )
+
−

(A) KP = 100, KD = 0.09 (B) KP = 100, KD = 0.9

(C) KP = 10, KD = 0.09 (D) KP = 10, KD = 0.9
 5
53. The transfer function of a plant is T ( s ) = . The second-order
( s + 5) ( s2 + s + 1)
approximation of T ( s ) using dominant pole concept is:

1 5 5 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
( s + 5 ) ( s + 1) ( s + 5 ) ( s + 1) s + s +1
2
s + s +1
2

1
54. The open-loop transfer function of a plant is given as G ( s ) =. If the plant is
s −1 2

operated in a unity feedback configuration, then the lead compensator that an

stabilize this control system is:
10 ( s − 1) 10 ( s + 4 ) 10 ( s + 2 ) 2 ( s + 2)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
s+2 s+2 s + 10 s + 10

55. A unity feedback control system has an open-loop transfer function

K
G (s) = . The gain K for which s = −1 + j1 will lie on the root locus
(
s s2 + 7s + 12 )
of this system is:
(A) 4 (B) 5.5 (C) 6.5 (D) 10

56. The asymptotic Bode plot of a transfer function is as shown in the figure. The
transfer function G ( s ) corresponding to this Bode plot is:

1 G ( jω ) ( dB )
(A)
( s + 1) ( s + 20) 60
-20 dB/decade
1
(B)
s ( s + 1) ( s + 20 ) 40

-40 dB/decade
100 20
(C)
s ( s + 1) ( s + 20 )
0 20
100 ω
(D)
s ( s + 1) (1 + 0.05s ) 0.1 1 10 100

-60 dB/decade

57. The state space representation of a separately excited DC servo motor dynamics
is given as
 dω 
 dt   −1 1  ω   0 
 =    +  u
 dia   −1 −10 ia  10
 dt 

10 1 10s + 10 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
s + 11s + 11
2
s + 11s + 11
2
s + 11s + 11
2
s + s +1
2
58. In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion can be reduced by
(A) decreasing the step size (B) decreasing the granular noise
(C) decreasing the sampling rate (D) increasing the step size

59. The raised cosine pulse p ( t ) is used for zero ISI in digital communications. The
sin 4π Wt
expression for p ( t ) with unity roll-off factor is given by p ( t ) = .
(
4π Wt 1 − 16W 2t 2 )
1
The value of p ( t ) at t = is:
4W
(A) -0.5 (B) 0 (C) 0.5 (D) ∞

60. In the following scheme, if the spectrum M(f) of m ( t ) is as shown, then the
spectrum Y ( f ) of y ( t ) will be: cos (2π Bt )

m(t)
M(f)

+
∑ y(t)
+

f
-B 0 +B Hilbert
transformer
sin (2π Bt )

Y(f) Y(f)
(A) (B)

f f
-B 0 +B -2B -B 0 +B +2B

M(f)
Y(f)
(C) (D)

f
-2B -B 0 +B +2B
f
-B 0 +B

61. During transmission over a certain binary communication channel, bit errors
occurs independently with probability p. The probability of AT MOST one bit in
error in a block of n bits is given by
(C) np(1 − p) + (1 − p)
n−1
(D) 1 − (1 − p )
n n
(A) pn (B) 1 − pn

62. In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 KHz bandwidth using TDMA. A
GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth. Assuming a frequency
1
reuse factor of , i.e. a five-cell repeat pattern, the maximum number of
5
simultaneous channels that can exist in one cell is:
(A) 200 (B) 40 (C) 25 (D) 5
63. In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate is 1.2288 ×106 chips per
second. If the processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 100, the data rate
(A) Must be less than or equal to 12.288 ×103 bits per sec
(B) Must be greater than 12.288 ×103 bits per sec
(C) Must be exactly equal to 12.288 ×103 bits per sec
(D) Can take any value less than 122.88 ×103 bits per sec.

64. An air-filled rectangular waveguide has inner dimensions of 3 cm × 2 cm. The

wave impedance of the TE20 mode of propagation in the waveguide at a
frequency of 30 GHz is (free space impedance η0 = 377Ω )
(A) 308 Ω (B) 355 Ω (C) 400 Ω (D) 461 Ω

ur
65. The H field (in A/m) of a plane wave propagating in free space is given by
ur
µ 5 sin  ω t − β z + π  .
µ 5 3 cos (ω t − β z ) + y
H = x
η0 η0  2 

The time average power flow density in Watts is:
η0 100 50
(A) (B) (C) 50η02 (D)
100 η0 η0

ur
66. The E field in a rectangular waveguide of inner dimensions a × b is given by
ur ωµ  π   2π x 
2

 sin (ω t − β z ) y
E = 2   H0 sin  µ
h  a  a 
Where H0 is a constant, and a and b are the dimensions along the x-axis and the
y-axis respectively. The mode of propagation in the waveguide is:
(A) TE20 (B) TM11 (C) TM20 (D) TE10

67. A load of 50Ω is connected in shunt in a 2-wire transmission line of Z0 = 50Ω as

shown in the figure. The 2-port scattering parameter matrix (S-matrix) of the
shunt element is:

Z0 = 50Ω 50Ω Z0 = 50Ω

 1 1   1 2   1 3
− 2 2  0 1  − 3 3   4 −
4
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 1 1
−  1 0  2 − 1 − 3 1 
 2 2  3 3   4 4 

68. The parallel branches of a 2-wire transmission line are terminated in 100Ω and
200Ω resistors as shown in the figure. The characteristic impedance of the line is
λ
Z0 = 50Ω and each section has a length of . The voltage reflection coefficient
4
Γ at the input is:
 7 λ
(A) − j
5 4
λ 100Ω
−5 4
(B) Z0 = 50Ω
7
5 Z0 = 50Ω
(C) j
7
Z0 = 50Ω
5 200Ω
(D) Γ
7
λ
4

λ λ0
69. A dipole is kept horizontally at a height of
above a perfectly conducting
2 2
infinite ground plane. The radiation pattern in the plane of the dipole
ur
( )
E plane looks approximately as
y y
(A) (B)

z z

y
y

(C) (D)
z

70. A right circularly polarized (RCP) plane wave is incident at an angle of 60° to the
normal, on an air-dielectric interface. If the reflected wave is linearly polarized,
the relative dielectric constant ε r 2 is:
Linearly
polarized
RCP

60° 60°

air ε r1 = 1

dielectric εr2

θt

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 3

 Common Data Questions

Common Data for Questions 71, 72, 73

The figure shows the high-frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of

a Metal/Si O2 /silicon (MOS) capacitor having an area of 1 × 10−4 cm2. Assume that
the permittivities (ε0ε r ) of silicon and Si O2 are 1 × 10−12 F/cm and 3.5 × 10−13
F/cm respectively. C

7pF

1pF
V
0

71. The gate oxide thickness in the MOS capacitor is:

(A) 50 nm (B) 143 nm (C) 350 nm (D) 1 µm

72. The maximum depletion layer width in silicon is

(A) 0.143 µm (B) 0.857 µm (C) 1 µm (D) 1.143 µm

73. Consider the following statements about the C-V characteristics plot:
S1: The MOS capacitor has an n-type substrate.
S2: If positive charges are introduced in the oxide, the C-V plot will shift to the
left.
Then which of the following is true?
(A) Both S1 and S2 are true (B) S1 is true and S2 is false
(C) S1 is false and S2 is true (D) Both S1 and S2 are false

Common Data for Questions 74, 75

Two 4-ray signal constellations are shown. It is given that φ1 and φ2 constitute an
orthonormal basis for the two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in
N0
both the constellations are equiprobable. Let denote the power spectral
2
density of white Gaussian noise.
φ2 φ2

2a a

φ1 φ1
−2 2a 0 −a 0 a

−a
− 2a

Constellation 1 Constellation 2
74. The ratio of the average energy of Constellation 1 to the average energy of
Constellation 2 is:
(A) 4a2 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 8

75. If these constellations are used for digital communications over an AWGN
channel, then which of the following statements is true?
(A) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is lower
(B) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is higher
(C) Probability of symbol error is equal for both the constellations
(D) The value of N0 will determine which of the two constellations has a lower
probability of symbol error.

Linked Answer Questions: Q.76 to Q.85 Carry Two Marks Each

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 76 & 77

Consider the Op-Amp circuit shown in the figure.

R1

R1
−
Vi Vo
+
R
C

76. The transfer function Vo ( s ) Vi ( s ) is:

1 − sRC 1 + sRC 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 + sRC 1 − sRC 1 − sRC 1 + sRC

77. If Vi = V1 sin (ω t ) and Vo = V2 sin (ω t + φ ) , then the minimum and maximum values
of φ (in radians) are respectively
−π π π −π
(A) and (B) 0 and (C) -π and 0 (D) and 0
2 2 2 2

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 78 & 79

An 8085 assembly language program is given below.

Line 1: MVI A, B5H
2: MVI B, 0EH
3: XRI 69H
4: ADD B
5: ANI 9BH
6: CPI 9FH
7: STA 3010H
8: HLT
78. The contents of the accumulator just after execution of the ADD instruction in line
4 will be
(A) C3H (B) EAH (C) DCH (D) 69H

79. After execution of line 7 of the program, the status of the CY and Z flags will be
(A) CY = 0, Z = 0 (B) CY = 0, Z = 1 (C) CY = 1, Z = 0 (D) CY = 1, Z = 1

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 80 & 81

Consider a linear system whose state space representation is x&( t ) = Ax ( t ) . If the

1
initial state vector of the system is x ( 0 ) =   , then the system response is
 −2 
 e −2 t  1
x (t ) =   . If the initial state vector of the system changes to x ( 0 ) =   ,
−2t
 −2e   −1
 e −t 
then the system response becomes x ( t ) =  .
 −e−t 

80. The eigenvalue and eigenvector pairs ( λi ,ν i ) for the system are

  1    1    1    1 
(A)  −1,    and  -2,    (B)  −1,    and  2,   
  −1   -2    −1   -2 
  1    1    1    1 
(C)  −1,    and  -2,    (D)  −2,    and 1,   
  −1   -2    −1   -2 

81. The system matrix A is:

 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 −1 1  −1 −2   −1 −1  −2 −3

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 82 & 83

An input to a 6-level quantizer has the probability density function f ( x ) as shown

in the figure. Decision boundaries of the quantizer are chosen so as t maximize
the entropy of the quantizer output. It is given that 3 consecutive decision
boundaries are ‘-1’, ‘0’ and ‘1’.

f(x)

x
-5 -1 0 1 5
82. The values of a and b are:
1 1 1 3
(A) a = and b = (B) a = and b =
6 12 5 40
1 1 1 1
(C) a = and b = (D) a = and b =
4 16 3 24

83. Assuming that the reconstruction levels of the quantizer are the mid-points of the
decision boundaries, the ratio of signal power to quantization noise power is:
152 64 76
(A) (B) (C) (D) 28
9 3 3

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 84 & 85

In the Digital-to-Analog converter circuit shown in the figure below,

VR = 10 V and R = 10k Ω.

R R R 2R
i
VR

2R 2R 2R 2R

−
Vo
+

84. The current i is:

(A) 31.25 µA (B) 62.5 µA (C) 125 µA (D) 250 µA

85. The voltage Vo is:

(A) -0.781 V (B) -1.562 V (C) -3.125 V (D) -6.250 V