THE ELDORET NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

MECHANICAL AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

PROJET TITLE: DESING AND FABRICATION OF A WASTE OIL

COOKING STOVE

NAME: BUYAKI SHEILLA MAKORI

INDEX:

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN

PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD DIPLOMA AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERING

YEAR: 2023

SERIES: JULY
 DECLARATION

This research project is my original work and has not been presented for any award of
diploma in any other institution.

NAME: SHEILLA B MAKORI

SIGN: …………………………. DATE: ………………………

APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR

This research project has been submitted for exhibition with my approval as the college

supervisor:

NAME: MANFRED GITHINJI

Signature……………………………………………Date………………….

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DEDICATION

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 ABREVIATIONS

LDO Light Diesel Oil

WLO Waste Lubrication Oil

LHV Lower Heating Value

HFO Heavy Fuel Oil

BTE Brake Thermal Efficiency

BMEP Brake Mean Effective Pressure

BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

DLF Diesel Like Fuel

PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls

EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation

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 CONTENTS

DECLARATION..............................................................................................................................

DEDICATION................................................................................................................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................

1.0 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT....................................................................................................

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................

1.3 LIMITATION OF THE MACHINE......................................................................................

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................

LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................

2.1 SURVEY DATA....................................................................................................................

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................

METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................

RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.........................................................

4.0 RESULTS...........................................................................................................................

4.1 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................................

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................

APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................

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 ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to waste oil stove in which waste oil is supplied into a
combustion chamber to form an oil reservoir, and air is supplied to the oil surface of the oil
reservoir by forced convection to burn the waste oil. In recent years, by using animal waste
such as beef tallow, vegetable properties such as soybeans, and mineral waste oil such as
lubricating oil, insulating oil, and engine oil instead of expensive kerosene, heating costs
required for house cultivation etc. In order to reduce this, a waste oil stove with a special
structure that can use waste oil as fuel is known. Here, the ignition point of such waste oil is
higher than that of kerosene, and there are many impurities contained in the waste oil, which
is inferior in combustibility as it is, so the structure of the waste oil stove is conventionally in
the combustion chamber. A technique for supplying a large amount of air onto waste oil that
burns through the burner is made by arranging a burner having a large number of air ejection
holes. The air is forcibly blown from the air blowing holes toward the waste oil by using a
blower, and the amount of oxygen on the waste oil is increased to increase the combustibility
of the waste oil, so that the waste oil is completely burned.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND

Any petroleum-based oil that is unfit for use after performing its intended purpose and has
lost its original qualities is considered waste oil. Large amounts of lubricating products are
used in our automobiles, generators, farm machinery and industrial operations, necessitating a
solution to the problem of what to do with them when their useful life is up (Yemi, Amain,
& Ajoko, 2022).

Kenya’s population is directly increasing the industrial development and consumption of

energy throughout the country. This causes an imbalance in energy demand and supply
leading to face the country energy poverty which simultaneously being more dependent on
importing the resources in turn increasing the taxation of every product. So, the foremost
goal of Kenya is overcome this energy crisis. The possible solution to eradicate energy crisis
is to move towards renewable resources but it has few hard-core drawbacks, so that can be
overcome by shifting to the best solution resource recovery program (Madhusudan, Vismay
& Gururaja, 2017).

According to energy logic (2023), waste oil is generally defined as any type of refined crude
oil or synthetic oil that can no longer perform its intended use. Oils are used for a variety of
industrial and manufacturing processes such as lubrication, hydraulics, buoyancy, and heat
transfer. Through these uses thermal breakdown occurs and contaminants, like sawdust, dirt,
dust, metal shavings, and salt, gradually accumulate in the oils.

Although waste oil has been contaminated, it can still be collected, refined, recycled, and
used again. So instead of ending up in a landfill or in our waterways, waste oil can be used
for other industrial processes and as an innovative energy source.

Resource recovery also provides a benefit for energy supply, since residential and
commercial refuse can be used as fuels. Used oil is obtained in large quantity by routinely
changed engine oil, used cooking oil, waste hydraulic oil. This rejected product has certain
properties similar to petroleum distillates and is a non-renewable energy source. Managing
the waste has a better understanding of the economic benefits and technological advances that
makes the used oil as a dependable source of heat and efficient. Burning used engine oil to
obtain free heat in an eco-friendly way to interact with one of the industries major pollutions.

1
By switching a used product into a valuable fuel, it helps to consume national energy source
and protect water and soil resources from oil pollution.

In this design, the air is forcibly blown from the air blowing holes toward the waste oil by
using a blower, and the amount of oxygen on the waste oil is increased to increase the
combustibility of the waste oil, so that the waste oil is completely burned.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Energy insufficiency is a major problem in industrial development of any country. Population

of the world is increasing rapidly and technology is improving rapidly. This has in turn put
pressure on the world energy demand. Existing energy sources cannot sustain the energy
requirement due to their limited nature and the growth of SMEs which require substantial
amount of energy.

According to Pollution Prevention Guidelines (2004), WLO are very toxic in nature and with
increase in their generation, careful attention must be given to their disposal. Oil is a form of
pollution that harms plants and animals, Damages Rivers, groundwater and soil as well as
destroying natural habitat and drinking water supplies. It is the most commonly reported type
of water pollution that 6 causes over 16% of all pollution incidents annually. WLO are
usually contaminated with Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals or carcinogenic
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and are therefore a health hazard (Kajdas, 2000).
However, burning WLO at temperatures above 8000℃ eliminates formation of most of the
toxic compositions from it since they occur at combustion temperatures of between 750 -
8000℃ (J. Conesa, et al., 2008). Reduction of toxic elements therefore requires design and
fabrication of a WLO combustion system that will achieve combustion temperatures well
above 8000℃. SMEs play a key role in any country’s economy. According to the 2006
economic survey, SMEs sector contributed over 50% of new jobs created in the year 2005 in
Kenya. Despite their significance, statistics show that three out of five SMEs fail within their
first few months of operation. Among the challenges contributing to this failure is the
unreliability and energy shortage for industrial process heating, melting metals, and boiling
water, cooking among others (Bowen, Morara, & Samuel, 2009).

The challenges outlined above require research and exploration of alternative and
supplementary sources of energy for SMEs and also explore safer ways to dispose off WLO.
This research seeks to design an efficient waste oil burner that can be applied to steam

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production and energy generation for process heating in SMEs as well as reduce emissions to
the environment.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the project is to design and fabricate a cooking stove that utilizes the
waste oil.

1.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To create job opportunity by multiply the technology in developing the waste oil
stoves.

2. To design a waste oil cooking stove

1.4 LIMITATIONS

 Recycled oil does not have 100% originality in its application as like virgin oil source.

 Lacking of detailed information about emission and thermal performances of

domestic stoves fueled with waste oil will directly obstruct the development and
promotion of direct combustion technology of waste oil in cooking stove.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study will be focused only on design and manufacturing waste oil cooking
stove.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview

Against the challenges of waste oil disposal and emission associated with its combustion, efforts to
come up with better utilization and disposal methods have been on going. In terms of waste oil
burner designs, ways of collecting and disposing of this waste as well as re-refining processes for its
reuse as lubricant. A lot of WLO is generated from lubrication process and this large quantity is very
important for energy source reserves. This is a readily and cheaply available energy source that can
be utilized for a twofold advantage, energy supplement due to its high energy content and solving its
disposal problem (Gomez-Rico, Martin-Gullon, Fullana, Conesa, & Font, 2003). Handling WLO
poorly poses great threats to human health and the environment (Edward & Pechan, 1993). This
chapter analyzes the processes and challenges associated with WLO collection, disposal, utilization,
waste oil burners and improvements that have been undertaken.

2.2 Properties of Liquid Fuels in General.

Liquid fuels like furnace oils, light diesel oil (LDO), kerosene, and diesel among others are
predominantly used in industrial combustion applications for this combustion to be carried
out effectively and efficiently, various properties of liquid fuels, WLO included, must
beknown. Gomez-Rico, Martin-Gullon, Fullana, Conesa, & Font (2003), tested properties of
WLO and found the chemical composition to be as shown in Table 2.1. From the table, it is
clear that fuel carbon part of WLO takes a greater percentage of its composition. This
justifies the fact that WLO has high energy content and can be used comfortably for energy
generation. Again, the very harmful parts of it (nitrogen and Sulphur) were in trace quantities
and as such were left out in combustion equation even though they still pose great pollution
threats. Its lower heating value (LHV) was found to be 48.17 MJ/kg.

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Table 2.1: Waste Lubrication oil composition

constituents % weight Chemical symbol

carbon 85.35 C
hydrogen 13.25 H2
oxygen 0.09 O2
Nitrogen 0.9 N2
Sulphur 0.46 S
water 0 H 2O
- - CO2
- - SO2
ash 0.5 -

2.3 Sources of Waste Lubrication Oils

A wide variety of crude petroleum can be processed, blended and formulated to produce a
range of products that are used in many areas e.g., lubrication, cutting processes, transmission
and braking systems. Such oils require replacement over time once they have reached their
useful life expectancy. It is from these applications and replacement that waste oils are
generated. Waste oils are generated in service stations, garages, new car dealer showrooms
and automotive fleet service areas in the automotive sector. Such oils are highly flammable
and contain toxic ingredients as well. A Major and continuing source of waste oil in this
sector is from lubrication many transformers which are integral components in power
generation, transmission and distribution use oil as internal coolant. These transformers and
capacitors use oils with low water absorption properties suitable for electrical insulation and
heat transfer. This also offers an added insulation and protection against arcing. These oils are
normally replaced after a long time but when this is done, waste oil is generated (World
Energy Council, 2013). Other sources of waste oil are from lubrication of machinery used in
mining processes.

Figure 2.1 illustrate various sources of waste lubrication oil as generated (World Energy
Council, 2013). Figure 2.1 shows the WLO generated from all engine-run equipment and
hydraulic machines. This indicates that WLO results from many facilities utilized in day-to-
day operations and hence there can never be a shortage of WLO at any given moment

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Figure 2.1: Facilities Generating Waste Oils

2.4 Utilization of Waste Lubrication Oils for Energy Generation

There exist many ways by which waste lubrication oils can be utilized. WLO can be
reprocessed, reclaimed and regenerated into base oil to produce base oil with same
lubrication quality. One gallon (3.8 kg) of WLO can be re-refined into 2.3 kg of base
lubrication oil. Similarly, WLO can be reprocessed into fuel for furnaces, or power plants to
generate electricity for homes, schools and businesses (Durrani, 2013). Durrani (2013)
argues that one liter of WLO contains about 8000 kJ of energy which is sufficient to light a
100 watts bulb for 24 hours or even to operate a 1000 watts electric water heater for 2 hours.
This implies that waste lubrication oils are potential energy generators for process heat
required in workshops, foundry, hotels and restaurants.

Uses of Waste Lubrication Oils Currently, WLO are utilized in many areas some of which are
not accepted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Each of the
individual application has its own drawbacks which may render it inappropriate in
application. Some of these applications are discussed as follows: WLO can be used as fuel in
cement and lime kilns, in brick works and metallurgical furnaces (Vest, 2000). High
combustion temperatures and absorption properties of cement, lime and clay destroy
hazardous hydrocarbons while heavy metals Sulphur and chlorides are absorbed. However,
modern plants are equipped with sophisticated gas cleaning systems that minimize other

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possible air pollution effects making the method very expensive. WLO can also be used for
co-firing in a boiler where 10 - 25% of it is mixed with heavy fuel oil (HFO) to serve as a
fuel supplement in a boiler. Vorapot, Worapon, Bunyarit, Porntip, & Prasert, (2009),
investigated heat recoveries from waste lubricants and found that they could efficiently be
burned in many types of boilers and burners. It was established that a heating boiler fueled by
waste lubricants offered great benefit in terms of cost saving for transportation and disposal
of these wastes as well as the required fuel for the boiler. However, before mixing waste
lubricants with HFO, water and suspended solids in them must be removed first and this
gives rise to an additional process before combustion. This application also comes with other
combustion problems like burner fouling, higher particulate emission, and ash residue and
combustion emissions (CO, SOx and NOx). Heino Vest, (2000) mixed unrefined WLO in
small quantities with diesel fuel and used it in CI engines. Results showed that power
generated was slightly lower than that generated with pure diesel and the process also added a
lot of impurities to the diesel fuel thus increasing combustion emissions. Heino Vest also
found out that WLO could be used as timber protecting agent. This is a very common
practice in most African countries where fencing posts and roofing timber are soaked in used
oil to resist termite attack. This provides an avenue for WLO to leach into underground water
as well as to destroy soil. Oil concentration as low as one part per million (ppm) can
contaminate drinking water (UNEP, 2012). This is a practice that further contributes to
environmental pollution and has potential of affecting health of plant and animals. It is
essential that appropriate disposal mechanisms (like burning under controlled parameters to
generate heat energy and control emissions) are embraced. WLO can be burned in space
heaters to heat rooms like garages, workshops, and green 14 houses among others. Giovanna,
Khlebinskaia, Lodolo, & Miertus, (2003), explains that this route of disposal of WLO has not
been taken in large scale by many countries except in UK where burning of WLO accounts
for disposal of approximately 200 kilotonnes annually. Giovanna further states that special
standalone space heaters must be designed for this purpose so as to minimize combustion
emission. This disposal method provides an economic heating source especially when the
waste oil is disposed off at the point of generation. However, the method has negligible
application in tropical regions since space heating and cooling are not major problems in
these areas. Other applications include using re-refined WLO as fuel in internal combustion
engines (ICEs) without any form of blending. Orphan, Recep, & Zeki (2010) and Pritinika &
Murugan (2013), separately examined the use of Waste oils as an alternative fuel in a single
cylinder, four-stroke, air cooled, naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine at different

7
speeds. Various engine performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake
mean effective pressure (BMEP), torque (T) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)
were tested. Results showed a marginal increase in the BTE, BMEP and torque but a
marginally low BSFC compared to that of a normal diesel fuel. However, before using WLO
as fuel it had to be re-refined through a complex pyrolytic distillation process which
recovered 80% of it as useful fuel and the other 20% rejected as residue. This fuel had to be
separated again to light and heavy fuels according to characteristics and distillation test
results and these fuels were named Gasoline like fuel (GLF) and Diesel like fuel (DLF)
respectively. From engine test results, DLF generated more SOx, NOx and CO to the
environment compared to normal diesel fuel. This application has some drawbacks such as
increasing level of harmful emissions even though it addresses energy shortage (Jelena,
Aleksandar, Michael, Jovan, & Dejan, 2006). WLO oil can as well be re-refined and reused
for lubrication purposes in refineries similar to the ones for refining crude oil. Basel
convention. Secretariat of the Basel Convention and the United Nations Environment
Programme, (2002), recommended subjecting WLO to regeneration processes including steps
for separation of heavy metals, combustion byproducts and substances arising from original
use e.g. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
which are the main contaminants in WLO prior to reuse for lubrication. The removed
contaminants become part of waste streams that must be disposed off in an environmentally
sound manner in accordance to the relevant environmental legislation and standards. This
process is lengthy and quite expensive and is therefore not economically viable. The re-
refined WLO possess inferior lubricating properties like viscosity which affect their
performance. In some countries like Botswana, it is reported that WLO are smeared on cattle
to act as protective medicine against ticks and in other countries they are sprayed on the
ground to suppress dust (Vest, 2000). This method is not friendly to the environment and
health in general. Finally, Waste oil may be used to produce hydrogen and light hydrocarbons
as gaseous fuel by pyrolysis in a heated microwave. Shiung, Alan, Chern, Ki, & Howard
(2012), pyrolysed waste automotive engine oil in a continuous stirred bed reactor using
microwave energy as the heat source. 41% of gases were recovered which were found to
contain up to 86% concentrations of light aliphatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons in these
gases could among other applications be reformed to produce hydrogen for use as a second-
generation fuel. WLO was mixed with a highly microwave absorbent material like
particulate-carbon that absorbed microwave energy to generate sufficient thermal energy
required to achieve the temperatures needed for extensive pyrolysis to occur. Results showed

8
that hydrogen content of the waste oil was nearly twice the amount available from wood
biomass and about 3% higher than that of vegetable oils. This 16 demonstrates that additional
hydrogen components exist in WLO and their combustion would further increase the energy
content compared to that of biomass fuel. However, substantial amounts of pyrolysis gases
were only produced at temperatures above 350℃. At 350℃ and below, only small amounts
of the pyrolysis gases were observed and no pyrolysis oils were observed after 1 hour of
reaction. A higher temperature is supposed to enhance cracking of hydrocarbons into smaller
molecules to yield more pyrolysis gases but the reverse was observed at temperatures
between 500 and 550℃. This was because the volume increase that accompanied the phase
change from liquid to gas created an increase of pressure that drove pyrolysis volatiles out of
the reactor. Also, the small residence time due to higher temperatures in the microwave
decreased waste oil cracking thereby yielding more oil than gaseous fuel. Apart from the
problem of more oil generation than gaseous fuel, this is a very important fuel generation
process through gasification. This therefore is an area requiring further research to open up
more heat energy generating sources.

2.4.1 Re-refining and Recycling of WLO

Lubricants possess properties like viscosity, volatility, thermal and oxidative stability; load
carrying ability, solubility and other physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Additive
properties are also added to lubricants by incorporating special additives such as corrosion
inhibitors, rust preventives, extreme pressure agents, oxidation inhibitors among others
(Naveed, et al., 2012). WLO collected contain both physical and chemical impurities thus
require re-refining before recycling (Gabor, Laszlo, Jeno, & Jeno, 2010). They can be
recycled by reusing after treatment, blending with base engine oils for use as lubricant, fuel
for boilers among others. Due to the increasing necessity for environmental protection
coupled with the strict environmental legislation, disposal and recycling of WLO must be
carried out in accordance with United States EPA requirements. A brief summary of WLO
re-refining processes is presented as: Acid-clay used oil refining process where Jelena,
Aleksandar, Michael, Jovan, & Dejan (2006), mixed waste lube oil with concentrated
sulphuric acid to remove most of the impurities. The process was not able to reduce Sulphur
concentration low enough to produce desired base oil group for lubrication (Magazine, 2012).
Another method is the Vaxon-Process where Gabor, Laszlo, Jeno, & Jeno (2010), used
chemical treatment, vacuum distillation and solvents to refine WLO. However, the major
challenge of the process was that the cracked end products contained Sulphur that required

9
further treatment to reduce Sulphur content which complicated the whole process (Veronique
& Eric, 2001). Vacuum distillation and hydro-treatment of waste oils are energy demanding
processes due to the high overpressures, deep vacuums and high temperatures involved
making the process costly (Jelena, Aleksandar, Michael, Jovan, & Dejan, 2006).

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

The methodology proposed in this work gives the contextual framework for the research and
comprises of the material selection, detail design as well as the performance evaluation.

3.1 Thermo-Chemical Properties of the Waste Oil

The analysis of the thermo-chemical properties of the waste oil was carried out and the result
is shown in Table 3.1

Table 3.1: Thermo-chemical properties of the waste oil

property value

Flash point 112℃

Fire Point 143℃

Calorific 38000Kj/kg

Viscosity 68cs

Density 714kg/m3

Specific Gravity 0.724

Source: (Yemi, Amain, & Ajoko, 2022)

3.2 Design of the Blower

Inadequate and improper supply and control of air are major causes of failures in gasifiers.

Blowers and fans are turbo machines widely used in present industrial and domestic life. It is
important to recognize that the design of such turbo machine is an interdisciplinary process,
involving aerodynamics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, stress analysis, vibration analysis,
the selection of materials, and the requirements for manufacturing (Bleier, 2013). The
principles involved in the design of a blower is similar to that of a centrifugal pump except

11
for the fact that the term “centrifugal pump” is often associated with liquid as its working
fluid, while the blower is meant to work on air. The blower can therefore be described as a
device, which converts “driver” energy to kinetic energy in a fluid by accelerating it to the
outer rim of a revolving device known as an impeller. The impeller, driven by the blower
shaft adds the velocity component to the fluid by centrifugally casting the fluid away from
the impeller vane tips (Adekunle, Olawale, Dalyop, & Abimbola, 2008).

Impeller is the most important part of the blower components because of the fact that its
performance inadvertently determines the blower’s performance. An impeller is essentially a
disk-shaped structure with vanes that create the actual suction in a blower. The impeller is
always placed directly onto the shaft of the electric motor so that it spins at a very high speed.
The effects of centrifugal force acting upon the spinning air within the impeller create the
suction.

Several researches have been conducted across the world, on the design and performance of
fans, blowers (Adekunle, Olawale, Dalyop, & Abimbola, 2008).

3.0.1 Materials and methods

3.0.1.1 Theoretical Design Calculations

Proper sizing of blowers involved the determination of many system factors and prioritizing
them into requirements versus preferences. Some of these factors were the static pressure that
the blower must overcome, the required average air flow volume, the shape and direction of
the desired air flow, space limitations, audible noise allowances, available power, efficiency,
air density, and cost. Air flow and static pressure, along with available power considerations
are generally the most critical for blower designs. These three addresses the fundamental
questions on how much air is needed and what is it going to cost in system power to get it.

Basically, the major parameters determined while designing a blade on the blower are shown
in the figure 1.

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Figure 1: Descriptive view of major components and parts of a blower
(Adekunle, Olawale, Dalyop, & Abimbola, 2008).

The blower provides the necessary airflow that is needed for the
gasification of the fuel.
Blowers are usually available in AC or DC. The blower to be used should
be capable enough to
overcome the pressure exerted by the fuel. Thus, the amount of air
needed for gasification needs to be calculated.

On an average, 2.5 m3 of oil vapor at standard temperature and pressure (S.T.P.). In this
process consumes about 1.5 m3 of air for combustion. For complete combustion of wood
about 4.5 m3 of air are required.

3.3 Burners

3.3.1 Background

Environmental regulations and current energy crisis are increasingly driving the high demand
for development of low-pollutant emissions and high-efficiency industrial and domestic
combustion systems. Various types of burners and combustion systems have been studied and
developed for industrial and domestic applications (Lee, Kum, & Lee, 2011). Process heaters
pose unique challenges for burner designers. Unlike most other process equipment, they
13
employ a lot of parameters to operate properly and efficiently. Some of these parameters
affecting burner operation and combustion emissions include: fuel composition, process
chemistry (reactions), operating conditions e.g temperatures, pressures, excess Oxygen, firing
rates, among others (Baukal, Hayes, Grant, Singh, & Foote, 2004). A prior knowledge of
these parameters is required to be able to design an oil burner that will optimize combustion
and heat energy generation. A part from these parameters, flame type knowledge is required
in burner designs. Mathew (2014) observed that combustion under high temperatures and
pressures emits nitrogen dioxide which is a reddish brown gas and this contributes greatly to
the formation of ground level Ozone and acid rain. Investigations performed on fuel
combustion have shown that there are two important groups of influential parameters: fuel
type and burner characteristics. The most important conclusions of these investigations are
that each fuel type requires a defined burner for its combustion and concrete operating
parameters for optimal work (Repic, Eric, Djurovic, Marinkovic, & Zivkovic, 2012).

There exist two main types of burner categorized according to the type of fuel burnt:

Fuel oil burners and gas burners. A fuel oil burner is a device used to burn oil in heating
appliances like boilers, furnaces, water heaters among other appliances. Such burners can be
pressure atomizing gun type, horizontal or vertical rotary type, or mechanical or natural draft
vaporizing type.

In most oil burners, oil is supplied under pressure to an atomizing nozzle to produce a fine
cone-shaped spray and to which air is added by a motor-driven fan. As the cone-shaped spray
emerges from the nozzle, ignition is initiated by an electric spark to start the burner. In
commercial-industrial types of burners, heavier fuel oil that requires mechanical atomization
is used. Several types of burners have been developed in the past depending on fuel used and
purpose. These include: - gas burners, oil burners, coal burners and wood burners. Bunsen
burner is the most frequently used gas burner in domestic gas boilers but it has two major
challenges. Firstly, if thermal efficiency is increased to improve heat exchange rate,
incomplete combustion and soot accumulation in the heat exchanger may occur due to flame
instability resulting from fallen condensed water generated on the heat exchanger surface.
Secondly, combustion chamber size increases due to increased flame length. Bunsen burner
releases relatively high NOx emissions resulting from an increase in residence time in the
high-flame temperature zone compared to that of premixed flame (Lee, Kum, & Lee, 2011).

14
3.3.2 Gas Fuel Burners

These types of burners use gaseous fuels. In many cases the burner and heat exchanger are
separate and this has posed a number of challenges concerning the construction of air supply
system and the necessity to insulate hot air piping. This led to the development of a
recuperative burner which is compact equipment assembled in one body with burner, heat
exchanger and the stack. This design sought to reduce NOx emission and air preheat
temperatures through Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) which helped in reduction of
combustion temperatures thereby reducing thermal NOx and air preheat temperatures as well.
Park, Chung, Kim, & Kim, (1998) studied design of a recuperative burner and its effect as far
as the stated problems were concerned. They mainly studied nozzle design and the aspect of
gas/air mixing and stability. The gas nozzle was made using heat-resistant steel alloy while
the main body was made of mild steel.

3.4 WATER BOILING TEST

3.4.1 Introduction and Background

The Water Boiling Test (WBT) is a simplified simulation of the cooking process. It is
intended to help stove designers measure how efficiently a stove uses fuel to heat water in a
cooking pot and the quantity of harmful emissions produced while cooking. Benefits and
limitations of the WBT The WBT test for efficiency can be performed throughout the world
with simple equipment. (If emissions are measured, more complex equipment is required.) Its
primary benefits are:

 Provide an initial assessment of stove performance

 Compare the effectiveness of different designs at performing similar tasks

 Evaluate stove changes during development

 Select the most promising products for field trials

 Ensure that manufactured stoves meet design specifications

The Water Boiling Test is the most controlled of three tests that were developed to assess
stove performance, and thus it is probably the least like local cooking. Although the WBT is a
useful tool for the reasons given above, it’s important to remember its limitations. It is only

15
an approximation of the cooking process and is conducted in controlled conditions by trained
technicians. Laboratory test results might differ from results obtained when cooking real
foods with local fuels, even if efficiency and emissions were measured in exactly the same
way for both tests. In order to confirm that stove projects are having the desired impact
(whether it is fuel conservation, smoke reduction, or both), the stoves must be measured
under real conditions of use.

3.4.2 Interpretation of Water Boiling Test measures

An excellent stove will have good measures of efficiency, emissions, and other performance
such as time-to-boil. Intermediate stoves may not perform as well in one of these categories.
It is up to the stove program to determine which measures are most critical to its success, and
to communicate these priorities to testers and designers. The stove program should also
indicate who is qualified to perform the test, because results may vary with tester experience.

3.5 Emission testing

This basic testing protocol includes Instructions for measuring carbon monoxide (CO),
particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations in the stove’s exhaust. You
may also choose to measure other pollutants. There are many ways to measure PM. For real-
time measurements, the instruction “Begin emission measurement” means “Begin recording
the particulate matter measurement.” For filter-based measurements, the same instruction
means “Turn on flow to the particulate matter filter.” Both CO and CO 2 are measured in real-
time, so the instruction means “Begin recording the emission measurement.” Likewise, “End
emission measurement” means “Stop recording the emission measurement” or “Turn off flow
to the particulate matter filter.”

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.0 RESULTS

Performance variables Traditional stove Improved stove Waste oil

cookstove

Weight of fuel used

Total operating time to

consume fuel

Specific fuel consumption

The water boiling test conducted gave the following results:

Mass of fuel used (kg) 0.5kg

Time taken to completely burn 12.5min

Boiling point of water 94℃

17
Time taken to boil 1litre of water 2.5sec

Heat absorbed=1 ×4.2 × ( 94−25 )=289.8 kJ

289.8
stove power= =115.9 kw
2.5

Water Boiling Test results were relatively consistent with those of other studies, despite the
differences in protocol. Thermal efficiencies of most stoves were within the 15-30% range,
although firepower of our stove was several kW less than other studies of improved wood
burning stoves. It is important to note that while our study did not perform emissions testing
of improved stoves, other studies have validated the relationship between fuel savings and
lower emissions. Visser (2005) validates the reliability of water boiling tests to predict in-
field fuel and emissions reductions (Visser 2005). Regardless, further research is still
necessary to confirm that improved stoves do deliver on these reductions in the contexts
where they are employed. In addition to the Water Boiling Tests, the GACC has also
developed Kitchen Performance Tests which assess the efficiencies and emissions of
improved or clean stoves during household use

18
4.1 CONCLUSIONS

19
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

20
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 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: BUDGET

ITEM COST (ksh)

Blower, 3000rpm, 700w 2500

Solar panel, 100W 9500

Solar battery, 12V, 70AH 7500

DC Voltage regulator, 5-37V. ; 2-20A 900

Metal can (old refrigeration can) 700

Pipes: 0.75inches diameter, 30cm long 150

0.5inches diameter, 20cm long

50

Elbow, 0.75inches 50

Stand pipe, GI, 10cm long 50

Gas tap, 0.75inches 100

Union, 0.75inches 50

Square tube 0.75inches, 20ft 800

Waste oil for testing, 5litres 250

Miscellaneous 200

Total 2275022800

24
25
APPENDIX II: DRAWING OF THE ASSEMBLED STOVE

26