SA IAS ACADEMY

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Prelims
Test Series
GENERAL GEOGRAPHY test
STUDIES
Topics: -
Climatology

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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)

GENERAL GEOGRAPHY
TEST
STUDIES

Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

INSTRUCTION
1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD
CHECK THAT THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR
MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS, ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. Please note that it is the candidate’s responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number carefully
without any omission or discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR Answer Sheet. Any
omission/discrepancy will render the Answer Sheet liable for rejection.
3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the test booklet
in the Box provided alongside. DO NOT writes anything
else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 100 items (questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises
four responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In
case you feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best.
In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet Provided. See directions in the
Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet in response to various items in the Test Booklet, you have
to fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your Admission
Certificate.
8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has
concluded, you should hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away
with you the Test Booklet
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
10. Penalty for wrong answers:
THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.
(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a
wrong answer has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question
will be deducted as penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of
the given answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that
question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for
that question.

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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
1. Consider the following statement about troposphere. Choose the correct answer using the code given below.
1. The average height of troposphere is 20 km at the a) 1 ,3 and 4 only b) 2,3 and 4 only
poles. c) 1 and 4 only d) 1,2 and 3 only
2. At the top of troposphere , temperature is 80°c.
3. Thickness of troposphere is higher at the poles. 7. Consider the following statement about the extra
Choose the incorrect statement using the code given tropical cyclone.
below. 1. In temperate cyclone, the isobars are circular in
a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 only shape.
c) 1 and 2 only d) All of the above 2. It formed over both land and sea.
3. Temperate cyclones are derive energy from air mass
2. Consider the following statement about heating and temperature contrast.
cooling of atmosphere. Choose the incorrect statement using the code given
1. The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of below.
air is called convection. a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only
2. The process of vertical heating of the atmosphere is c) 1 and 3 only d) None of the above
know as advection .
Choose the incorrect statement using the code given 8. What are the following conditions are required for the
below. origin of the tropical cyclone?
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above 1. Large sea surface with temperature higher than 27° C.
2. Presence of the Coriolis force.
3. Consider the following statement about solar 3. large variations in the vertical wind speed.
insulation received by earths surface. 4. Upper divergence above the sea level system.
1. 1.Maximum insolation received over the equatorial Choose the correct answer using the code given below.
region. a) 1,2 and 4 b) 2 and 4 c) 1,2 and 3 d) All of the above
2. At the same latitude the insulation is more over the
ocean than the continents. 9. Consider the following statement about Coriolis force.
Choose the correct statement using the code given below. 1. The Coriolis force is inversely proportional to the
a) 1 only b) 2 only angle of latitude.
c) Both 1 and 2 2. It is maximum at the equator.
d) None of the above 3. Strong Coriolis force presence made high frequency of
cyclones near equator.
4. Consider the following statement about stratosphere. Choose the incorrect statement using the code given
1. Stratosphere is extremely dry and having no clouds. below.
2. Ozone is found in this layer. a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 and 3 only
3. Stratosphere is stratified and non convective in c) All of the above d) None of the above
nature.
Choose the correct statements using the code given 10. Consider the following statement about tropical
below. cyclone.
a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only 1. The cyclones, which cross 25°N latitude generally,
c) 1 and 2 only d) All of the above recurve.
2. The tropical cyclone moves faster than temperate
5. Consider the following statement about dust particles. cyclone.
1. The higher concentration of dust particles found in Choose the incorrect statement using the code given
equatorial regions. below.
2. Dust particles are hygroscopic in nature. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above
Choose the correct statement using the code given below.
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above 11. Consider the following statement.
1. The actual amount of water vapour present in the
6. Which of the following factors influence the pattern of atmosphere known as the relative humidity.
planetary wind? 2. The percentage of moisture present in the atmosphere
1. Latitudinal variation of atmospheric heating. as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature
2. Distribution of continents and oceans ,known as absolute humidity.
3. Emergence of pressure belt Choose the incorrect statement using the code given
4. Revolution of earth below.
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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above 3. In mist, each nuclei contains a thicker layer of
moisture.
12. Which of the following type of condensation take Choose the correct statement using the code given below.
place in stable air? a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only
1. Dew 2. Clouds 3. Rime 4. Frost c) All of the above d) None of the above
Choose the correct answer using the code given below.
a) 1,2 and 3 only b) 2 and 4 only 19. On June 21 every year, which of the following
c) 2 ,3 and 4 only d) 1,3 and 4 only latitude(s) experience(s) a sunlight of more than 12
hours?
13. Consider the following statement about nimbus 1. Equator 2. Tropic of Cancer
cloud. 3. Tropic of Capricorn 4. Arctic Circle
1. Nimbus clouds are white , look like cotton wool. Select the correct answer using the code
2. These clouds are shapeless masses of thick air vapour. given below:
Choose the correct statement using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above
20. Consider the following statements:
14. Which of the following are not correctly matched? Statement- I: Thickness of the troposphere at the
1. Cirrus – High cloud equator is much greater as compared to poles.
2. Altocumulus – Middle cloud Statement-II: At the equator heat is transported to great
3. Nimbostratus – low cloud heights by strong convection currents.
Choose the correct answer using the code given below. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only above statements?
c) All of the above d) None of the above (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Statement-II explains Statement-I
15. Consider the following statement about temperature (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but
inversion. Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
1. Surface inversion promotes instability in the lower (c) Statement-I in correct, bot Statement- II is incorrect
layers of the atmosphere. (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- II in correct
2. Temperature inversion is common phenomena in
polar region throughout the year. 21. With reference to the Earth’s atmosphere, which one
Choose the correct statement using the code given below. of the following statements is correct?
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above (a) The total amount of insolation received at the equator is
roughly about 10 times that received at the poles.
16. Which of the following are not correctly matched? (b) Infrared rays constitute roughly two thirds of insolation.
1. Willy-willies – Western Australia (c) Infrared waves are largely absorbed by water vapour that
2. Typhoons – Atlantic is concentrated in the lower atmosphere.
3. Hurricanes – Western Pacific (d) Infrared waves are a part of the visible spectrum of
Choose the correct answer using the code given below. electromagnetic waves of solar radiation.
a) 1 only b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only d) None of the above 22. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the
year normally occurs in the:
17. Which of the following statement is correct about (a) First half of the month of June
rainfall? (b) Second half of the month of June
1. Orographic rainfall is caused by barrier effect of (c) First half of the month of July
mountain. (d) Second half of the month of July
2. Convectional rainfall is caused by formation of fronts.
Choose the correct answer using the code given below. 23. On 21st June, the Sun:
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None of the above (a) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle.
(b) does not set below the horizon at the Antarctic Circle.
18. With reference to mist and fog, consider the (c) shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator.
following statements. (d) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn.
1. Mists are frequent over plain region.
2. Fogs are drier than mist . 24. Consider the following:
1. Sleet 2. Drizzle 3. Mist 4. Haze
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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
How many of the above phenomena are considered as a (d) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that
form of precipitation? does not explains Statement-I
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four
29. Consider the following statements:
25. With reference to Distribution of Rainfall across the 1. The Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf and
world, consider the following statements: the Gulf of Oman.
1. Rainfall generally decreases as one moves away from 2. Bab el Mandeb Strait connects the Gulf of Aden and
the equator towards the poles. the Red Sea.
2. The rainfall is more over the landmasses than on the 3. Socotra Island is located in the Red Sea.
oceans of the world. 4. The Gulf of Aqaba connects Jordan with the Red Sea.
3. Inland regions of continents tend to experience higher How many of the above statements are correct?
rainfall as compared to coastal areas. (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 only (d) 1 and 3 only 30. Consider the following:
1. Cumulo-nimbous 2. Stratus 3. Cirro-cumulus
26. On which day of the year, Tropic of Capricorn 4. Nimbo-stratus 5. Strato-cumulus
receives direct rays of the sun and experiences longer How many of the above are generally categorized as high
days and shorter nights? clouds?
(a) 22nd December (b) 21st March (a) Only two (b) One three (c) Only four (d) All five
(c) 23rd September (d) 21st June
31. Regarding Black Sea, which of the following
27. With reference to different types of cloud, consider statements are true?
the following statements: 1. It is bordered by Italy, Ukraine and Russia.
1. Nimbus clouds are shapeless masses of thin vapour 2. One of Europe’s largest rivers, the Danube empties
which are formed at very high altitudes. into Black sea.
2. Cirrus are thin and detached white clouds. 3. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the
3. Cumulus clouds exist in patches and they have a flat Bosporus Strait.
base. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
4. Stratus clouds are generally formed due to mixing of (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
air masses of different temperatures or due to loss of (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
heat.
How many of the above statements are correct? 32. Consider the following statements:
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four Statement-I :
Polar Jet streams are strongest during winters in both
28. Consider the following statements : the northern and southern hemisphere.
Statement-I: Statement-II :
Coriolis Force deflects the wind to the right direction in During winters, the thermal contrast decreases and the
the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern intensity of the high pressure center at the pole
hemisphere. increases.
Statement-II: Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
The revolution of the earth is the primary cause of the above statements?
direction of the wind. (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Statement-III: Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
latitude. Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
above statements? (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(a) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct and both
of them explain Statement-I 33. Consider the following pairs:
(b) Both Statement-II and Statement- III are correct, but Desert : Country
only one of them explain Statement-I 1. Gibson : Australia
(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that 2. Atacama : Chile
explains Statement-I 3. Taklamakan : Mongolia

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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
How many of the pairs given above are correctly 1. Cyclonic system is fueled by the release of the latent
matched? heat of condensation.
(a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs 2. The eye of the cyclone has the lowest pressure but the
(c) All three pairs (d) None of the pair highest temperature.
3. Wall Cloud Zone is a wide zone which constitutes the
34. With reference to the Marine West Coast Climate, most hazardous zone of a tropical cyclone.
consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. It receives precipitation all round the year. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
2. It can be found in Southern Chile and New Zealand. (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. It experiences extreme temperatures with freezing
winters and humid summers. 40. “It is found only in the northern hemisphere and
How many of the statements given above are correct? only in two regions. It is characterized by cold, dry
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None winters and warm, wet summers. Winter temperatures
are below freezing-point and snowfall is quite natural.
35. Consider the following statements: Summers are as warm as the tropics. Lumbering is the
1. Atmospheric conduction process is primarily limited most common activity here. It is also called the Eastern
to the troposphere. Margin climate.”
2. Atmospheric advection creates diurnal weather Which of the following climate is best described in the
variations in the middle latitudes. above description?
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Tundra climate (b) Mediterranean climate
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Humid Continental climate (d) Laurentian climate

36. Consider the following statements with reference to 41. Consider the following statements about
Tropical Easterly Jet Streams: Temperature Inversion:
1. It causes the reversal in upper air circulation. 1. Temperature inversion occurs when the normal lapse
2. The advent of easterly jet streams is held responsible rate is reversed.
for the burst of the monsoon in India. 2. Surface inversion promotes stability in the lower
3. It does not extend beyond 15°N latitude in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
atmosphere. 3. Air drainage is a type of temperature inversion that
How many of the above statements are correct? occurs in hilly regions.
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None
37. Match the following
Local Winds Region 42. Consider the following statements:
A. Bora 1. Europe 1. Nearly half of the solar insolation is absorbed by the
B. Harmattan 2. Africa surface of earth.
C. Norther 3. Australia 2. Snow and ice-covered areas have higher albedo than
D. Brickfielder 4. Gulf of Mexico the upper clouds.
Select the correct answer from the code given below: Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) A-1; B-2; C-3; D-4 (b) A-4; B-3; C-2; D-1 (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) A-1; B-2; C-4; D-3 (d) A-2; B-1; C-4; D-3
43. Consider the following statements about the
38. With reference to Dew Point, consider the following Mediterranean climate:
statements: 1. It is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild,
1. Dew point must be higher than freezing point for the rainy winters.
formation of dew. 2. The annual precipitation ranges between 35-90 cm.
2. The ideal conditions for dew formation are clear sky 3. It is primarily influenced by the subtropical high
and calm air. pressure belt throughout the year.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only

39. With reference to Cyclones, consider the following 44. Consider the following pairs:
statements: Sea : Bordering Country
1. Baltic Sea : Sweden
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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
2. Red Sea : Egypt 1. The extra tropical cyclones affect a much larger area
3. Caspian Sea : Afghanistan as compared to the
4. Mediterranean Sea : Spain tropical cyclone.
How many of the pairs given above are correctly 2. They generally move from west to east and are
matched? notably active during the winter
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four months.
3. The examples of extra tropical cyclones include
45. Consider the following statements: blizzards and Nor'easters.
1. Rainfall generally decreases steadily from the equator How many of the statements given above is/are
towards the poles. incorrect?
2. Coastal areas receive more rainfall than the interiors (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None
of continents.
Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect? 50. With reference to inversion of temperature, which of
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 the following statements is/are correct?
1. A long winter night with clear skies is ideal for
46. With reference to Taiga climate, consider the temperature inversion.
following statements: 2. The inversion of temperature occurs in hills and
1. It is characterized by very cold winters and cool mountains due to air drainage.
summers. Select the answer using the code given below:
2. It stretches across central Canada and parts of (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Scandinavian Europe.
3. It is mainly made up of coniferous forest and trees 51. Consider the following statements:
such as larches, spruces and birches. 1. The Mediterranean agriculture is practiced by only
How many of the statements given above are correct? countries in Europe and North Africa at present.
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None 2. The largest region of commercial dairy farming is
Canada followed by New Zealand and Tasmania.
47. Assertion: The Equator receives comparatively less 3. Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the
insolation than the tropics. Mediterranean region.
Reasoning: The winds are not deflected with great force How many of the statements given above are correct?
at the equator due to (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None
absence of Coriolis force.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the 52. The terms ‘Milpa’, ‘Conuco’ and ‘Ladang’ are
above statements? related to which of the following?
(a) Both assertion and reasoning are true and reasoning is (a) Traditional rice varieties (b) Nomadic herding
the correct explanation (c) Shifting cultivation (d) Volcano eruptions
of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reasoning are true but reasoning is 53. Consider the following statements:
not the correct 1. The South America is connected to North America by
explanation of assertion. the Isthmus of Panama.
(c) Assertion is true but reasoning is false. 2. The population of South America is more than twice
(d) Assertion is false but reasoning is true. that of Europe.
3. The river basins of South America include Amazon,
48. “In mountainous regions, during the day the slopes Orinoco, and Paraguay.
get heated up and air moves upslope and to fill the How many of the statements given above is/are
resulting gap the air from the valley blows up the incorrect?
valley”. (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None
The above statements describe the characteristics of
which of the following? 54. Consider the following water bodies :
(a) Gradient wind (b) Katabatic wind 1. Baltic Sea 2. Black Sea 3. Gulf of Guinea 4. Red Sea
(c) Monsoon wind (d) Anabatic wind The Prime Meridian passes through how many of the
above water bodies?
49. With reference to extra tropical cyclones, consider (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four
the following statements:

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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
55. The days are always longer than nights at the 1. It induces low-pressure systems in the lower layers of
equator because of the atmosphere.
(a) The sun shines more than twelve hours over the equator 2. It originates due to a temperature gradient caused by
(b) Earth’s atmosphere causes the Sun’s rays to bend the mixing of warm air from the tropics and cold polar
(c) Earth's axial tilt and the equatorial position air.
(d) Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun 3. It is formed all over the world except Alaska
and the Arctic polar regions.
56. On 21st March and 23rd September, the Sun: 4. It is beneficial for rabi crops in north India.
(a) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Cancer Which of the statements given above are correct?
(b) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic circle (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) shines vertically overhead at noon at the Equator
61. Consider the following statements:
57. Consider the following statements: Statement-I:
Statement-I: Tropical cyclones are not formed near the equator.
The doldrums are known as the zone of calm. Statement-II:
Statement-II: At the equator, the zero Coriolis force causes winds to
At doldrums, horizontal air movement is absent due to blow perpendicular to the isobars.
excessive heating. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
above statements? (a) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and
(a) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and Statement–II explains Statement–I
Statement–II explains Statement–I (b) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but
(b) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but Statement–II does not explain Statement–I
Statement–II does not explain Statement–I (c) Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect
(c) Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect (d) Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct
(d) Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct
62. Consider the following statements:
58. In which of the following atmospheric layers 1. The lowest annual radiation rates in the high latitudes
temperature increases with altitude? are recorded over its oceans.
1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 2. When the sun is close to the horizon, it results in
4. Thermosphere scattering of shorter wavelengths.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: 3. The Equator receives less insolation compared to the
(a) 2 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only tropics.
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
59. Consider the following statements: (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Statement-I:
A long winter night with clear skies and still air is an 63. Which of the following factors are responsible for
ideal situation for temperature inversion. controlling the temperature distribution on the Earth?
Statement-II: 1. Latitude 2. Altitude
Clear skies allow for maximum radiative cooling and 3. Distance from the sea 4. Presence of ocean currents
still air prevents atmospheric mixing. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
above statements? (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(a) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and
Statement–II explains Statement–I 64. With reference to the formation of dew, consider the
(b) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but following statements:
Statement–II does not explain Statement–I 1. It is the moisture that forms as a result of
(c) Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect condensation.
(d) Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct 2. It is more likely to form in humid regions compared to
arid areas.
60. Consider the following statements with reference to 3. For the formation of dew, a dew point must be below
the Western Disturbances (WD): freezing point.
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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only Statement–II explains Statement–I
(b) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct, but
65. With reference to the global distribution of rainfall, Statement–II does not explain Statement–I
consider the following statements: (c) Statement–I is correct, but Statement–II is incorrect
1. In general, the rainfall decreases steadily from the (d) Statement–I is incorrect, but Statement–II is correct
equator towards the poles.
2. Coastal areas receive more rainfall than the interiors 69. Consider the following statements regarding the
of continents. formation of clouds:
3. Oceans receive more rainfall than landmasses. 1. Cirrus clouds are always composed of ice crystals.
4. In the tropics, the rainfall decreases from the western 2. Nimbostratus clouds result from the thickening of
margins of continents towards the east. altostratus clouds.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 3. Altostratus clouds are known to produce a halo
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only phenomenon.
(c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 4. Stratus clouds are low-level layers with a fairly
uniform grey or white colour.
66. Consider the following statements with reference to How many of the above statements are correct?
the Extra-Tropical Cyclones: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four
1. They primarily get energy from the horizontal
temperature contrasts in the atmosphere. 70. Consider the following statements:
2. They have their strongest winds near the Earth’s 1. Katabatic winds are driven by temperature
surface. differences, while anabatic winds result from pressure-
3. They develop in the mid and high latitudes, beyond driven convection processes.
the tropics. 2. Anabatic winds occur during the day as a result of
4. Unlike tropical cyclones, they have a clear frontal solar heating, while katabatic winds generally occur at
system. night when surface cooling is greater.
Which of the statements given above are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 4 only
71. Consider the following statements:
67. Which one of the following statements best describes Statement-I:
the difference between absolute and relative humidity? The impact of Roaring Forties is greater in the Southern
(a) Absolute humidity is the actual water vapor in the air, Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.
while relative humidity is the percentage of moisture Statement-II:
relative to the air's maximum capacity at a given The Southern Hemisphere has less landmass as
temperature. compared to the Northern Hemisphere.
(b) Absolute humidity is measured in percentage, while Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
relative humidity is measured in grams per cubic meter. above statements?
(c) Absolute humidity changes with temperature, while (a) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct and
relative humidity remains constant regardless of Statement–II explains Statement–I
temperature. (b) Both Statement–I and Statement–II are correct but
(d) Absolute humidity refers to the maximum amount of Statement–II does not explain Statement–I
water vapor the air can hold, while relative humidity is the (c) Statement–I is correct but Statement–II is incorrect
actual amount of water vapor present in the air. (d) Statement–I is incorrect but Statement–II is correct

68. Consider the following statements: 72. Which of the following is/are vegetation
Statement-I: characteristic/characteristics of Savanna forests:
The greater the movement of air, the greater is the 1. tall grass and short trees
evaporation. 2. umbrella-shaped trees to protect from strong winds
Statement-II: 3. trees with broad trunks for water storage
The movement of air replaces the saturated air with the Select the correct answer using the code given below:
unsaturated air. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
above statements?
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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
73. It is a climate that extends from 30°-50° of latitude 1. During the sea breeze wind blows from the sea to the
mainly on the eastern and western margins of land.
continents. The climate generally has warm summers 2. The land breeze occurs in the night and the wind
with mild winters. This is the most likely description of: blows from the land to the sea.
(a) Tropical monsoon climate (b) Warm temperate climate Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(c) Subtropical desert climate (d) Tropical wet climate a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2

74. Consider the following description: 79. With reference to the trade winds, consider the
1. There are no trees due to permafrost. following statements:
2. Mosses and lichens are sparsely found on bare rocks. 1. The trade winds are those blowing from the equatorial
3. Reptiles and amphibians are almost absent in these high-pressure areas towards the sub-tropical low-
regions. pressure belt.
What is this type of climate? 2. The trade winds from two hemispheres meet near the
(a) Taiga (b) Desert (c) Tundra (d) Savanna equator, and due to convergence, they rise and cause
heavy rainfall.
75. With respect to evaporation, consider the following Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
statements: a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. The highest annual evaporation rates occur in the
subtropical regions of the western North Atlantic and 80. Consider the following statements with respect to
North Pacific due to the influence of ocean currents. tornadoes and
2. Evaporation rates are higher over saltwater than thunderstorms:
freshwater due to the reduced vapour pressure at 1. Thunderstorms mostly occur in areas where the
the water surface. temperature is low and the air has good humidity.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. Tornado is a small-diameter whirling vortex
a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 developed within a convective cloud and in contact with
the ground.
76. Consider the following statements about the pressure Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
belts: a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2
1. The Equatorial Low-Pressure Belt, commonly
referred to as the doldrums, is characterized by 81. Consider the following statements about tropical
extremely calm air movements. cyclones:
2. The Sub-Tropical High-Pressure Belt, where air 1. Tropical cyclones can form over any large body of
subsides and is typically warm and dry, is associated water, including temperate and polar regions.
with the presence of most of the world's deserts in both 2. The Coriolis force is essential for the formation of
hemispheres. tropical cyclones, which is why they do not form near the
3. The Horse latitudes are low pressure belts. equator.
How many of the statements given above are correct? 3. Tropical cyclones are characterized by a steep
a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None pressure gradient, leading to strong winds and torrential
rainfall.
77. Consider the following statements about the Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
'Westerlies': a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only
1. They blow from southwest to northeast in the c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3
northern hemisphere and northwest to southeast in
the southern hemisphere. 82. Consider the following statements about temperate
2. The westerlies that developed in 40° S latitudes is cyclones:
called Furious Forties. 1. Cyclonic systems that develop between 35° and 65°
3. The westerlies of the southern hemisphere are latitudes in both hemispheres are known as temperate
stronger and persistent due to the vast expanse of cyclones.
water. 2. Unlike tropical cyclones, which have a dynamic origin
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? due to the interaction of air masses, temperate cyclones
a) 1, 2 and 3 b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 2 only have a thermal origin and are mainly influenced by
convection.
78. Consider the following statements:

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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
3. Understanding the mechanisms of frontal cyclogenesis 2. At the standard meridian of a country
requires knowledge of air masses and fronts, which are both local and standard times are the same.
crucial for the development of temperate cyclones. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) Only one b) Only two c) All three d) None
88. Consider the following statements with reference to
83. Consider the following statements about fronts in Steppe Climate:
temperate cyclones: 1. The steppe type of climate in both the northern and
1. Frontogenesis is the process where two distinct air southern hemisphere has extreme winter and summer.
masses converge and can lead to the formation 2. The steppe type of climate found in tropical regions of
of temperate cyclones. the world.
2. In the northern hemisphere, frontogenesis is Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
associated with a clockwise rotation due to the Coriolis (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 and 2
force, whereas in the southern hemisphere, it rotates
anti-clockwise. 89. Which of the following is the correct order for lakes
3. A greater temperature contrast between air masses moving from North to South?
results in a thicker frontal zone because the front (a) Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi and Lake
merges more readily. Turkana
4. Fronts usually cause cloudiness and precipitation as (b) Lake Turkana, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and
warm air rises, cools, and condenses. Lake Malawi
How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake
a)Only one b) Only two c) Only three d) All four Turkana
(d) Lake Turkana, Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake
84. Consider the following pairs: Tanganyika
Desert Continent
1. Kalahari desert : Africa 90. Consider the following statements with reference to a
2. Namib desert : South America particular climatic region:
3. Mojave desert : North America 1. The summer is dry and warm, while there is rainfall
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? in winter.
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None 2. Trees have small broad leaves and are widely spaced
leading to the absence of shade.
85. Consider the following statements with reference to 3. This climate favours viticulture and wine production
Savanna Climate: is an economic activity here.
1. Highest temperature in the Savanna climate happens Which of the following climatic regions best reflects the
in the month of May and June in the Northern above-mentioned features?
Hemisphere. (a) Equatorial climate (b) Polar climate
2. Savanna forests are mostly present between tropics on (c) Savanna climate (d) Mediterranean climate
the eastern margins of Africa and western margin of
South America. 91. Consider the following statement with reference to
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? change in atmospheric temperature:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 and 2 Statement I: Temperature in the troposphere and
stratosphere tends to decrease with rise in altitude.
86. Consider the following statements: Statement II: Temperature tends to decrease with height
1. Latitude is the linear distance of a point on the earth's due to heat energy of the sun radiated back from Earth.
surface measured in degrees from the equator. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
2. Longitude is an angular distance, measured in degrees above statements?
along the equator east or west of the prime meridian. (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
87. Consider the following statements with reference to (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
the local time and the standard time: (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
1. The local time changes with the change in the
longitudes.
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 SA IAS ACADEMY UPSC (31/01/2025)
92. Consider the following statements with reference to (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None
the tropical cyclones:
Statement-I: It is extremely rare for tropical cyclones to 97. The term 'doldrums' often heard in geography
form within a few degrees of the equator. roughly corresponds to which of the following regions?
Statement-II: The Coriolis force is negligible at the (a) High-pressure zones in the mid-latitudes
equator. (b) Low-pressure regions near the equator with calm winds
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the (c) Strong winds occurring in the polar regions
above statements? (d) Cyclonic storm systems in the IndianOcean
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 98. This climate occurs along the west coast of continents
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and in subtropical latitudes between 30° - 40° latitudes e.g. —
Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Central California, Central Chile, along the coast in
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect south eastern and south western Australia. These areas
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct come under the influence of sub-tropical high in summer
and westerly wind in winter. Hence, the climate is
93. Consider the following statements with reference to characterised by hot, dry summer and mild, rainy
Tropical Monsoon Climate: winter.
1. Tropical Monsoon Climate receives heavy rainfall Which of the following is best described in the passage
throughout the year. given above?
2. Forests in Tropical Monsoon Climate are usually (a) Tropical Wet and Dry Climate
evergreen forests. (b) Humid subtropical Climates
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) Mediterranean Climate
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Cold Snow Forest Climates

94. In the context of land and sea breezes, consider the 99. Consider the following countries:
following statements: 1. Jordan
1. Land breezes originate from high pressure areas over 2. Morocco
the land and blow 3. Tunisia
towards the sea. 4. Algeria
2. Land breezes are stronger during summer nights than Which of the countries given above share a border with
winter nights. the Mediterranean sea?
3. Sea breezes are strongest during the monsoon season (a) 2, 3 and 4 only
in tropical regions. (b) 2 and 3 only
How many of the statements given above are correct? (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None (d) 1 and 4 only

95. Consider the following statements regarding the cold 100. Consider the following statements:
front: 1. Formation of dew is more likely to take place on a
1. It occurs when a cold air mass moves into a region cloudy night due to high humidity.
occupied by a warmer air mass. 2. Radiation fog forms during winters as cooling of the
2. It leads to the development of cumulus or ground leads to saturation of the air.
cumulonimbus clouds and can trigger thunderstorms. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

96. Consider the following statements regarding ALL THE BEST

orographic rainfall:
1. Orographic rainfall occurs when cold and dry air
moves over a mountain range.
2. Orographic rainfall is responsible for heavy
precipitation on the leeward side of mountains.
3. Anaimalai and Nilgiri ranges provide favourable
conditions for orographic rainfall.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
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