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 JUDE THE OBSCURE

WEBSTER'S KOREAN THESAURUS

EDITION
for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test Preparation

Thomas Hardy

TOEFL, TOEIC, AP and Advanced Placement are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which has
neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
 Jude the Obscure
Webster's Korean
Thesaurus Edition
for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL®, TOEIC®, and AP® Test
Preparation

Thomas Hardy

TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service which
has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
ii

ICON CLASSICS

Published by ICON Group International, Inc.

7404 Trade Street
San Diego, CA 92121 USA

www.icongrouponline.com

Jude the Obscure: Webster's Korean Thesaurus Edition for ESL, EFL, ELP, TOEFL®, TOEIC®, and AP®
Test Preparation

This edition published by ICON Classics in 2005

Printed in the United States of America.

Copyright ©2005 by ICON Group International, Inc.

Edited by Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. (INSEAD); Copyright ©2005, all rights reserved.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

Copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws
and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please
contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants
permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and
academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group
International, Inc.

TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing
Service which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-497-90013-0
 iii

Contents
PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR .......................................................................................... 1
PART FIRST AT MARYGREEN .......................................................................................... 2
I............................................................................................................................................................... 3

II ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
III .......................................................................................................................................................... 15

IV.......................................................................................................................................................... 23
V ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
VI.......................................................................................................................................................... 34
VII......................................................................................................................................................... 42
VIII ....................................................................................................................................................... 51
IX .......................................................................................................................................................... 57

X ........................................................................................................................................................... 64
XI .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
PART SECOND AT CHRISTMINSTER .............................................................................. 79
I............................................................................................................................................................. 80
II ........................................................................................................................................................... 88
III .......................................................................................................................................................... 96
IV........................................................................................................................................................ 103

V ......................................................................................................................................................... 111
VI........................................................................................................................................................ 118
VII....................................................................................................................................................... 128
PART THIRD AT MELCHESTER.................................................................................... 137
I........................................................................................................................................................... 138
II ......................................................................................................................................................... 146
III ........................................................................................................................................................ 150
IV........................................................................................................................................................ 157
V ......................................................................................................................................................... 167

VI........................................................................................................................................................ 174
VII....................................................................................................................................................... 185

VIII ..................................................................................................................................................... 193

IX ........................................................................................................................................................ 203
iv
X ......................................................................................................................................................... 213
PART FOURTH AT SHASTON ....................................................................................... 219
I........................................................................................................................................................... 220
II ......................................................................................................................................................... 229

III ........................................................................................................................................................ 239

IV........................................................................................................................................................ 250
V ......................................................................................................................................................... 262

VI........................................................................................................................................................ 273
PART FIFTH AT ALDBRICKHAM AND ELSEWHERE...................................................... 283
I........................................................................................................................................................... 284

II ......................................................................................................................................................... 290
III ........................................................................................................................................................ 300
IV........................................................................................................................................................ 310
V ......................................................................................................................................................... 320
VI........................................................................................................................................................ 331
VII....................................................................................................................................................... 343

VIII ..................................................................................................................................................... 349

PART SIXTH AT CHRISTMINSTER AGAIN ..................................................................... 357
I........................................................................................................................................................... 358
II ......................................................................................................................................................... 369
III ........................................................................................................................................................ 380

IV........................................................................................................................................................ 395
V ......................................................................................................................................................... 404
VI........................................................................................................................................................ 413

VII....................................................................................................................................................... 421
VIII ..................................................................................................................................................... 429
IX ........................................................................................................................................................ 437

X ......................................................................................................................................................... 446

XI ........................................................................................................................................................ 450
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 458
 Thomas Hardy 1

PREFACE FROM THE EDITOR

Webster’s paperbacks take advantage of the fact that classics are frequently assigned readings in
English courses. By using a running English-to-Korean thesaurus at the bottom of each page, this
edition of Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy was edited for three audiences. The first includes
Korean-speaking students enrolled in an English Language Program (ELP), an English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) program, an English as a Second Language Program (ESL), or in a TOEFL® or
TOEIC® preparation program. The second audience includes English-speaking students enrolled in
bilingual education programs or Korean speakers enrolled in English speaking schools. The third
audience consists of students who are actively building their vocabularies in Korean in order to take
foreign service, translation certification, Advanced Placement® (AP®)1 or similar examinations. By
using the Webster's Korean Thesaurus Edition when assigned for an English course, the reader can
enrich their vocabulary in anticipation of an examination in Korean or English.

Webster’s edition of this classic is organized to expose the reader to a maximum number of
difficult and potentially ambiguous English words. Rare or idiosyncratic words and expressions are
given lower priority compared to “difficult, yet commonly used” words. Rather than supply a single
translation, many words are translated for a variety of meanings in Korean, allowing readers to
better grasp the ambiguity of English, and avoid them using the notes as a pure translation crutch.
Having the reader decipher a word’s meaning within context serves to improve vocabulary
retention and understanding. Each page covers words not already highlighted on previous pages. If
a difficult word is not translated on a page, chances are that it has been translated on a previous
page. A more complete glossary of translations is supplied at the end of the book; translations are
extracted from Webster’s Online Dictionary.

Definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www.websters-online-

dictionary.org. Please send suggestions to [email protected]

The Editor
Webster’s Online Dictionary
www.websters-online-dictionary.org

1 TOEFL®, TOEIC®, AP® and Advanced Placement® are trademarks of the Educational Testing Service

which has neither reviewed nor endorsed this book. All rights reserved.
2 Jude the Obscure

PART FIRST

AT MARYGREEN

"Yea, many there be that have run out of their wits for women, and become
servants for their sakes. Many also have perished, have erred, and sinned, for
women.... O ye men, how can it be but women should be strong, seeing they do
thus?"
--ESDRAS.
 Thomas Hardy 3

The%schoolmaster was leaving the village, and everybody seemed sorry. The
miller at Cresscombe lent him the small white tilted cart and horse to carry his
goods to the city of his destination, about twenty miles off, such a vehicle
proving of quite sufficient size for the departing teacher's effects. For the
schoolhouse had been partly furnished by the managers, and the only
cumbersome article possessed by the master, in addition to the packing-case of
books, was a cottage piano that he had bought at an auction during the year in
which he thought of learning instrumental music. But the enthusiasm having
waned he had never acquired any skill in playing, and the purchased article had
been a perpetual trouble to him ever since in moving house.
The rector had gone away for the day, being a man who disliked the sight of
changes. He did not mean to return till the evening, when the new school-
teacher would have arrived and settled in, and everything would be smooth
again.
The blacksmith, the farm bailiff, and the schoolmaster himself were
standing in perplexed attitudes in the parlour before the instrument. The master
had remarked that even if he got it into the cart he should not know what to do
with it on his arrival at Christminster, the city he was bound for, since he was
only going into temporary lodgings just at first.

Korean
bailiff: 집행관, 집사, 법정내의 간수, 보트 레이스. 부단한.
법의 집행관. lodgings: 셋방. perplexed: 당황한, 난처한, 복잡한,
blacksmith: 대장장이, 대장장이의. parlour: 객실, 거실, 응접실, 면회실, 어찌할 바를 모르는, 골치 아픈.
cumbersome: 성가신, 주체스러운, 특별 휴게실, 객실용의, 영업소, 원래 rector: 교장, 총장, 학장, 교구목사,
귀찮은, 방해가 되는, 방해되는, 객실, 원래 객실풍으로 설비한 교구 목사, 수도원장, 신학교 교장,
장애가 되는. 영업소, 클럽 따위의 특별 담화실, 원장, 주임 신부, 교구사제, 학교에서
destination: 목적지, 보낼 곳, 목적, 특별 담화실. 교장.
대상. perpetual: 종신의, 영구한, 끊임없는, schoolhouse: 교사.
furnished: 가구 달린, 구색을 갖춘, 사철 피는, 영구하다, 다년생 식물, schoolmaster: 교사, 도미의 일종,
재고량이 ...한. 부단한, 잔소리 따위 부단한, 교장, 가르치다, 교육 기자재, 남자
lent: 사순절, 케리므브즈 대학 춘계 영속하는, 다년생의, 싸움 따위 교원, 지도자, 교사로서 가르치다.
4 Jude the Obscure

A little boy of eleven, who had been thoughtfully assisting in the packing,
joined the group of men, and as they rubbed their chins he spoke up, blushing at
the sound of his own voice: "Aunt have got a great fuel-house, and it could be
put there, perhaps, till you've found a place to settle in, sir."
"A proper good notion," said the blacksmith.%
It was decided that a deputation should wait on the boy's aunt-- an old
maiden resident--and ask her if she would house the piano till Mr. Phillotson
should send for it. The smith and the bailiff started to see about the
practicability of the suggested shelter, and the boy and the schoolmaster were
left standing alone.
"Sorry I am going, Jude?" asked the latter kindly.
Tears rose into the boy's eyes, for he was not among the regular day scholars,
who came unromantically close to the schoolmaster's life, but one who had
attended the night school only during the present teacher's term of office. The
regular scholars, if the truth must be told, stood at the present moment afar off,
like certain historic disciples, indisposed to any enthusiastic volunteering of aid.
The boy awkwardly opened the book he held in his hand, which Mr.
Phillotson had bestowed on him as a parting gift, and admitted that he was
sorry.
"So am I," said Mr. Phillotson.
"Why do you go, sir?" asked the boy.
"Ah--that would be a long story. You wouldn't understand my reasons, Jude.
You will, perhaps, when you are older."
"I think I should now, sir."
"Well--don't speak of this everywhere. You know what a university is, and a
university degree? It is the necessary hallmark of a man who wants to do
anything in teaching. My scheme, or dream, is to be a university graduate, and
then to be ordained. By going to live at Christminster, or near it, I shall be at
headquarters, so to speak, and if my scheme is practicable at all, I consider that

Korean
admitted: 시인된, 공인된, 명백한. hallmark: 순분 인증 각인, 보증 딱지, 제조업, 짐 꾸리기, 습포, 패킹.
afar: 멀리, 원방에서, 원방에. 순도 검증 각인, 에 각인을 찍다, 에 parting: 이별, 고별, 나누는, 출발,
awkwardly: 어색하게, 꼴사납게, 순도 검증의 각인을 찍다. 분리, 별세, 고별의, 떠나가는, 머리
서투르게, 이상하게. indisposed: 기분이 나쁜, 할 마음이 따위의 가리마, 저물어 가는, 이별의.
blushing: 얼굴이 빨개진, 조심성 내키지 않는, 몸이 좀 아픈, 마음이 practicability: 실제 가능, 실행할 수
있는, 얼굴을 붉힘, 부끄럼을 잘 타는, 내키지 않는, 기분이 언짢은, 싫중난. 있음.
부끄러워함. maiden: 처음의, 아가씨, 처녀, practicable: 실행할 수 있는, 실용에
deputation: 대리 임명, 대표, 대표단, 미혼녀, 미혼의, 소녀, 단두대, 맞는, 통행할 수 있는, 사용할 수
대리임명, 대리 행위, 대리. 단두대... 미혼의, 처녀인, 처녀의. 있는.
enthusiastic: 열광의, 광신적인, packing: 포장, 짐꾸리기, 채워 넣는것, thoughtfully: 생각에 잠겨, 친절히,
열광적인. 통조림 제조, 포장용품, 통조림 생각이 깊게.
 Thomas Hardy 5

being on the spot will afford me a better chance of carrying it out than I should
have elsewhere."
The smith and his companion returned. Old Miss Fawley's fuel-house was
dry, and eminently practicable; and she seemed willing to give the instrument
standing-room there. It was accordingly left in the school till the evening, when
more hands would be available for removing it; and the schoolmaster gave a
final glance round.%
The boy Jude assisted in loading some small articles, and at nine o'clock Mr.
Phillotson mounted beside his box of books and other impedimenta, and bade
his friends good-bye.
"I shan't forget you, Jude," he said, smiling, as the cart moved off. "Be a good
boy, remember; and be kind to animals and birds, and read all you can. And if
ever you come to Christminster remember you hunt me out for old
acquaintance' sake."
The cart creaked across the green, and disappeared round the corner by the
rectory-house. The boy returned to the draw-well at the edge of the greensward,
where he had left his buckets when he went to help his patron and teacher in the
loading. There was a quiver in his lip now and after opening the well-cover to
begin lowering the bucket he paused and leant with his forehead and arms
against the framework, his face wearing the fixity of a thoughtful child's who
has felt the pricks of life somewhat before his time. The well into which he was
looking was as ancient as the village itself, and from his present position
appeared as a long circular perspective ending in a shining disk of quivering
water at a distance of a hundred feet down. There was a lining of green moss
near the top, and nearer still the hart's-tongue fern.
He said to himself, in the melodramatic tones of a whimsical boy, that the
schoolmaster had drawn at that well scores of times on a morning like this, and
would never draw there any more. "I've seen him look down into it, when he
was tired with his drawing, just as I do now, and when he rested a bit before
carrying the buckets home! But he was too clever to bide here any longer-- a
small sleepy place like this!"

Korean
acquaintance: 지식, 알고 있음, 면식, impedimenta: 수하물, 보급품, 전통, 떨다, 전동, 흔들리다.
아는 사람, 잘아는 사람, 익히 알고 방해물, 병참, 장애. quivering: 진동하는, 떨고 있는,
있음, 안면, 숙지, 아는 사인. loading: 짐싣기, 선적, 짐싣기의. 떨리는.
bide: 살다, 기다리다, 멀물다, 참다, lowering: 내려가는, 비천한, sleepy: 졸음이 오는 듯한, 졸린, 너무
때를 기다리다. 저하시키는, 저하, 낮게 하는. 익어 속이 썩기 시작한, 잠자는 듯한,
fern: 양치류. melodramatic: 신파조의, 멜로 졸리는.
fixity: 고정물, 불변성, 영구성, 정착, 드라마식의, 멜로드라마조의, thoughtful: 생각에 잠긴, 주의 깊은,
부동, 정착물. 멜로드라마식의, 연극같은. 인정있는, 사려 깊은, 생각이 깊은,
good-bye: 안녕, 안녕히 가세요, moss: 이끼, 늪, 이끼로덮다, 이탄지, 인정 있는.
안녕히 가십시오, 안녕히 계십시오. 남자 이름. whimsical: 변덕스러운, 별난, 이상한,
greensward: 잔디, 잔디밭. quiver: 떨림, 떨게 하다, 화살통, 진동, 묘한, 기분적인.
6 Jude the Obscure

A tear rolled from his eye into the depths of the well. The morning was a little
foggy, and the boy's breathing unfurled itself as a thicker fog upon the still and
heavy air. His thoughts were interrupted by a sudden outcry:
"Bring on that water, will ye, you idle young harlican!"
It came from an old woman who had emerged from her door towards the
garden gate of a green-thatched cottage not far off. The boy quickly waved a
signal of assent, drew the water with what was a great effort for one of his
stature, landed and emptied the big bucket into his own pair of smaller ones, and
pausing a moment for breath, started with them across the patch of clammy
greensward whereon the well stood-- nearly in the centre of the little village, or
rather hamlet of Marygreen.%
It was as old-fashioned as it was small, and it rested in the lap of an
undulating upland adjoining the North Wessex downs. Old as it was, however,
the well-shaft was probably the only relic of the local history that remained
absolutely unchanged. Many of the thatched and dormered dwelling-houses had
been pulled down of late years, and many trees felled on the green. Above all,
the original church, hump-backed, wood-turreted, and quaintly hipped, had
been taken down, and either cracked up into heaps of road-metal in the lane, or
utilized as pig-sty walls, garden seats, guard-stones to fences, and rockeries in
the flower-beds of the neighbourhood. In place of it a tall new building of
modern Gothic design, unfamiliar to English eyes, had been erected on a new
piece of ground by a certain obliterator of historic records who had run down
from London and back in a day. The site whereon so long had stood the ancient
temple to the Christian divinities was not even recorded on the green and level
grass-plot that had immemorially been the churchyard, the obliterated graves
being commemorated by eighteen-penny castiron crosses warranted to last five
years.

Korean
adjoining: 인접하는, 부근의, 인접한, 및 동남부의 구릉지대. 있는.
이웃의. felled: 경사지는, 함락되는, 공그르는, outcry: 외침, 경매, 떠들썩함, 보다 큰
assent: 동의하다, 승낙하다, 동의, 구르는, 나빠지는, 내려가는, 내리는, 소리로 외치다, 야료하다, 항의.
인정하다, 찬성하다. 넘어가는, 분류되는, 쓰러지는, quaintly: 기묘하게, 색다르게.
castiron: 불굴의, 무쇠로 만든, 견고한, 아래를 향하는. relic: 유물, 유골, 유적, 기념품, 유풍,
융통성 없는. foggy: 흐린, 안개짙은, 빛이새어 유보, 성골, 시체, 잔재, 자취, 유품.
churchyard: 묘지, 구내, 교회묘지, 흐려진, 당황한, 흐릿한, 몽롱한, stature: 발달, 신장 성장, 키, 성장,
교회의 경내. 안개가 지욱한. 성장도.
clammy: 차고 끈적끈적한, 냉습한, graves: 포도주, 그라부산. upland: 고지, 고지에 사는, 고지의,
친친한, 찐득한. hamlet: 작은 마을, 작은 촌락. 산지.
downs: 다운스 정박지, 잉글랜드 남부 hipped: 에 열중한, 우울한, 엉덩이가 whereon: 그 위에, 무엇 위에.
 Thomas Hardy 7

II

Slender%as was Jude Fawley's frame he bore the two brimming house-
buckets of water to the cottage without resting. Over the door was a little
rectangular piece of blue board, on which was painted in yellow letters, "Drusilla
Fawley, Baker." Within the little lead panes of the window--this being one of the
few old houses left--were five bottles of sweets, and three buns on a plate of the
willow pattern.
While emptying the buckets at the back of the house he could hear an
animated conversation in progress within-doors between his great-aunt, the
Drusilla of the sign-board, and some other villagers. Having seen the school-
master depart, they were summing up particulars of the event, and indulging in
predictions of his future.
"And who's he?" asked one, comparatively a stranger, when the boy entered.
"Well ye med ask it, Mrs. Williams. He's my great-nephew--come since you
was last this way." The old inhabitant who answered was a tall, gaunt woman,
who spoke tragically on the most trivial subject, and gave a phrase of her
conversation to each auditor in turn. "He come from Mellstock, down in South
Wessex, about a year ago--worse luck for 'n, Belinda" (turning to the right)
"where his father was living, and was took wi' the shakings for death, and died
in two days, as you know, Caroline" (turning to the left). "It would ha' been a

Korean
animated: 싱싱한, 기운찬, 살아있는, 비교적으로, 다소라도, 비교해 보면. resting: 휴면하고 있는, 휴식하고
생기가 있는. depart: 벗어나다, 출발하다, 떠나다, 있는, 증식하지 않고 있는.
auditor: 청강생, 감사, 방청자, 빗나가다, 세상을 떠나다. stranger: 손님, 제삼자, 낯선 사람,
회계검사관, 듣는 사람, 회계 감사원. gaunt: 무시무시한, 수척한, 여윈, 새로 온 사람, 무 경험자, 모르는
bore: 구멍, 구멍을 뚫다, 쓸쓸한. 사람, 을 쌀쌀하게대하다, 여보세요,
싫증나게하다, 송곳구멍, 밀물, inhabitant: 주민, 거주자, 서식동물. 문외한.
총구멍, 해일, 뚫다, 구멍을 내다, luck: 행운, 불행히도, 운, 불운. tragically: 비극적으로, 비참하게.
구멍이 나다, 따분한 것. med: 지중해. trivial: 하찮은, 평범한, 보잘것 없는,
brimming: 넘쳐흐르는, 넘치게 따른, particulars: 상세. 보통의, 하찮은 일, 진부한.
가득 차게 부은, 넘칠 듯한. rectangular: 직각의, 직사각형의, willow: 버드나무, 솜틀, 솜틀로 틀다,
comparatively: 비교적, 꽤, 상당히, 직4각형의. 크리켓의 배트.
8 Jude the Obscure

blessing if Goddy-mighty had took thee too, wi' thy mother and father, poor
useless boy! But I've got him here to stay with me till I can see what's to be done
with un, though I am obliged to let him earn any penny he can. Just now he's a-
scaring of birds for Farmer Troutham. It keeps him out of mischty. Why do ye
turn away, Jude?" she continued, as the boy, feeling the impact of their glances
like slaps upon his face, moved aside.%
The local washerwoman replied that it was perhaps a very good plan of Miss
or Mrs. Fawley's (as they called her indifferently) to have him with her--"to kip
'ee company in your loneliness, fetch water, shet the winder-shet-ters o' nights,
and help in the bit o' baking."
Miss Fawley doubted it.… "Why didn't ye get the schoolmaster to take 'ee to
Christminster wi' un, and make a scholar of 'ee," she continued, in frowning
pleasantry. "I'm sure he couldn't ha' took a better one. The boy is crazy for
books, that he is. It runs in our family rather. His cousin Sue is just the same-- so
I've heard; but I have not seen the child for years, though she was born in this
place, within these four walls, as it happened. My niece and her husband, after
they were married, didn' get a house of their own for some year or more; and
then they only had one till-- Well, I won't go into that. Jude, my child, don't you
ever marry. 'Tisn't for the Fawleys to take that step any more. She, their only
one, was like a child o' my own, Belinda, till the split come! Ah, that a little maid
should know such changes!"
Jude, finding the general attention again centering on himself, went out to
the bakehouse, where he ate the cake provided for his breakfast. The end of his
spare time had now arrived, and emerging from the garden by getting over the
hedge at the back he pursued a path northward, till he came to a wide and lonely
depression in the general level of the upland, which was sown as a corn-field.
This vast concave was the scene of his labours for Mr Troutham the farmer, and
he descended into the midst of it.
The brown surface of the field went right up towards the sky all round,
where it was lost by degrees in the mist that shut out the actual verge and
accentuated the solitude. The only marks on the uniformity of the scene were a

Korean
bakehouse: 제빵소, 빵집. 시원치 않게. solitude: 고독, 쓸쓸한 곳, 독거, 외딴
centering: 홍예틀, 공을 고올 앞 jude: 유다서, 남자 이름. 곳, 황야.
중앙부로 차보내기, 중심하기. kip: 작은 짐승의 가죽, 하숙, 자다, thee: 너를, 너에게.
concave: 요면, 오목면, 오목한, 무두질한 킵 가죽, 잠자다, 킵 가죽. thy: 그대의.
오목하게 하다, 오목해지다, 요면의, loneliness: 쓸쓸함, 외로움. uniformity: 한결같음, 획일, 균일성,
오목함. niece: 조카딸, 질녀. 고름, 균등, 등질, 일률, 일치, 일정
descended: 유래한, 전해진. northward: 북방, 북을 향하여, 불변.
don't: 금지조항서, 하지마세요. 북쪽으로, 북쪽으로의, 북, 북을향한, verge: 가장자리, 기울다, 경계, 한계,
frowning: 언짢은, 찌푸린 얼굴의, 북으로 향한, 북쪽으로 향해서, 끝, 바싹 다가가다, 에 직면하다, 에
찌푸린얼굴의, 험한. 북쪽으로 향한, 북으로 향해서. 향하다, 접하다, 가, 향하다.
indifferently: 무관심하게, 상당히, pleasantry: 익살, 농담, 기분이 좋음. washerwoman: 세탁부, 여자 세탁부.
 Thomas Hardy 9

rick of last year's produce standing in the midst of the arable, the rooks that rose
at his approach, and the path athwart the fallow by which he had come, trodden
now by he hardly knew whom, though once by many of his own dead family.%
"How ugly it is here!" he murmured.
The fresh harrow-lines seemed to stretch like the channellings in a piece of
new corduroy, lending a meanly utilitarian air to the expanse, taking away its
gradations, and depriving it of all history beyond that of the few recent months,
though to every clod and stone there really attached associations enough and to
spare-- echoes of songs from ancient harvest-days, of spoken words, and of
sturdy deeds. Every inch of ground had been the site, first or last, of energy,
gaiety, horse-play, bickerings, weariness. Groups of gleaners had squatted in the
sun on every square yard. Love-matches that had populated the adjoining
hamlet had been made up there between reaping and carrying. Under the hedge
which divided the field from a distant plantation girls had given themselves to
lovers who would not turn their heads to look at them by the next harvest; and in
that ancient cornfield many a man had made love-promises to a woman at
whose voice he had trembled by the next seed-time after fulfilling them in the
church adjoining. But this neither Jude nor the rooks around him considered. For
them it was a lonely place, possessing, in the one view, only the quality of a
work-ground, and in the other that of a granary good to feed in.
The boy stood under the rick before mentioned, and every few seconds used
his clacker or rattle briskly. At each clack the rooks left off pecking, and rose and
went away on their leisurely wings, burnished like tassets of mail, afterwards
wheeling back and regarding him warily, and descending to feed at a more
respectful distance.
He sounded the clacker till his arm ached, and at length his heart grew
sympathetic with the birds' thwarted desires. They seemed, like himself, to be
living in a world which did not want them. Why should he frighten them away?
They took upon more and more the aspect of gentle friends and pensioners-- the
only friends he could claim as being in the least degree interested in him, for his

Korean
athwart: 에거슬러, 을 가로질러, 하찮은 것, 한 덩이의 흙덩어리. 화려, 화려, 잔치 기분.
어긋나게. corduroy: 코듀로이, 코듀로이 양복, gradations: 순서.
clack: 수다, 딱딱소리나게 하다, 코르덴, 코르덴바지, 코듀로이 바지. granary: 곡창, 곡물창고.
딱딱거리다, 지껄여대다, cornfield: 옥수수밭, 밀밭, 보리밭, meanly: 의미 있는 듯이, 일부러,
꼬꼬댁거리다, 딱딱하는소리, 곡물 밭, 곡물밭. 비열하게, 빈약하게, 상스럽게.
잘짝소리, 지껄여댐, 지껄임, fallow: 유휴하다, 담황색의, 묵히고 populated: 거주시키는.
딱딱하는 소리, 딸깍거리다. 있는, 유휴, 연한 황갈색의, 놀리다, utilitarian: 공리적인, 공리주의의,
clacker: 땡땡이, 달가닥 소리를 내는 경작하지 않은, 연한 회갈색의, 공리주의자, 실용적인.
것, 논밭에서 새를 쫓는 장치. 갈아만 놓고 놀리다, 휴경지, 수양을 weariness: 권태, 싫증, 피로.
clod: 아둔패기, 덩어리, 소의 어깨살, 쌓지 않은. wheeling: 윤전, 노면의 상태, 수레로
바모, 우둔한 사람, 흙덩이, 흙, gaiety: 유쾌, 환락, 쾌활, 법석, 호사 나르기, 자전거 타기.
10 Jude the Obscure

aunt had often told him that she was not. He ceased his rattling, and they
alighted anew.%
"Poor little dears!" said Jude, aloud. "You shall have some dinner-- you shall.
There is enough for us all. Farmer Troutham can afford to let you have some.
Eat, then my dear little birdies, and make a good meal!"
They stayed and ate, inky spots on the nut-brown soil and Jude enjoyed their
appetite. A magic thread of fellow-feeling united his own life with theirs. Puny
and sorry as those lives were, they much resembled his own.
His clacker he had by this time thrown away from him, as being a mean and
sordid instrument, offensive both to the birds and to himself as their friend. All
at once he became conscious of a smart blow upon his buttocks, followed by a
loud clack, which announced to his surprised senses that the clacker had been
the instrument of offence used. The birds and Jude started up simultaneously,
and the dazed eyes of the latter beheld the farmer in person, the great Troutham
himself, his red face glaring down upon Jude's cowering frame, the clacker
swinging in his hand.
"So it's 'Eat my dear birdies,' is it, young man? 'Eat, dear birdies,' indeed! I'll
tickle your breeches, and see if you say, 'Eat, dear birdies,' again in a hurry! And
you've been idling at the schoolmaster's too, instead of coming here, ha'n't ye,
hey? That's how you earn your sixpence a day for keeping the rooks off my
corn!"
Whilst saluting Jude's ears with this impassioned rhetoric, Troutham had
seized his left hand with his own left, and swinging his slim frame round him at
arm's-length, again struck Jude on the hind parts with the flat side of Jude's own
rattle, till the field echoed with the blows, which were delivered once or twice at
each revolution.
"Don't 'ee, sir--please don't 'ee!" cried the whirling child, as helpless under the
centrifugal tendency of his person as a hooked fish swinging to land, and
beholding the hill, the rick, the plantation, the path, and the rooks going round
and round him in an amazing circular race. "I--I sir--only meant that--there was a
good crop in the ground-- I saw 'em sow it--and the rooks could have a little bit
Korean
appetite: 식욕, 욕구, 욕망, 기호. 묻은, 새카만, 잉크로 표를 한, sordid: 더러운, 야비한, 욕심 많은,
breeches: 승마용 바지, 반바지, 잉크묻은, 더러워진, 잉크로 표시를 칙칙한.
승마바지, 바지. 한. sow: 암퇘지, 뿌리다, 에 씨를 뿌리다,
buttocks: 엉덩이, 고물. nut-brown: 밤색의, 소녀의 얼굴 퍼뜨리다, 흩 뿌리다, 씨를 뿌리다, 의
centrifugal: 원심성의, 원심력을 따위가 밤색의, 에일 따위가 밤색의, 원인을 뿌리다, 선철이 흐르는 길, 의
이용하는, 중앙 집권화에서 분리되는, 에일 따위가 적갈색의, 적갈색의, 씨를 뿌리다, 쥐며느리, 원인을
지방 분권적인, 원심의, 원심분리기, 소녀의 얼굴 따위가 적갈색의. 뿌리다.
원심 분리기, 원심력의, 원심 통. rattling: 활발한, 굉장한, tickle: 간질이다, 가볍게 대다, 즐겁게
impassioned: 열렬한, 감격한, 감동한, 덜거덕거리는, 훌륭한, 아주, 성가신, 하다, 재미나게하다, 손으로 잡다,
정열적인. 매우, 딸랑거리는, 대단히, 기운찬, 간질이기, 간질거리다, 간지러움,
inky: 잉크같은, 잉크의, 새까만, 잉크 귀찮은. 간지럽다, 간질간질하다, 간지럼.
 Thomas Hardy 11

for dinner-- and you wouldn't miss it, sir--and Mr. Phillotson said I was to be
kind to 'em--oh, oh, oh!"
This truthful explanation seemed to exasperate the farmer even more than if
Jude had stoutly denied saying anything at all, and he still smacked the whirling
urchin, the clacks of the instrument continuing to resound all across the field and
as far as the ears of distant workers-- who gathered thereupon that Jude was
pursuing his business of clacking with great assiduity--and echoing from the
brand-new church tower just behind the mist, towards the building of which
structure the farmer had largely subscribed, to testify his love for God and man.%
Presently Troutham grew tired of his punitive task, and depositing the
quivering boy on his legs, took a sixpence from his pocket and gave it him in
payment for his day's work, telling him to go home and never let him see him in
one of those fields again.
Jude leaped out of arm's reach, and walked along the trackway weeping-- not
from the pain, though that was keen enough; not from the perception of the flaw
in the terrestrial scheme, by which what was good for God's birds was bad for
God's gardener; but with the awful sense that he had wholly disgraced himself
before he had been a year in the parish, and hence might be a burden to his
great-aunt for life.
With this shadow on his mind he did not care to show himself in the village,
and went homeward by a roundabout track behind a high hedge and across a
pasture. Here he beheld scores of coupled earthworms lying half their length on
the surface of the damp ground, as they always did in such weather at that time
of the year. It was impossible to advance in regular steps without crushing some
of them at each tread.
Though Farmer Troutham had just hurt him, he was a boy who could not
himself bear to hurt anything. He had never brought home a nest of young birds
without lying awake in misery half the night after, and often re-instating them
and the nest in their original place the next morning. He could scarcely bear to
see trees cut down or lopped, from a fancy that it hurt them; and late pruning,
when the sap was up and the tree bled profusely, had been a positive grief to

Korean
bled: 물집의, 거품의. profusely: 풍부하게, 마구, 넘치도록, 재미없는, 점점 무너뜨리다, 수액,
exasperate: 악화시키다, 감정을 통이 크게. 대호를 파다, 짧은 방망이.
자극하다, 더하게 하다, 격노케하다, pruning: 가지치기, 전정, 전지. stoutly: 용감하게, 튼튼하게.
격분시키다. punitive: 형벌의, 벌주는. thereupon: 그위에, 그러므로,
flaw: 돌풍, 금, 결점, 흠, 흠집을 내다, resound: 울리다, 반향하다, 울려 그리하여, 거기서, 그 위에, 그 후
한차례의 폭풍, 금가다, 질풍, 잠시 퍼지다, 널리알려지다, 울다, 즉시.
동안의 폭풍우. 울려퍼지다, 극구 칭찬하다, 떨치다, trackway: 밟아 다져진 길, 도로.
homeward: 귀로의, 본국으로 향해서, 찬양하다, 큰소리로 말하다, 평판이 truthful: 진실의, 성실한, 정직한,
집으로, 집으로 돌아가는, 집쪽으로. 자자해지다. 거짓말 안하는.
misery: 불행, 비참, 빈곤, 고통, sap: 대호, 바보, 생기, 점점 urchin: 소년, 개구쟁이, 선머슴,
정신적 고통, 육체적 고통. 약화시키다, 기운, 시든, 활기 없는 고슴도치, 장난꾸러기, 섬게.
12 Jude the Obscure

him in his infancy. This weakness of character, as it may be called, suggested that
he was the sort of man who was born to ache a good deal before the fall of the
curtain upon his unnecessary life should signify that all was well with him
again. He carefully picked his way on tiptoe among the earthworms, without
killing a single one.%
On entering the cottage he found his aunt selling a penny loaf to a little girl,
and when the customer was gone she said, "Well, how do you come to be back
here in the middle of the morning like this?"
"I'm turned away."
"What?"
"Mr. Troutham have turned me away because I let the rooks have a few
peckings of corn. And there's my wages--the last I shall ever hae!"
He threw the sixpence tragically on the table.
"Ah!" said his aunt, suspending her breath. And she opened upon him a
lecture on how she would now have him all the spring upon her hands doing
nothing. "If you can't skeer birds, what can ye do? There! don't ye look so deedy!
Farmer Troutham is not so much better than myself, come to that. But 'tis as Job
said, 'Now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I
would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my flock.' His father was my
father's journeyman, anyhow, and I must have been a fool to let 'ee go to work
for 'n, which I shouldn't ha' done but to keep 'ee out of mischty."
More angry with Jude for demeaning her by coming there than for
dereliction of duty, she rated him primarily from that point of view, and only
secondarily from a moral one.
"Not that you should have let the birds eat what Farmer Troutham planted.
Of course you was wrong in that. Jude, Jude, why didstn't go off with that
schoolmaster of thine to Christminster or somewhere? But, oh no-- poor or'nary
child--there never was any sprawl on thy side of the family, and never will be!"
"Where is this beautiful city, Aunt--this place where Mr. Phillotson is gone
to?" asked the boy, after meditating in silence.

Korean
ache: 아프다, 아픔, 쑤시다, 갈망하다, 한덩이, 머리, 원뿔꼴의 횐 설탕, 때려 눕히다, 마구 퍼지다, 쭉 뻗다,
간망하다, 통증, 하고 싶어 못 견디다. 시간을 놀며 보내다, 빵의 덩어리. 꼴사납게 뻗어나다, 볼품없이 뻗어
can't: 못 하다. primarily: 첫째로, 주로. 있다, 불규칙하게 넓어짐, 불규칙하게
dereliction: 유기, 태만, 포기. rated: 정격의. 뻗어나다, 불규칙하게 뻗음, 쭉 펴다,
derision: 비웃음, 경멸, 조롱, secondarily: 보좌로서, 종속적으로, 큰 대자로 나가자빠지게 하다.
조소거리. 다음으로, 두번째로, 종적으로, thine: 너의 것.
journeyman: 날품팔이, 직공, 제2로, 제2위로. tiptoe: 발끝, 살그머니, 발끝으로,
숙련노동자, 숙련노 공장. signify: 의미하다, 중대하다, 열심히, 발끝으로 걷다, 살그머니
loaf: 덩어리, 요리의 일종, 예시하다, 나타내다, 중요하다, 의 하는, 주의 깊은, 크게 기대하고 있는,
어정거리다, 빵 한덩어리, 전조가 되다. 발끝으로 서 있는, 발끝으로 선,
놀고지내다, 빈둥거리다, 원뿔꼴의 sprawl: 큰대자로 드러눕다, 큰대자로 발끝으로 걷는.
 Thomas Hardy 13

"Lord! %you ought to know where the city of Christminster is. Near a score of
miles from here. It is a place much too good for you ever to have much to do
with, poor boy, I'm a-thinking."
"And will Mr. Phillotson always be there?"
"How can I tell?"
"Could I go to see him?"
"Lord, no! You didn't grow up hereabout, or you wouldn't ask such as that.
We've never had anything to do with folk in Christminster, nor folk in
Christminster with we."
Jude went out, and, feeling more than ever his existence to be an
undemanded one, he lay down upon his back on a heap of litter near the pig-sty.
The fog had by this time become more translucent, and the position of the sun
could be seen through it. He pulled his straw hat over his face, and peered
through the interstices of the plaiting at the white brightness, vaguely reflecting.
Growing up brought responsibilities, he found. Events did not rhyme quite as
he had thought. Nature's logic was too horrid for him to care for. That mercy
towards one set of creatures was cruelty towards another sickened his sense of
harmony. As you got older, and felt yourself to be at the centre of your time, and
not at a point in its circumference, as you had felt when you were little, you were
seized with a sort of shuddering, he perceived. All around you there seemed to
be something glaring, garish, rattling, and the noises and glares hit upon the
little cell called your life, and shook it, and warped it.
If he could only prevent himself growing up! He did not want to be a man.
Then, like the natural boy, he forgot his despondency, and sprang up. During
the remainder of the morning he helped his aunt, and in the afternoon, when
there was nothing more to be done, he went into the village. Here he asked a
man whereabouts Christminster lay.
"Christminster? Oh, well, out by there yonder; though I've never bin there--
not I. I've never had any business at such a place."

Korean
bin: 큰상자, 저장하다, 정신병원, 쏘아보. rhyme: 운, 시를 짓다, 압운시, 동운어,
포도주 저장소, 큰 상자. heap: 기가 푹 꺽이다, 느닷없이, 많이, 운이 맞다, 운을 달다, 각운, 운문,
brightness: 환함, 머리가 좋음, 빛남. 퍽, 쌓다, 쌓아 올리다, 더미, 매우, 운이 맞게 하다, 암운, 시로 만들다.
circumference: 원주, 주위, 주변, 수북이 담다, 쌓아올리다, 쌓아올린 shuddering: 쭈뼛해지는, 떠는,
주변의 길이, 경계선, 범위, 영역, 것. 몸서리치는.
주변의 거리. hereabout: 이 근처에, 이 근방에. translucent: 반투명의, 투명한,
despondency: 낙담. horrid: 무서운, 지독한. 명백한.
garish: 야한, 번쩍거리는, 화려한. litter: 난잡, 가마, 깔짚, 깃을 깔다, whereabouts: 어디쯤에, 소재, 있는
glaring: 눈부신, 번쩍번쩍 빛나는, 들것, 난잡하게 어지르다, 어수선하게 곳, 행방, 의 장소.
눈에 띄는, 명백한, 흘겨보는, 야한, 흩어진 물건, 잡동사니, 낳다, 쓰레기, yonder: 저기에, 저쪽, 훨씬 저쪽의,
빤한, 현란한, 빤짝빤짝 빛나는, 물건을 흩뜨리다. 저곳에, 저곳에의.
14 Jude the Obscure

The man pointed north-eastward, in the very direction where lay that field in
which Jude had so disgraced himself. There was something unpleasant about
the coincidence for the moment, but the fearsomeness of this fact rather
increased his curiosity about the city. The farmer had said he was never to be
seen in that field again; yet Christminster lay across it, and the path was a public
one. So, stealing out of the hamlet, he descended into the same hollow which
had witnessed his punishment in the morning, never swerving an inch from the
path, and climbing up the long and tedious ascent on the other side till the track
joined the highway by a little clump of trees. Here the ploughed land ended,
and all before him was bleak open down.%

Korean
ascent: 오르막, 오름, 상승, 등산, 세균덩어리. 우묵 들어가다, 힘없는, 우묵 들어간,
사승, 오르막길, 올라감. coincidence: 일치, 부합, 동시에 공복의.
bleak: 으스스 추운, 황량한, 쌀쌀한, 일어난 사건, 동시에 일어남, inch: 인치, 소량, 신장, 조금씩
쓸쓸한, 찬바람 나는, 싸늘한, 동시발생, 동시에일어난 사건, 동시 움직이다, 키, 작은섬, 조금, 강우량
바람받이의, 침체된, 차가운. 발생, 우연히 같이 일어난 사건. 단위, 조금씩 움직이게 하다.
climbing: 기어오르는, 등산, curiosity: 호기심, 골동품, 진기함, pointed: 뾰족한, 가시돋친, 노골적인,
상승하는, 기어 오름, 등산용의, 진기한 것, 신기함, 진기한것. 두드러진, 말씨가 명쾌한, 명쾌한.
등산용의 기어오름, 기어오름. highway: 상도, 간선 도로, 공도, 공로, stealing: 훔침, 도루, 훔친물건.
clump: 군생하다, 쿵쿵 밟다, 밑창을 공로의, 상도의. tedious: 지루한, 장황한.
대다, 밑창, 덩어리, 무거운 발걸음 hollow: 구멍, 우묵한 곳, 공허한, unpleasant: 불쾌한, 불유쾌한,
소리, 수풀, 풀숲, 응집시키다, 쿵쿵, 골짜기, 거짓의, 도려내다, 속이 텅빈, 심술궂은.
 Thomas Hardy 15

III

Not%a soul was visible on the hedgeless highway, or on either side of it, and
the white road seemed to ascend and diminish till it joined the sky. At the very
top it was crossed at right angles by a green "ridgeway"--the Ickneild Street and
original Roman road through the district. This ancient track ran east and west
for many miles, and down almost to within living memory had been used for
driving flocks and herds to fairs and markets. But it was now neglected and
overgrown.
The boy had never before strayed so far north as this from the nestling
hamlet in which he had been deposited by the carrier from a railway station
southward, one dark evening some few months earlier, and till now he had had
no suspicion that such a wide, flat, low-lying country lay so near at hand, under
the very verge of his upland world. The whole northern semicircle between east
and west, to a distance of forty or fifty miles, spread itself before him; a bluer,
moister atmosphere, evidently, than that he breathed up here.
Not far from the road stood a weather-beaten old barn of reddish-grey brick
and tile. It was known as the Brown House by the people of the locality. He was
about to pass it when he perceived a ladder against the eaves; and the reflection
that the higher he got, the further he could see, led Jude to stand and regard it.

Korean
ascend: 오르다, 오르막이되다, 시대가 neglected: 게을리한. semicircle: 반원.
거슬러 올라가다, 올라가다, 에 nestling: 유아, 둥지를 떠나기전의 southward: 남으로부터, 남으로,
오르다, 높아지다, 을 오르다, 새끼, 어린아이, 어린애, 갓 깐 남쪽에, 남쪽으로, 남쪽으로의,
오르막이 되다, 등귀하다, 상향, 병아리, 아직 날지 못하는 새 새끼, 새 남쪽의.
거슬러 올라가다. 새끼. strayed: 길을 잃는.
breathed: 무성음의. overgrown: 너무 크게 자란, 너무 tile: 기와, 기와를 이다, 타일, 하수
diminish: 줄이다, 감소시키다, 줄다. 자란, 전면에 우거진, 지나치게 자란, 토관, 타일을 붙이다, 실크해트, 패,
eaves: 처마. 키가 너무 큰, 전면에무성한, 비밀 지킬 것을 맹세케 하다, 토관,
locality: 장소, 산지, 위치, 현장, 꼴사나운, 볼꼴사나운, 너무커진, 모자.
지방성, 풍습 등의 지방성, 부근, 식물이 너무 무성한, 사람이 너무 weather-beaten: 비바람에 단련된,
소재지. 크게 자란. 비바람에 시달린.
16 Jude the Obscure

On the slope of the roof two men were repairing the tiling. He turned into the
ridgeway and drew towards the barn.%
When he had wistfully watched the workmen for some time he took courage,
and ascended the ladder till he stood beside them.
"Well, my lad, and what may you want up here?"
"I wanted to know where the city of Christminster is, if you please."
"Christminster is out across there, by that clump. You can see it-- at least you
can on a clear day. Ah, no, you can't now."
The other tiler, glad of any kind of diversion from the monotony of his
labour, had also turned to look towards the quarter designated. "You can't often
see it in weather like this," he said. "The time I've noticed it is when the sun is
going down in a blaze of flame, and it looks like--I don't know what."
"The heavenly Jerusalem," suggested the serious urchin.
"Ay--though I should never ha' thought of it myself.... But I can't see no
Christminster to-day."
The boy strained his eyes also; yet neither could he see the far-off city. He
descended from the barn, and abandoning Christminster with the versatility of
his age he walked along the ridge-track, looking for any natural objects of
interest that might lie in the banks thereabout. When he repassed the barn to go
back to Marygreen he observed that the ladder was still in its place, but that the
men had finished their day's work and gone away.
It was waning towards evening; there was still a faint mist, but it had cleared
a little except in the damper tracts of subjacent country and along the river-
courses. He thought again of Christminster, and wished, since he had come two
or three miles from his aunt's house on purpose, that he could have seen for once
this attractive city of which he had been told. But even if he waited here it was
hardly likely that the air would clear before night. Yet he was loth to leave the
spot, for the northern expanse became lost to view on retreating towards the
village only a few hundred yards.

Korean
damper: 현악기의 약음기, 피아노의 heavenly: 하늘의, 천국 같은, 훌륭한, thereabout: 그 근처에, 대략, 그
단음 장치, 난로의 공기 조정판, 흥을 천부의, 거룩한, 근사한, 타고난, 무렵에, 그 당시, 쯤, 그쯤, 그부근에,
깨뜨리는 사람, 기를 꺽는 석, 의기를 천국의, 멋진, 천국과 같이. 그분근처에, 그분근에.
저상시키는 것, 지음기, 축이는 기구. loth: 싫은, 싫어하여. tiler: 집회소 문지기, 타일장이,
designated: 관선의, 지정된. monotony: 단조로움, 단음, 단조. 기와장이, 타일 일하는 사람.
diversion: 견제, 전환, 기분 전환, ridgeway: 산등성잇길. tiling: 기와 이기, 타일, 기와 지붕,
오락, 우회로, 양동 작전, 양동, 견제 strained: 억지의, 팽팽한, 긴박한, 기와, 기와류, 기와지붕, 타일 깔기,
작전, 기분. 긴장한, 긴장된, 억지로 지어낸, 타일붙이기, 타일을 깐 면.
expanse: 팽창, 넓은장소, 넓음, 확장, 부자연스러운. versatility: 다재, 다능, 다예, 융통성
넓게 퍼진 공간, 넓게 퍼진 장소. subjacent: 아래에 있는, 아래의, 밑에 있음.
far-off: 아득히 먼. 있는, 밑의. wistfully: 바라는 듯이.
 Thomas Hardy 17

He ascended the ladder to have one more look at the point the men had
designated, and perched himself on the highest rung, overlying the tiles. He
might not be able to come so far as this for many days. Perhaps if he prayed, the
wish to see Christminster might be forwarded. People said that, if you prayed,
things sometimes came to you, even though they sometimes did not. He had
read in a tract that a man who had begun to build a church, and had no money to
finish it, knelt down and prayed, and the money came in by the next post.
Another man tried the same experiment, and the money did not come; but he
found afterwards that the breeches he knelt in were made by a wicked Jew. This
was not discouraging, and turning on the ladder Jude knelt on the third rung,
where, resting against those above it, he prayed that the mist might rise.%
He then seated himself again, and waited. In the course of ten or fifteen
minutes the thinning mist dissolved altogether from the northern horizon, as it
had already done elsewhere, and about a quarter of an hour before the time of
sunset the westward clouds parted, the sun's position being partially uncovered,
and the beams streaming out in visible lines between two bars of slaty cloud.
The boy immediately looked back in the old direction.
Some way within the limits of the stretch of landscape, points of light like the
topaz gleamed. The air increased in transparency with the lapse of minutes, till
the topaz points showed themselves to be the vanes, windows, wet roof slates,
and other shining spots upon the spires, domes, freestone-work, and varied
outlines that were faintly revealed. It was Christminster, unquestionably; either
directly seen, or miraged in the peculiar atmosphere.
The spectator gazed on and on till the windows and vanes lost their shine,
going out almost suddenly like extinguished candles. The vague city became
veiled in mist. Turning to the west, he saw that the sun had disappeared. The
foreground of the scene had grown funereally dark, and near objects put on the
hues and shapes of chimaeras.
He anxiously descended the ladder, and started homewards at a run, trying
not to think of giants, Herne the Hunter, Apollyon lying in wait for Christian, or
of the captain with the bleeding hole in his forehead and the corpses round him

Korean
discouraging: 낙담시키는, 용기를 고요한 흐름, 타락. 쓰지 않은, 담보가 없는, 덮개가 없는,
꺾는, 실망적인, 신이 안나는, 맥빠진, slaty: 석판색의, 슬레이트의, 석판 노출된, 모자를 쓰지않는, 차페물이
시원찮은. 모양의, 슬레이트색의, 슬레이트같은, 없는, 덮게를 씌우지 않는, 차폐물이
foreground: 전경, 가장 두드러진 슬레이트가많은, 석판쥐빛의. 없는.
지위, 가장두드러진지위, 다중 spectator: 구경꾼, 방관자, 관찰자, unquestionably: 분명히, 의심이 없는,
프로그래밍, 다중 프로그래밍의, 목격자. 의심할 나위 없이, 확실히.
전경의, 최전면, 최전면의. streaming: 흐름, 능력별 학급 편성. veiled: 분명치 않은, 가면을 쓴,
homewards: 집쪽으로. topaz: 황옥, 벌새의 일종. 감추어진, 베일로 덮인, 숨겨진.
lapse: 경과, 추이, 잘못, 실수, transparency: 투명, 투명양화, 투명도, westward: 서방에, 서쪽의, 서쪽,
소멸하다, 폐지, 모르는 사이에 투명 도안, 각하. 서쪽으로 향하는, 서부 제국, 서쪽에,
빠지다, 과실, 물의 고요한 흐름, uncovered: 보험에 들지 않은, 모자를 서쪽으로.
18 Jude the Obscure

that remutinied every night on board the bewitched ship. He knew that he had
grown out of belief in these horrors, yet he was glad when he saw the church
tower and the lights in the cottage windows, even though this was not the home
of his birth, and his great-aunt did not care much about him.%
Inside and round about that old woman's "shop" window, with its twenty-
four little panes set in lead-work, the glass of some of them oxidized with age, so
that you could hardly see the poor penny articles exhibited within, and forming
part of a stock which a strong man could have carried, Jude had his outer being
for some long tideless time. But his dreams were as gigantic as his surroundings
were small.
Through the solid barrier of cold cretaceous upland to the northward he was
always beholding a gorgeous city--the fancied place he had likened to the new
Jerusalem, though there was perhaps more of the painter's imagination and less
of the diamond merchant's in his dreams thereof than in those of the Apocalyptic
writer. And the city acquired a tangibility, a permanence, a hold on his life,
mainly from the one nucleus of fact that the man for whose knowledge and
purposes he had so much reverence was actually living there; not only so, but
living among the more thoughtful and mentally shining ones therein.
In sad wet seasons, though he knew it must rain at Christminster too, he
could hardly believe that it rained so drearily there. Whenever he could get away
from the confines of the hamlet for an hour or two, which was not often, he
would steal off to the Brown House on the hill and strain his eyes persistently;
sometimes to be rewarded by the sight of a dome or spire, at other times by a
little smoke, which in his estimate had some of the mysticism of incense.
Then the day came when it suddenly occurred to him that if he ascended to
the point of view after dark, or possibly went a mile or two further, he would see
the night lights of the city. It would be necessary to come back alone, but even
that consideration did not deter him, for he could throw a little manliness into
his mood, no doubt.
The project was duly executed. It was not late when he arrived at the place of
outlook, only just after dusk, but a black north-east sky, accompanied by a wind

Korean
bewitched: 요술을 거는. incense: 향, 향을 피우다, 분향하다, reverence: 존경, 존경하다, 위덕, 님,
confines: 경계. 아첨, 에 향을 피우다, 아부, 방향, 경례, 숭상, 숭상하다, 신부님, 경의,
cretaceous: 백악기, 백악질의, 향내, 성나게 하다, 노하게 하다, 몹시 위엄, 경계.
백악기의, 백악계의, 백악기 의, 화나게 하다. spire: 가는 줄기, 싹트다, 뾰족탑, 쑥
백악기층. manliness: 사내다운, 남자 같은, 내밀다, 소용돌이, 절정, 첨탑을 달다,
drearily: 쓸쓸하게, 적막하게, 사내다움. 가는 잎, 끝이 가늘고 뾰족한 것,
음울하게, 황량하게. mysticism: 신비주의, 비교, 비밀, 나탑, 돌출하다.
fancied: 공상의, 상상의, 가공의, 신비교. tangibility: 명백, 만져서 알 수 있음,
사육자, 이길 듯싶은, 잘 될 듯싶은, permanence: 영구, 영속, 종신 고용, 실체, 확실.
마음에 든. 종신관, 변하지 않는 사람. therein: 그 속에, 그 점에서, 그
gigantic: 거인 같은, 거대한. persistently: 부득부득. 가운데에.
 Thomas Hardy 19

from the same quarter, made the occasion dark enough. He was rewarded; but
what he saw was not the lamps in rows, as he had half expected. No individual
light was visible, only a halo or glow-fog over-arching the place against the black
heavens behind it, making the light and the city seem distant but a mile or so.%
He set himself to wonder on the exact point in the glow where the
schoolmaster might be--he who never communicated with anybody at
Marygreen now; who was as if dead to them here. In the glow he seemed to see
Phillotson promenading at ease, like one of the forms in Nebuchadnezzar's
furnace.
He had heard that breezes travelled at the rate of ten miles an hour, and the
fact now came into his mind. He parted his lips as he faced the north-east, and
drew in the wind as if it were a sweet liquor.
"You," he said, addressing the breeze caressingly "were in Christminster city
between one and two hours ago, floating along the streets, pulling round the
weather-cocks, touching Mr. Phillotson's face, being breathed by him; and now
you are here, breathed by me--you, the very same."
Suddenly there came along this wind something towards him-- a message
from the place--from some soul residing there, it seemed. Surely it was the sound
of bells, the voice of the city, faint and musical, calling to him, "We are happy
here!"
He had become entirely lost to his bodily situation during this mental leap,
and only got back to it by a rough recalling. A few yards below the brow of the
hill on which he paused a team of horses made its appearance, having reached
the place by dint of half an hour's serpentine progress from the bottom of the
immense declivity. They had a load of coals behind them-- a fuel that could only
be got into the upland by this particular route. They were accompanied by a
carter, a second man, and a boy, who now kicked a large stone behind one of the
wheels, and allowed the panting animals to have a long rest, while those in
charge took a flagon off the load and indulged in a drink round.
They were elderly men, and had genial voices. Jude addressed them,
inquiring if they had come from Christminster.
Korean
addressing: 어드레싱, 어드레스 지정. furnace: 용광로, 시련, 화덕, 몹시 좋아하는, 탐구적인.
caressingly: 달래는 듯하게, 애무하게. 더운 곳, 작열하는곳, 작열하는 곳, liquor: 알코올 음료, 술, 술을 많이
declivity: 하향, 내리막, 내리받이, 어려운 시련의 장소, 난방로, 노, 먹이다, 물약, 용액에 담그다, 독주를
내리받이길. 아궁이. 마시게 하다, 독주를 많이 마시다,
dint: 두들겨 움푹 들어간 곳, 두들겨 genial: 온화한, 다정한, 친절한, 분비액.
움푹 들어간 곳-두들겨서 자국을 쾌적한, 온난한, 턱의, 정다운, parted: 나뉜, 부분으로 나뉜,
내다, 두들겨서 자국을 내다, 타격, 천재의, 생식의. 흐트러진, 갈라진.
움푹 들어간 곳, 힘. halo: 후광, 무리, 영광. serpentine: 사문석, 뱀같은,
flagon: 목이 좁은 병, 큰 포도주 병, inquiring: 알고 싶어 하는, 묻고 싶은 꾸불꾸불한, 음험한, 음흉한, 뱀
술병, 그 한잔분의 용량, 큰 병, 그 한 듯한, 묻는, 미심쩍은, 미심쩍은 듯한, 모양의, 꾸불꾸불 구부러지다, 에스자
잔분의 용량. 알고 싶어하는, 호기심에찬, 캐묻기 곡선, 서펜타인 연못, 뱀춤.
20 Jude the Obscure

"Heaven forbid, with this load!" said they.%

"The place I mean is that one yonder." He was getting so romantically
attached to Christminster that, like a young lover alluding to his mistress, he felt
bashful at mentioning its name again. He pointed to the light in the sky--hardly
perceptible to their older eyes.
"Yes. There do seem a spot a bit brighter in the nor'-east than elsewhere,
though I shouldn't ha' noticed it myself, and no doubt it med be Christminster."
Here a little book of tales which Jude had tucked up under his arm, having
brought them to read on his way hither before it grew dark, slipped and fell into
the road. The carter eyed him while he picked it up and straightened the leaves.
"Ah, young man," he observed, "you'd have to get your head screwed on
t'other way before you could read what they read there."
"Why?" asked the boy.
"Oh, they never look at anything that folks like we can understand," the
carter continued, by way of passing the time. "On'y foreign tongues used in the
days of the Tower of Babel, when no two families spoke alike. They read that
sort of thing as fast as a night-hawk will whir. 'Tis all learning there-- nothing
but learning, except religion. And that's learning too, for I never could
understand it. Yes, 'tis a serious-minded place. Not but there's wenches in the
streets o' nights.... You know, I suppose, that they raise pa'sons there like
radishes in a bed? And though it do take--how many years, Bob?--five years to
turn a lirruping hobble-de-hoy chap into a solemn preaching man with no
corrupt passions, they'll do it, if it can be done, and polish un off like the
workmen they be, and turn un out wi' a long face, and a long black coat and
waistcoat, and a religious collar and hat, same as they used to wear in the
Scriptures, so that his own mother wouldn't know un sometimes.... There, 'tis
their business, like anybody else's."
"But how should you know"
"Now don't you interrupt, my boy. Never interrupt your senyers. Move the
fore hoss aside, Bobby; here's som'at coming.... You must mind that I be a-talking

Korean
alike: 똑같은, 같은, 같게, 같이, 서로 hither: 이쪽의, 여기로, 이리로, 공상적으로.
같은. 여기에. screwed: 나사로 고정시킨,
bashful: 수줍어하는, 수줍은, 수줍다, hoss: 말. 나사모양의, 술 취한, 엉망인, 나사로
내성적인, 부끄럼타는. interrupt: 방해하다, 가로막다, 죈, 술취한, 비뚤어진.
eyed: 눈구멍이 달린, 눈 모양의 중단하다, 중단시키다, 끼어들다, solemn: 엄숙한, 정식의, 격식 차린,
얼룩이 있는, 눈을 한. 일시 정지, 도중에서 방해하다, 신성한, 종교 상의, 진지한, 심각한
forbid: 금하다, 허락지않다, 금지하다, 저지하다. 표정의, 종교상의, 중대한.
방해하다, 하는 일이 절대로 없기를. perceptible: 지각 할 수 있는, 인지할 waistcoat: 조끼, 양복 조끼.
fore: 전면, 전방에-전방, 전방에, 수 있는, 지각할 수 있는. whir: 휙 하다, 윙윙 돌다, 휙 나는
기수에, 이 위험하다, 의 에, 앞쪽, preaching: 설교, 설교하는 것. 소리, 씽 하는 소리, 씽 소리내며
전방, 이물에, 앞 전방의, 앞 앞면의. romantically: 낭만적으로, 날다.
 Thomas Hardy 21

of the college life. 'Em lives on a lofty level; there's no gainsaying it, though I
myself med not think much of 'em. As we be here in our bodies on this high
ground, so be they in their minds-- noble-minded men enough, no doubt--some
on 'em--able to earn hundreds by thinking out loud. And some on 'em be strong
young fellows that can earn a'most as much in silver cups. As for music, there's
beautiful music everywhere in Christminster. You med be religious, or you med
not, but you can't help striking in your homely note with the rest. And there's a
street in the place--the main street--that ha'n't another like it in the world. I
should think I did know a little about Christminster!"
By this time the horses had recovered breath and bent to their collars again.
Jude, throwing a last adoring look at the distant halo, turned and walked beside
his remarkably well-informed friend, who had no objection to telling him as they
moved on more yet of the city--its towers and halls and churches. The waggon
turned into a cross-road, whereupon Jude thanked the carter warmly for his
information, and said he only wished he could talk half as well about
Christminster as he.%
"Well, 'tis oonly what has come in my way," said the carter unboastfully. "I've
never been there, no more than you; but I've picked up the knowledge here and
there, and you be welcome to it. A-getting about the world as I do, and mixing
with all classes of society, one can't help hearing of things. A friend o' mine, that
used to clane the boots at the Crozier Hotel in Christminster when he was in his
prime, why, I knowed un as well as my own brother in his later years."
Jude continued his walk homeward alone, pondering so deeply that he forgot
to feel timid. He suddenly grew older. It had been the yearning of his heart to
find something to anchor on, to cling to--for some place which he could call
admirable. Should he find that place in this city if he could get there? Would it be
a spot in which, without fear of farmers, or hindrance, or ridicule, he could
watch and wait, and set himself to some mighty undertaking like the men of old
of whom he had heard? As the halo had been to his eyes when gazing at it a
quarter of an hour earlier, so was the spot mentally to him as he pursued his
dark way.

Korean
adoring: 숭배하는, 경배할 만한, 홀딱 있는. 짐마차로 여행하다, 짐마차로
반한. lofty: 거만한, 고상한, 당당한, 치속은, 수송하다, 짐마차, 왜건, 무개 화차,
cling: 달라붙다, 집착하다, 배어들다, 대단히 높은, 숭고한, 거드럭거리는, 광차.
착 달라 붙다, 접근을 유지하다, 매우 높은. well-informed: 박식한, 정보에 밝은,
애착을 가지고 떨어지지 않다, 따라서 noble-minded: 마음이 고결한. 견문이 넓은, 잘 알고 있는, 전문적
나아가다, 들러붙다, 달라붙어 안 ridicule: 비웃다, 비웃음, 조소, 조롱, 지식을 갖고 있는.
떨어지다, 고수하다, 달라 붙다. 놀림, 조롱거리, 조소하다, 웃음거리. whereupon: 그래서, 거기서, 그
hindrance: 방해, 장애, 방해물. timid: 겁많은, 수줍어하는, 때문에, 무엇 위에, 그 위에.
homely: 검소한, 평범한, 수수한, 머뭇거리는. yearning: 동경, 열망, 포부, 대망,
꾸밈없는, 가정의, 가정적인, 얼굴이 waggon: 짐마차로 운반하다, 물건 사모하는, 그리움, 열망하는, 간절한
못생긴, 내집과 같은, 보기 흉한, 흔히 파는 수레, 배달용 트럭, 북두칠성, 생각.
22 Jude the Obscure

"It is a city of light," he said to himself.

"The tree of knowledge grows there," he added a few steps further on.%
"It is a place that teachers of men spring from and go to."
"It is what you may call a castle, manned by scholarship and religion."
After this figure he was silent a long while, till he added:
"It would just suit me."

Korean
castle: 성장, 성, 큰저택, 더블린성, 태운. 적합하다, 탄원, 구애, 적합하게 하다,
안전한 은신처, 대저택, 성을 쌓다, scholarship: 장학금, 학식, 장학생의 에 어울리다, 남하는 대로 하다, 의
왕을 지키다, 성장말로 지키다. 자격, 학문. 마음에 들다.
few: 별로없는, 적은, 거의 없는, silent: 조용한, 활동하지 않는, 묵음의, till: 까지, 갈다, 돈궤, 서랍, 귀중품함,
조금은 있는, 수가 적은. 무언의, 무언으로, 침묵하는, 조용히, 할 때까지는, 하여 마침내, 표석 점토,
figure: 인물, 숫자, 모습, 도안, 도형, 잠자코, 익명의, 침묵을 지키는, 배양하다, 땅을 갈다, 까지줄곧.
상징, 초상, 외관, 피겨스케이트, 소식이 없는. tree: 나무, 나무를 달다, 수목, 골을
자릿수, 도해. spring: 봄, 샘, 용수철을 달다, 튀다, 끼다, 가꼐도, 계통수, 목제품, 궁지에
knowledge: 지식, 학식, 이해, 학문, 폭발시키다, 도약하다, 뛰다, 몰아 넣다, 나무 위로 쫓다, 수목
견문, 인식, 인생 따위의 경험, 경험. 뛰어넘다, 반동, 원천, 청춘. 모양의 것, 크리스마스 트리.
manned: 유인의, 사람이 탄, 사람을 suit: 형편이 좋다, 청원, 소송, 한 벌,
 Thomas Hardy 23

IV

Walking%somewhat slowly by reason of his concentration, the boy--an

ancient man in some phases of thought, much younger than his years in others--
was overtaken by a light-footed pedestrian, whom, notwithstanding the gloom,
he could perceive to be wearing an extraordinarily tall hat, a swallow-tailed coat,
and a watch-chain that danced madly and threw around scintillations of sky-
light as its owner swung along upon a pair of thin legs and noiseless boots.
Jude, beginning to feel lonely, endeavoured to keep up with him.
"Well, my man! I'm in a hurry, so you'll have to walk pretty fast if you keep
alongside of me. Do you know who I am?"
"Yes, I think. Physician Vilbert?"
"Ah--I'm known everywhere, I see! That comes of being a public benefactor."
Vilbert was an itinerant quack-doctor, well known to the rustic population,
and absolutely unknown to anybody else, as he, indeed, took care to be, to avoid
inconvenient investigations. Cottagers formed his only patients, and his
Wessex-wide repute was among them alone. His position was humbler and his
field more obscure than those of the quacks with capital and an organized
system of advertising. He was, in fact, a survival. The distances he traversed on
foot were enormous, and extended nearly the whole length and breadth of
Wessex. Jude had one day seen him selling a pot of coloured lard to an old

Korean
extraordinarily: 엄청나게, lard: 돼지기름을 바르다, 돼지기름, 없는조용한, 고요한, 잡음이 적은,
이례적으로, 비상하게, 대단하게, 돼지기름을바르다, 이야기 따위를 소리가 안나는.
유별나게, 특별히. 윤색하다, 윤색하다, 라드, 돼지 비계 pedestrian: 보행자, 도보의, 진부한,
inconvenient: 불편한, 형편이 혹은 베이컨 조각을 끼워 넣다, 고기 도부주의자, 단조로운.
마땅하지 않은, 폐가되는, 따위에 돼지 비계 혹은 베이컨 조각을 repute: 평판, 세평, 명성, 호평, 이라고
부자유스런, 형편이 나쁜, 부자유한. 끼워 넣다, 문장 따위를 윤색하다. 평하다, 신용, 생각하다, 로 보다, 라
itinerant: 순회하는, 순회자, 편력자, light-footed: 걸음이 빠른, 걸음이 평하다, 여기다, 고명.
순방자, 설교자, 순회 전도사, 가벼운. rustic: 시골의, 통나무로 만든, 조야한,
도붓장수, 편력중인, 지방순회 madly: 미쳐서, 극단으로, 몹시, 소박한, 거칠게 만든, 수수한, 전원의,
공연배우등, 지방순회의, 지방 미친듯이. 농부, 시골 사람, 촌사람 같은,
순회의. noiseless: 소리없는, 소음이 시골풍의.
24 Jude the Obscure

woman as a certain cure for a bad leg, the woman arranging to pay a guinea, in
instalments of a shilling a fortnight, for the precious salve, which, according to
the physician, could only be obtained from a particular animal which grazed on
Mount Sinai, and was to be captured only at great risk to life and limb. Jude,
though he already had his doubts about this gentleman's medicines, felt him to
be unquestionably a travelled personage, and one who might be a trustworthy
source of information on matters not strictly professional.%
"I s'pose you've been to Christminster, Physician?"
"I have--many times," replied the long thin man. "That's one of my centres."
"It's a wonderful city for scholarship and religion?"
"You'd say so, my boy, if you'd seen it. Why, the very sons of the old women
who do the washing of the colleges can talk in Latin--not good Latin, that I
admit, as a critic: dog-Latin--cat-Latin, as we used to call it in my undergraduate
days."
"And Greek?"
"Well--that's more for the men who are in training for bishops, that they may
be able to read the New Testament in the original."
"I want to learn Latin and Greek myself."
"A lofty desire. You must get a grammar of each tongue."
"I mean to go to Christminster some day."
"Whenever you do, you say that Physician Vilbert is the only proprietor of
those celebrated pills that infallibly cure all disorders of the alimentary system,
as well as asthma and shortness of breath. Two and threepence a box--specially
licensed by the government stamp."
"Can you get me the grammars if I promise to say it hereabout?"
"I'll sell you mine with pleasure--those I used as a student."
"Oh, thank you, sir!" said Jude gratefully, but in gasps, for the amazing speed
of the physician's walk kept him in a dog-trot which was giving him a stitch in
the side. "I think you'd better drop behind, my young man. Now I'll tell you what

Korean
according: 그러므로, 따라서, 손발을 끊다. 구조하다, 달래다.
나름으로, 에 따라, 에 의하여. personage: 인물, 저명 인사, 사람, shilling: 실링.
alimentary: 영양의, 음식의. 명사, 소설의 등장 인물, 등장 인물, shortness: 짧음, 부족, 무름, 낮음,
asthma: 천식. 극의 등장 인물, 역사상의 인물. 가까움, 무뚝뚝함, 냉랭함, 부서지기
gratefully: 감사하여, 기꺼이. physician: 의사, 내과 의사. 쉬움, 간략.
infallibly: 오류가 없는, 전혀 잘못이 pills: 의사. threepence: 삼펜스 경화, 삼펜스의
없는, 절대 확실한. proprietor: 경영자, 소유자, 소유주, 금액, 삼펜스.
licensed: 인가된, 세상이 인정하는. 독점권 소유자, 집주인, 사업주. trustworthy: 신뢰할 수 있는, 확실한,
limb: 수족, 날개, 팔, 의 salve: 위안, 연고, 가라앉히다, 연고를 신용할 수 있는.
가지를자르다, 앞이, 가장자리, 구, 달 바르다, 위안하다, 덜어주는 것, 고약, undergraduate: 재학생, 대학 재학생,
따위의 가장자리, 문장의 구, 엽변, 의 에 고약을 바르다, 의 해난을 대학생의, 대학의.
 Thomas Hardy 25

I'll do. I'll get you the grammars, and give you a first lesson, if you'll remember,
at every house in the village, to recommend Physician Vilbert's golden ointment,
life-drops, and female pills."
"Where will you be with the grammars?"
"I shall be passing here this day fortnight at precisely this hour of five-and-
twenty minutes past seven. My movements are as truly timed as those of the
planets in their courses."
"Here I'll be to meet you," said Jude.%
"With orders for my medicines?"
"Yes, Physician."
Jude then dropped behind, waited a few minutes to recover breath, and went
home with a consciousness of having struck a blow for Christminster.
Through the intervening fortnight he ran about and smiled outwardly at his
inward thoughts, as if they were people meeting and nodding to him-- smiled
with that singularly beautiful irradiation which is seen to spread on young faces
at the inception of some glorious idea, as if a supernatural lamp were held
inside their transparent natures, giving rise to the flattering fancy that heaven
lies about them then.
He honestly performed his promise to the man of many cures, in whom he
now sincerely believed, walking miles hither and thither among the surrounding
hamlets as the Physician's agent in advance. On the evening appointed he stood
motionless on the plateau, at the place where he had parted from Vilbert, and
there awaited his approach. The road-physician was fairly up to time; but, to the
surprise of Jude on striking into his pace, which the pedestrian did not diminish
by a single unit of force, the latter seemed hardly to recognize his young
companion, though with the lapse of the fortnight the evenings had grown light.
Jude thought it might perhaps be owing to his wearing another hat, and he
saluted the physician with dignity.
"Well, my boy?" said the latter abstractedly.
"I've come," said Jude.
Korean
abstractedly: 추상적으로. 뭄짓으로 신호하다, 움직이지 않는, 훌륭한, 각각의 단수의, 개개의, 단
flattering: 아첨하는, 유망한, 실물보다 정지한, 정지한-뭄짓으로 하나의, 독특한, 멋진, 이상한,
좋게 보이는, 알랑거리는, 빌붙는, 신호하다링, 팅삥, 동기가 없는. 현저한.
비위 맞추는, 기쁘게 하는, ointment: 연고. supernatural: 초자연의, 불가사의한,
발림말하는. outwardly: 외견상, 표면상, 외면상은, 초자연적인 힘, 신의 조화.
inception: 개시, 시초, 발단, 처음, 밖으로 향하여, 외면에, 밖을 향하여, thither: 저기에, 저쪽에, 저쪽의,
학위를 받음. 외부에 대하여, 바깥쪽에, 저쪽으로.
irradiation: 계몽, 방사하다, 조사, 외부적으로. timed: 일정 시간후 작동하도록
쐬다, 빛나다, 비추다, 뢴트겐선 치료, owing: 빚지고 있는, 지불해야 할, 에 장치한, 때에 알맞은.
및을 투사함, 광휘, 광삼, 발광. 기인하는. transparent: 투명한, 솔직한, 명료한,
motionless: 움직이 않는, 퍄, singularly: 단수로, 단수, 이상하게, 빤히 들여다뵈는, 명백한, 명쾌한.
26 Jude the Obscure

"You? who are you? Oh yes--to be sure! Got any orders, lad?"
"Yes." And Jude told him the names and addresses of the cottagers who were
willing to test the virtues of the world-renowned pills and salve. The quack
mentally registered these with great care.%
"And the Latin and Greek grammars?" Jude's voice trembled with anxiety.
"What about them?"
"You were to bring me yours, that you used before you took your degree."
"Ah, yes, yes! Forgot all about it--all! So many lives depending on my
attention, you see, my man, that I can't give so much thought as I would like to
other things."
Jude controlled himself sufficiently long to make sure of the truth; and he
repeated, in a voice of dry misery, "You haven't brought 'em!"
"No. But you must get me some more orders from sick people, and I'll bring
the grammars next time."
Jude dropped behind. He was an unsophisticated boy, but the gift of sudden
insight which is sometimes vouchsafed to children showed him all at once what
shoddy humanity the quack was made of. There was to be no intellectual light
from this source. The leaves dropped from his imaginary crown of laurel; he
turned to a gate, leant against it, and cried bitterly.
The disappointment was followed by an interval of blankness. He might,
perhaps, have obtained grammars from Alfredston, but to do that required
money, and a knowledge of what books to order; and though physically
comfortable, he was in such absolute dependence as to be without a farthing of
his own.
At this date Mr. Phillotson sent for his pianoforte, and it gave Jude a lead.
Why should he not write to the schoolmaster, and ask him to be so kind as to get
him the grammars in Christminster? He might slip a letter inside the case of the
instrument, and it would be sure to reach the desired eyes. Why not ask him to
send any old second-hand copies, which would have the charm of being
mellowed by the university atmosphere?
Korean
addresses: 구애. 사물이 상상으로서만 존재하는, 집오리 따위가 꽥꽥 울다, 시끄럽게
bitterly: 쓰게, 격심하게, 비참하게, 비현실적이어서 신용할수 없는, 허수, 지껄이다.
몹시, 살을 에듯이, 통렬히. 상상상의, 허수의. second-hand: 중고로, 중고의, 고물로,
blankness: 공백, 단조. laurel: 명예, 월계관, 승리, 월계수, 간접의.
disappointment: 실망. 승리의 표시로서의 월계수의 잎, shoddy: 가짜, 가짜의, 재생의,
farthing: 영국의 동전, 영국의동전, 승리의 표시로서의 월계수의 가지, 굴퉁이의, 재생 털실, 위조품, 재생
파싱. 월계수의 가지, 월계수의 잎. 나사, 재생 모직물, 재생한 털실, 재생
humanity: 인류, 인간성, 인정, 인간, quack: 돌팔이 의사, 식자연하는 사람, 모직물의, 싸구려 물품.
인문 과학, 박애, 인간임, 사람의 가짜의, 사기꾼 같은 짓, 사기꾼, 꽥꽥 unsophisticated: 순진한, 단순한, 섞지
속성, 자선 행위, 라틴 문학, 인간애. 울다, 떠들썩하게 지껄이다, 엉터리 않은, 순수한, 진짜의, 섞인 것 없는,
imaginary: 상상의, 가공의어떤 치료를 하다, 돌팔이 의사가 쓰는, 순박한.
 Thomas Hardy 27

To tell his aunt of his intention would be to defeat it. It was necessary to act
alone.%
After a further consideration of a few days he did act, and on the day of the
piano's departure, which happened to be his next birthday, clandestinely placed
the letter inside the packing-case, directed to his much-admired friend, being
afraid to reveal the operation to his aunt Drusilla, lest she should discover his
motive, and compel him to abandon his scheme.
The piano was despatched, and Jude waited days and weeks, calling every
morning at the cottage post office before his great-aunt was stirring. At last a
packet did indeed arrive at the village, and he saw from the ends of it that it
contained two thin books. He took it away into a lonely place, and sat down on a
felled elm to open it.
Ever since his first ecstasy or vision of Christminster and its possibilities, Jude
had meditated much and curiously on the probable sort of process that was
involved in turning the expressions of one language into those of another. He
concluded that a grammar of the required tongue would contain, primarily, a
rule, prescription, or clue of the nature of a secret cipher, which, once known,
would enable him, by merely applying it, to change at will all words of his own
speech into those of the foreign one. His childish idea was, in fact, a pushing to
the extremity of mathematical precision what is everywhere known as Grimm's
Law-- an aggrandizement of rough rules to ideal completeness. Thus he
assumed that the words of the required language were always to be found
somewhere latent in the words of the given language by those who had the art to
uncover them, such art being furnished by the books aforesaid.
When, therefore, having noted that the packet bore the postmark of
Christminster, he cut the string, opened the volumes, and turned to the Latin
grammar, which chanced to come uppermost, he could scarcely believe his eyes.
The book was an old one--thirty years old, soiled, scribbled wantonly over
with a strange name in every variety of enmity to the letterpress, and marked at
random with dates twenty years earlier than his own day. But this was not the
cause of Jude's amazement. He learnt for the first time that there was no law of

Korean
aforesaid: 전술한, 진술한. 강제적인, 억지로...시키다. 찍다, 에 소인을 찍다.
aggrandizement: 증대, 강화, 과장, completeness: 완전성, 완정. uncover: 덮개를 벗기다, 목로하다,
확대. elm: 느릅나무. 모자를 벗다, 털어놓다, 탈모하다,
amazement: 놀람, 소스라침. enmity: 적의, 증오. 뚜껑을 벗기다, 폭로하다.
cipher: 아라비아 숫자, 암호, 영, extremity: 말단, 수족, 선단, 곤경, uppermost: 최상의, 최초로, 가장 눈에
계산하다, 변변치 않은 사람, 자명, 비상수단, 끝, 극한, 극단, 극도, 띄는, 맨먼저 마음에 떠오르는,
암호로 쓰다, 암호를 쓰다, 열쇠, 극단책, 앞끝. 최고위에, 최상에, 최고의, 맨 먼저
운산하다, 을 계산하다. letterpress: 편지 복사기, 활판 인쇄한 마음에 떠오르는, 맨 앞에, 맨 위에,
clandestinely: 은밀히, 남몰래. 자구, 활판 인쇄, 철판인쇄기, 인쇄한 맨 먼저.
compel: 강요하다, 강제하다, 억지로 자구, 문자인쇄면, 본문, 활판 인쇄기. wantonly: 변덕스럽게, 장난치며,
복종시키다, 억지로 시키다, postmark: 소인, 우편의 소인, 소인을 제멋대로, 방자하게.
28 Jude the Obscure

transmutation, as in his innocence he had supposed (there was, in some degree,

but the grammarian did not recognize it), but that every word in both Latin and
Greek was to be individually committed to memory at the cost of years of
plodding.%
Jude flung down the books, lay backward along the broad trunk of the elm,
and was an utterly miserable boy for the space of a quarter of an hour. As he
had often done before, he pulled his hat over his face and watched the sun
peering insidiously at him through the interstices of the straw. This was Latin
and Greek, then, was it this grand delusion! The charm he had supposed in
store for him was really a labour like that of Israel in Egypt.
What brains they must have in Christminster and the great schools, he
presently thought, to learn words one by one up to tens of thousands! There
were no brains in his head equal to this business; and as the little sun-rays
continued to stream in through his hat at him, he wished he had never seen a
book, that he might never see another, that he had never been born.
Somebody might have come along that way who would have asked him his
trouble, and might have cheered him by saying that his notions were further
advanced than those of his grammarian. But nobody did come, because nobody
does; and under the crushing recognition of his gigantic error Jude continued to
wish himself out of the world.

Korean
backward: 거꾸로의, 싫어하는, delusion: 착각, 속임, 미망, 미혹, presently: 현재, 이내, 목하, 곧,
뒤로의, 개약의, 뒤로, 개악의, 현혹, 매혹. 이윽고, 얼마 안되어, 곧바로.
거꾸로, 발전이 늦은, 후방의, grammarian: 문법가, 문법 교사. thousands: 오만.
후방으로, 퇴보하여. individually: 개별적으로, 하나하나, transmutation: 변성, 변형, 변이,
brains: 뛰어난 지능을 가진 사람. 개인적으로. 변화, 변질, 변종, 소유권의 양도,
charm: 매력, 주문, 마력, 매혹하다, innocence: 무죄, 천진난만, 결백, 진화, 변용.
돈, 작은 장식물, 참, 매력을 가지다, 순진, 꼭두서니과의 일종, 무해, 순결, trunk: 트렁크, 줄기, 주요한, 간선,
황홀하게 하다, 매력이 있다, 부적. 숫 됨, 현삼과의 일종, 깨끗함, 때묻지 중계선, 몸통, 코, 주요부, 본체,
crushing: 눌러 터뜨리는, 압도적인, 않음. 트렁크스, 전화 중계회선.
박살내는, 결정적인, 분쇄하는, miserable: 비참한, 불쌍한, 초라한, utterly: 아주, 완전히, 완전한, 전혀,
궤멸적인, 눌러 터뜨리는 것. 딱한, 빈약한, 천박한. 순전히.
 Thomas Hardy 29

During the three or four succeeding years a quaint and singular vehicle
might have been discerned moving along the lanes and by-roads near
Marygreen, driven in a quaint and singular way.%
In the course of a month or two after the receipt of the books Jude had grown
callous to the shabby trick played him by the dead languages. In fact, his
disappointment at the nature of those tongues had, after a while, been the means
of still further glorifying the erudition of Christminster. To acquire languages,
departed or living in spite of such obstinacies as he now knew them inherently
to possess, was a herculean performance which gradually led him on to a greater
interest in it than in the presupposed patent process. The mountain-weight of
material under which the ideas lay in those dusty volumes called the classics
piqued him into a dogged, mouselike subtlety of attempt to move it piecemeal.
He had endeavoured to make his presence tolerable to his crusty maiden
aunt by assisting her to the best of his ability, and the business of the little cottage
bakery had grown in consequence. An aged horse with a hanging head had
been purchased for eight pounds at a sale, a creaking cart with a whity-brown tilt
obtained for a few pounds more, and in this turn-out it became Jude's business
thrice a week to carry loaves of bread to the villagers and solitary cotters
immediately round Marygreen.

Korean
bakery: 빵집, 제과점. erudition: 박식, 해박, 박학. spite: 악의, 원한, 앙심으로, 에 짓궂게
callous: 무감각한, 냉담한, 굳히다, herculean: 아주 어려운, 굴다, 을 돌보지 않고, 에도 불구하고,
굳어진, 못이 박힌, 무정한, 굳어지다, 헤르쿨레스의, 장사의 힘을 요하는, 짓궂게 굴다, 앙갚음하다.
못박힌, 무감각하게 하다, 무정하게, 초인적인, 초인적인 힘을 필요로 succeeding: 계속되는, 다음의.
예사인. 하는, 헤라클레스의. thrice: 매우, 세번, 세 번, 몇 번이고.
crusty: 피각질의, 심통 사나운, inherently: 타고난, 고유의. tolerable: 참을수 있는, 상당한, 참을
버릇없는, 쉬 화를 내는, 성마름, piecemeal: 조금씩, 조각난, 산산이 수 있는, 웬만한, 꽤 건강한.
성마르게, 껍질이 딱딱한, 껍질이 조각난, 산산이, 산산조각의, 제각기. turn-out: 마차, 집합, 옷차림, 생산액,
딱딱하고 두꺼운, 까다로운, 겉가죽 quaint: 고풍이며 아취 있는, 색다르고 분기점, 동맹 파업자, 동맹 파업,
같은, 무뚝뚝한. 재미있는, 기이한, 별스러워 대피선, 내용물을 비우기, 기상,
dogged: 완고한. 재미있는. 기상신호.
30 Jude the Obscure

The singularity aforesaid lay, after all, less in the conveyance itself than in
Jude's manner of conducting it along its route. Its interior was the scene of most
of Jude's education by "private study." As soon as the horse had learnt the road
and the houses at which he was to pause awhile, the boy, seated in front, would
slip the reins over his arm, ingeniously fix open, by means of a strap attached to
the tilt, the volume he was reading, spread the dictionary on his knees, and
plunge into the simpler passages from Caesar, Virgil, or Horace, as the case
might be, in his purblind stumbling way, and with an expenditure of labour that
would have made a tender-hearted pedagogue shed tears; yet somehow getting
at the meaning of what he read, and divining rather than beholding the spirit of
the original, which often to his mind was something else than that which he was
taught to look for.%
The only copies he had been able to lay hands on were old Delphin editions,
because they were superseded, and therefore cheap. But, bad for idle
schoolboys, it did so happen that they were passably good for him. The
hampered and lonely itinerant conscientiously covered up the marginal
readings, and used them merely on points of construction, as he would have
used a comrade or tutor who should have happened to be passing by. And
though Jude may have had little chance of becoming a scholar by these rough
and ready means, he was in the way of getting into the groove he wished to
follow.
While he was busied with these ancient pages, which had already been
thumbed by hands possibly in the grave, digging out the thoughts of these minds
so remote yet so near, the bony old horse pursued his rounds, and Jude would
be aroused from the woes of Dido by the stoppage of his cart and the voice of
some old woman crying, "Two to-day, baker, and I return this stale one."
He was frequently met in the lanes by pedestrians and others without his
seeing them, and by degrees the people of the neighbourhood began to talk
about his method of combining work and play (such they considered his reading
to be), which, though probably convenient enough to himself, was not altogether
a safe proceeding for other travellers along the same roads. There were

Korean
awhile: 잠시, 잠깐. ingeniously: 교묘한, 재간 있는, 단수성, 회유.
bony: 골질의, 뼈의, 뼈만 앙상한, 뼈가 재주가 있는. stale: 김빠진, 피곤한, 굳어진, 시시한,
많은, 뼈대가 굵은. pedagogue: 교사, 교육자, 아는 신선치 않은, 케케묵은, 생기가 없는,
comrade: 동무, 동지, 친구, 동료, 체하는 사람. 탁한, 신선하지 않은, 신선미가 없는,
동료다운, 전우, 조합원. purblind: 반소경의, 우둔한, 맛이 없어지게 하다.
conscientiously: 양심적으로. 흐려뵈는, 반소경이 되게 하다, stoppage: 정지, 장애, 중지, 지불
conveyance: 양도, 전달, 운반, 수송, 우둔해지게 하다. 정지, 휴업, 멈춤.
탈것, 교부서, 수송기관, 양도증서, reins: 신장, 허리, 감정과 애정, 콩팥, tilt: 경사, 기울기, 포장, 기울다,
교부, 수송 기관. 신장부분, 고삐, 제어의 수단. 기울이다, 상하로 움직이다, 마상 창
dictionary: 사전, 사서, 옥편, 자전. singularity: 단독, 단일, 특이, 비범, 시합을 하다, 찌르다, 찌르기,
divining: 점. 이상, 기이, 기이한 버긋, 괴이, 희한, 공격하다, 마상 창 시합.
 Thomas Hardy 31

murmurs. Then a private resident of an adjoining place informed the local

policeman that the baker's boy should not be allowed to read while driving, and
insisted that it was the constable's duty to catch him in the act, and take him to
the police court at Alfredston, and get him fined for dangerous practices on the
highway. The policeman thereupon lay in wait for Jude, and one day accosted
him and cautioned him.%
As Jude had to get up at three o'clock in the morning to heat the oven, and
mix and set in the bread that he distributed later in the day, he was obliged to go
to bed at night immediately after laying the sponge; so that if he could not read
his classics on the highways he could hardly study at all. The only thing to be
done was, therefore, to keep a sharp eye ahead and around him as well as he
could in the circumstances, and slip away his books as soon as anybody loomed
in the distance, the policeman in particular. To do that official justice, he did not
put himself much in the way of Jude's bread-cart, considering that in such a
lonely district the chief danger was to Jude himself, and often on seeing the white
tilt over the hedges he would move in another direction.
On a day when Fawley was getting quite advanced, being now about sixteen,
and had been stumbling through the "Carmen Saeculare," on his way home, he
found himself to be passing over the high edge of the plateau by the Brown
House. The light had changed, and it was the sense of this which had caused
him to look up. The sun was going down, and the full moon was rising
simultaneously behind the woods in the opposite quarter. His mind had become
so impregnated with the poem that, in a moment of the same impulsive emotion
which years before had caused him to kneel on the ladder, he stopped the horse,
alighted, and glancing round to see that nobody was in sight, knelt down on the
roadside bank with open book. He turned first to the shiny goddess, who
seemed to look so softly and critically at his doings, then to the disappearing
luminary on the other hand, as he began:
"Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana!"

Korean
classics: 고전. 하는, 임신시키는, 충만시키는, 달하다, 학습 고원, 안정 상태에
critically: 혹평하여, 비평적으로, 포화시키는. 달하다, 큰 접시, 안정 수준에 달하다.
아슬아슬하게, 위태롭게, 위급하게, impulsive: 충동적인, 추진적인, roadside: 길가, 노변, 길가의, 대로변,
가까스로. 순간력의, 추진하는, 자극적인, 대로변의.
doings: 행동, 행실, 행사, 사건, 소행, 고무적인, 감정에 끌린, 감정에 흐른. shiny: 빛나는, 윤이 나는, 번쩍이는,
몸가짐. kneel: 무릎꿇다, 무릎을 굽히다. 햇빛이 쬐는, 번들거리는, 해가
glancing: 번쩍번쩍 빛나는, 넌지시 ladder: 사닥다리, 연줄, 사닥다리 비치는, 닳아 빤질빤질한.
빗대는, 맞고 빗나가는, 번쩍이는, 모양의 것. sponge: 해면, 해면으로 닦다, 식객,
번뜩이는. luminary: 발광체, 달, 명사, 지도자, 술고래, 해면 모양의 물건, 해면에
goddess: 여신. 태양, 선각자. 흡수시키다, 해면을 따다, 흡수하다,
impregnated: 수태시키는, 스며들게 plateau: 고원, 플래토 상태, 안정 기에 스펀지, 패배를 자인하다, 등치다.
32 Jude the Obscure

The horse stood still till he had finished the hymn, which Jude repeated
under the sway of a polytheistic fancy that he would never have thought of
humouring in broad daylight.%
Reaching home, he mused over his curious superstition, innate or acquired,
in doing this, and the strange forgetfulness which had led to such a lapse from
common sense and custom in one who wished, next to being a scholar, to be a
Christian divine. It had all come of reading heathen works exclusively. The
more he thought of it the more convinced he was of his inconsistency. He began
to wonder whether he could be reading quite the right books for his object in life.
Certainly there seemed little harmony between this pagan literature and the
mediaeval colleges at Christminster, that ecclesiastical romance in stone.
Ultimately he decided that in his sheer love of reading he had taken up a
wrong emotion for a Christian young man. He had dabbled in Clarke's Homer,
but had never yet worked much at the New Testament in the Greek, though he
possessed a copy, obtained by post from a second-hand bookseller. He
abandoned the now familiar Ionic for a new dialect, and for a long time onward
limited his reading almost entirely to the Gospels and Epistles in Griesbach's
text. Moreover, on going into Alfredston one day, he was introduced to patristic
literature by finding at the bookseller's some volumes of the Fathers which had
been left behind by an insolvent clergyman of the neighbourhood.
As another outcome of this change of groove he visited on Sundays all the
churches within a walk, and deciphered the Latin inscriptions on fifteenth-
century brasses and tombs. On one of these pilgrimages he met with a hunch-
backed old woman of great intelligence, who read everything she could lay her
hands on, and she told him more yet of the romantic charms of the city of light
and lore. Thither he resolved as firmly as ever to go.
But how live in that city? At present he had no income at all. He had no trade
or calling of any dignity or stability whatever on which he could subsist while
carrying out an intellectual labour which might spread over many years.
What was most required by citizens? Food, clothing, and shelter. An income
from any work in preparing the first would be too meagre; for making the

Korean
bookseller: 책장수, 서가, 책선반, 모순된사물, 주견없은. patristic: 교부의 유저의, 교부의.
서적상. insolvent: 파산자, 지급 불능의, polytheistic: 다신교를 믿는,
clergyman: 성직자, 목사. 파산한사람, 지불불능자, 지불불능한, 다신교의.
forgetfulness: 건망증, 태만, 소홀, 지불 불능의, 지불 불능의 사람. subsist: 생존하다, 존재하다,
망각. lore: 지식, 학문, 전승, 특수한 과학적 급양하다, 밥을 대다, 생활하다,
heathen: 이교도, 미개한, 이교의, 학문, 과학적 학문, 또는 특수 단체에 존속하다, 에게 양식을 공급하다.
미개인, 불신자, 무종교자, 이교도의, 관한 과학적 학문. superstition: 미신, 사교.
이단의, 이방인. mediaeval: 중세의, 구식의, 중고의, sway: 흔들다, 동요, 지배하다,
hymn: 찬송가, 찬송하다, 찬미하다, 중세풍의. 좌우하다, 지배, 의 결의를 움직이다,
찬송가를 부르다. onward: 전방으로, 전방에, 전진의, 흔들리다, 좌우 하는 힘, 자유로이
inconsistency: 불일치, 모순, 무정견, 전진적인. 하는 힘, 의 의견을 움직이다.
 Thomas Hardy 33

second he felt a distaste; the preparation of the third requisite he inclined to.
They built in a city; therefore he would learn to build. He thought of his
unknown uncle, his cousin Susanna's father, an ecclesiastical worker in metal,
and somehow mediaeval art in any material was a trade for which he had rather
a fancy. He could not go far wrong in following his uncle's footsteps, and
engaging himself awhile with the carcases that contained the scholar souls.%
As a preliminary he obtained some small blocks of freestone, metal not being
available, and suspending his studies awhile, occupied his spare half-hours in
copying the heads and capitals in his parish church.
There was a stone-mason of a humble kind in Alfredston, and as soon as he
had found a substitute for himself in his aunt's little business, he offered his
services to this man for a trifling wage. Here Jude had the opportunity of
learning at least the rudiments of freestone-working. Some time later he went to
a church-builder in the same place, and under the architect's direction became
handy at restoring the dilapidated masonries of several village churches round
about.
Not forgetting that he was only following up this handicraft as a prop to lean
on while he prepared those greater engines which he flattered himself would be
better fitted for him, he yet was interested in his pursuit on its own account. He
now had lodgings during the week in the little town, whence he returned to
Marygreen village every Saturday evening. And thus he reached and passed his
nineteenth year.

Korean
contained: 억제하는, 조심스러운. 수예, 손재주. requisite: 필요한, 요건, 필수품,
copying: 등사, 복사. handy: 알맞은, 가까이 있는, 솜씨 필요조건, 필요물, 요소, 없어서는
dilapidated: 황폐한, 황랑한. 좋은, 편리한, 손 가까이에 있는, 안될, 필수의.
distaste: 마음에 들지 않다, 싫증. 능숙한, 펼리한. rudiments: 징조.
ecclesiastical: 성직의, 교회의, 기독 humble: 겸손한, 검소한, 천하게 하다, scholar: 학생, 장학생, 학자, 학식,
교회에 관한, 교회에 관한. 창피를 주다, 욕을 보이다, 비천한, 어학자, 학식이 있는 사람.
engaging: 매력 있는, 마음 끄튼, 마음 낮추는, 천한, 경멸하다. trifling: 하찮은, 경박한, 시시한,
끄는, 남의 마음을 끄는. preliminary: 예비의, 예선. 사소한, 게으른.
freestone: 자르기 쉬운 암석, 씨를 prop: 지주, 지지자, 버팀목, 소품, whence: 하는 그 곳으로, 어찌하여,
발라내기 쉬운. 버팀목을 대다, 명제, 버티다, 교수, 어디서, 바의, 왜, 어떻게, 출처, 하는,
handicraft: 수세공, 손끝의 숙련, 주먹, 후원자, 발을 버티고 딱 서다. 어디로부터.
34 Jude the Obscure

VI

At%this memorable date of his life he was, one Saturday, returning from
Alfredston to Marygreen about three o'clock in the afternoon. It was fine, warm,
and soft summer weather, and he walked with his tools at his back, his little
chisels clinking faintly against the larger ones in his basket. It being the end of
the week he had left work early, and had come out of the town by a round-about
route which he did not usually frequent, having promised to call at a flour-mill
near Cresscombe to execute a commission for his aunt.
He was in an enthusiastic mood. He seemed to see his way to living
comfortably in Christminster in the course of a year or two, and knocking at the
doors of one of those strongholds of learning of which he had dreamed so much.
He might, of course, have gone there now, in some capacity or other, but he
preferred to enter the city with a little more assurance as to means than he could
be said to feel at present. A warm self-content suffused him when he considered
what he had already done. Now and then as he went along he turned to face the
peeps of country on either side of him. But he hardly saw them; the act was an
automatic repetition of what he had been accustomed to do when less occupied;
and the one matter which really engaged him was the mental estimate of his
progress thus far.

Korean
accustomed: 익숙한, 평소의, 여느 comfortably: 기분좋게, 안락하게, 소심하게, 어렴풋이, 연약하게,
때와 다름없는, 길든, 습관의, 에 부족함이 없이. 머무적거리며.
익숙한. engaged: 바쁜, 약속된, 교전중인, frequent: 자주가다, 늘모이다,
assurance: 보증, 확신, 자신, 철면피, 고용된, 약혼중인, 용무중인, 상습적인, 수많은, 자주 일어나는,
침착, 보험. 통화중인, 약혼인, 연동의, 종사하는, 자주일어나는, 빈번한.
basket: 바구니, 광주리, 네트, 한 벽에 반쯤 묻힌. knocking: 노킹, 문두들김.
바구니, 바구니 모양의 것, 바스켓, execute: 사형을 집행하다, 실시하다, memorable: 유명한, 잊지 못할,
바구니에 넣다. 연주하다, 제작하다, 서명 날인하다, 기억할만한.
clinking: 땡그랑 울리는, 멋들어진, 집행하다, 시행하다, 수행하다, repetition: 되풀이, 반복, 암송, 모사,
멋들어지게, 뛰어나게 좋은, 쨍그렁 실행하다, 완성하다. 모방, 복사, 반복된 말, 복주, 복창,
소리나는. faintly: 희미하게, 힘없이, 가냘프게, 사본, 재주장.
 Thomas Hardy 35

"I have acquired quite an average student's power to read the common
ancient classics, Latin in particular." This was true, Jude possessing a facility in
that language which enabled him with great ease to himself to beguile his lonely
walks by imaginary conversations therein.%
"I have read two books of the Iliad, besides being pretty familiar with
passages such as the speech of Phoenix in the ninth book, the fight of Hector and
Ajax in the fourteenth, the appearance of Achilles unarmed and his heavenly
armour in the eighteenth, and the funeral games in the twenty-third. I have also
done some Hesiod, a little scrap of Thucydides, and a lot of the Greek
Testament.... I wish there was only one dialect all the same.
"I have done some mathematics, including the first six and the eleventh and
twelfth books of Euclid; and algebra as far as simple equations.
"I know something of the Fathers, and something of Roman and English
history.
"These things are only a beginning. But I shall not make much farther
advance here, from the difficulty of getting books. Hence I must next
concentrate all my energies on settling in Christminster. Once there I shall so
advance, with the assistance I shall there get, that my present knowledge will
appear to me but as childish ignorance. I must save money, and I will; and one
of those colleges shall open its doors to me--shall welcome whom now it would
spurn, if I wait twenty years for the welcome.
"I'll be D.D. before I have done!"
And then he continued to dream, and thought he might become even a
bishop by leading a pure, energetic, wise, Christian life. And what an example
he would set! If his income were 5000 pounds a year, he would give away 4500
pounds in one form and another, and live sumptuously (for him) on the
remainder. Well, on second thoughts, a bishop was absurd. He would draw the
line at an archdeacon. Perhaps a man could be as good and as learned and as
useful in the capacity of archdeacon as in that of bishop. Yet he thought of the
bishop again.

Korean
algebra: 대수학, 대수, 대수 논문, 직업 특유의 통용어. 열네째, 열네번째의, 열네번째,
대수 교과서. eleventh: 제11의, 열한 명 한조의 것, 십사분의 하나의, 십사분의 하나,
archdeacon: 부감독, 부주교. 제 십일, 제 11, 오전 열한 시 경에 제14회의 열네째의.
beguile: 기만하다, 지루함을 잊게 먹는 가벼운 식사, 오전 열한 시 경에 spurn: 일축, 퇴짜, 자빡, 일축하다,
하다, 사취하다, 즐겁게하다, 기쁘게 먹는 가벼운 다과, 열한 시, 열한 개 걷어차다, 걷어차기, 쫑아버리다,
하다, 속이다, 잊게 하다. 한벌의 것, 열한, 십일, 십일의. 쫓아버리다, 딱 거절하다, 차버림,
childish: 어린애 같은, 유치한, 어린이 energetic: 정력적인, 원기왕성한. 차다.
같은, 어른답지 못한, 앳된, 아동의, farther: 더먼, 좀더, 그위에, 더욱더, sumptuously: 호화롭게, 사치스럽게.
어른이 같은. 더멀리, 더욱이, 더 앞선, 더 멀리, 더 unarmed: 무장하지 않은, 무기가
dialect: 방언, 통용어, 파생언어, 지방 먼, 더 뒤의, 더 나중의. 없는, 방호 기관이 없는, 무기를
사투리, 한 계급 특유의 통용어, 한 fourteenth: 열네째의, 제 십사, 지니지 않은, 무기를 갖지 않은.
36 Jude the Obscure

"Meanwhile%I will read, as soon as I am settled in

Christminster, the books I have not been able to get hold of here: Livy,
Tacitus, Herodotus, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes--"
"Ha, ha, ha! Hoity-toity!" The sounds were expressed in light voices on the
other side of the hedge, but he did not notice them. His thoughts went on:
"--Euripides, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Epictetus, Seneca, Antoninus. Then I
must master other things: the Fathers thoroughly; Bede and ecclesiastical history
generally; a smattering of Hebrew-- I only know the letters as yet--"
"Hoity-toity!"
"--but I can work hard. I have staying power in abundance, thank God! and
it is that which tells.... Yes, Christminster shall be my Alma Mater; and I'll be her
beloved son, in whom she shall be well pleased."
In his deep concentration on these transactions of the future Jude's walk had
slackened, and he was now standing quite still, looking at the ground as though
the future were thrown thereon by a magic lantern. On a sudden something
smacked him sharply in the ear, and he became aware that a soft cold substance
had been flung at him, and had fallen at his feet.
A glance told him what it was--a piece of flesh, the characteristic part of a
barrow-pig, which the countrymen used for greasing their boots, as it was
useless for any other purpose. Pigs were rather plentiful hereabout, being bred
and fattened in large numbers in certain parts of North Wessex.
On the other side of the hedge was a stream, whence, as he now for the first
time realized, had come the slight sounds of voices and laughter that had
mingled with his dreams. He mounted the bank and looked over the fence. On
the further side of the stream stood a small homestead, having a garden and pig-
sties attached; in front of it, beside the brook, three young women were
kneeling, with buckets and platters beside them containing heaps of pigs'
chitterlings, which they were washing in the running water. One or two pairs of
eyes slyly glanced up, and perceiving that his attention had at last been
attracted, and that he was watching them, they braced themselves for inspection

Korean
abundance: 풍부, 부유, 윤택, 다수, fattened: 살찌우는, 살찌는. 환등기.
충분한 물작 공급, 충분한 물자 공급, greasing: 기름치는 것. mingled: 섞는, 뒤섞이는.
유복. hedge: 울타리를 만들다, 양쪽에 걸다, plentiful: 많은.
beloved: 가장 사랑하는, 애인, 남편, 장벽, 막다, 울타리로 두르다, 울타리, slyly: 몰래, 장난스러운, 교활한,
소중한-가장 사랑하는 사람, 아내, 에 장벽을 만들다, 양다리 걸치기, 은밀한, 익살맞은, 음흉한.
가장 사랑하는 사람, 귀여운, 방해하다, 산울타리, 바자울. smattering: 데 알고 있는 지식,
애용하는, 여보, 사랑받아, homestead: 자작농장, 집과 부속지, 겉핥기.
사랑스러운. 자작 농장, 주택, 택지. thereon: 그 위에, 그 즉시, 그 후 즉시.
bred: 하게 자란. kneeling: 무릎을 꿇는. transactions: 업무, 회보.
brook: 참다, 시내, 견디다, 실개천. lantern: 초롱, 칸델라, 등화실, 환등, useless: 쓸모없는, 무익한, 속절없는,
chitterlings: 식용 곱창, 곱창. 정탑, 등대의 등실, 등실, 채광창, 편치 않은.
 Thomas Hardy 37

by putting their mouths demurely into shape and recommencing their rinsing
operations with assiduity.%
"Thank you!" said Jude severely.
"I didn’t throw it, I tell you!" asserted one girl to her neighbour, as if
unconscious of the young man's presence.
"Nor I," the second answered.
"Oh, Anny, how can you!" said the third.
"If I had thrown anything at all, it shouldn't have been that!"
"Pooh! I don't care for him!" And they laughed and continued their work,
without looking up, still ostentatiously accusing each other.
Jude grew sarcastic as he wiped his face, and caught their remarks.
"You didn't do it--oh no!" he said to the up-stream one of the three.
She whom he addressed was a fine dark-eyed girl, not exactly handsome, but
capable of passing as such at a little distance, despite some coarseness of skin
and fibre. She had a round and prominent bosom, full lips, perfect teeth, and
the rich complexion of a Cochin hen's egg. She was a complete and substantial
female animal--no more, no less; and Jude was almost certain that to her was
attributable the enterprise of attracting his attention from dreams of the
humaner letters to what was simmering in the minds around him.
"That you'll never be told," said she deedily.
"Whoever did it was wasteful of other people's property."
"Oh, that's nothing."
"But you want to speak to me, I suppose?"
"Oh yes; if you like to."
"Shall I clamber across, or will you come to the plank above here?"
Perhaps she foresaw an opportunity; for somehow or other the eyes of the
brown girl rested in his own when he had said the words, and there was a
momentary flash of intelligence, a dumb announcement of affinity in posse

Korean
attributable: 에 돌릴 수 있는. demurely: 점잔빼게, 진지하게, 즉석에서 지불하다, 당장지불하다, 에
bosom: 가슴, 껴안다, 내부, 마음속에 침착하게. 널빤지를 깔다, 강령 항목.
간직하다, 믿고 있는, 품, 흉부, fibre: 섬유, 소질, 기질, 섬유질, 강도. pooh: 체, 흥.
흉부슴속, 가슴속, 속, 표면. momentary: 순간의, 찰나의, rinsing: 찌끼, 헹군물, 헹군 물,
clamber: 기어 올라가다, 기어 올라감, 순간적인, 시시각각의. 헹구기, 가셔낸 물, 가시기.
힘들여 기어 올라가다, 기어오르다. ostentatiously: 화려하게, 허세를 sarcastic: 풍자적인, 빈정대는말, 풍자,
coarseness: 조잡, 야비, 거침, 열등, 부려, 여봐란 듯이. 비꼼, 빈정댐, 말, 비꼬는, 빈정대는.
조잡함, 추잡, 결의 거침. plank: 두꺼운 판자, 즉시 지불하다, simmering: 당장에라도 폭발할 것
complexion: 안색, 외관, 형세, 모양, 밑에 놓다, 판자위에서 구운 채 같은.
양상, 형편, 혈색, 얼굴빛, 얼굴의 내놓다, 정강의 조항-판자를 깔다, wasteful: 불경제의, 낭비하는,
살갗. 의지가 되는 것, 정당의 강령 항목, 낭비적인, 황폐시키는, 허비의.
38 Jude the Obscure

between herself and him, which, so far as Jude Fawley was concerned, had no
sort of premeditation in it. She saw that he had singled her out from the three, as
a woman is singled out in such cases, for no reasoned purpose of further
acquaintance, but in commonplace obedience to conjunctive orders from
headquarters, unconsciously received by unfortunate men when the last
intention of their lives is to be occupied with the feminine.%
Springing to her feet, she said: "Bring back what is lying there."
Jude was now aware that no message on any matter connected with her
father's business had prompted her signal to him. He set down his basket of
tools, picked up the scrap of offal, beat a pathway for himself with his stick, and
got over the hedge. They walked in parallel lines, one on each bank of the
stream, towards the small plank bridge. As the girl drew nearer to it, she gave
without Jude perceiving it, an adroit little suck to the interior of each of her
cheeks in succession, by which curious and original manoeuvre she brought as
by magic upon its smooth and rotund surface a perfect dimple, which she was
able to retain there as long as she continued to smile. This production of dimples
at will was a not unknown operation, which many attempted, but only a few
succeeded in accomplishing.
They met in the middle of the plank, and Jude, tossing back her missile,
seemed to expect her to explain why she had audaciously stopped him by this
novel artillery instead of by hailing him.
But she, slyly looking in another direction, swayed herself backwards and
forwards on her hand as it clutched the rail of the bridge; till, moved by amatory
curiosity, she turned her eyes critically upon him.
"You don't think I would shy things at you?"
"Oh no."
"We are doing this for my father, who naturally doesn't want anything
thrown away. He makes that into dubbin." She nodded towards the fragment on
the grass.

Korean
adroit: 교묘한. 결합하는. 과장된, 둥글게 벌린, 둥근, 우렁찬,
amatory: 연애의, 호색적인. dimple: 보조개, 보조개가 생기다, 의 뜻에서, 쟁쟁하게 울리는, 화려한,
audaciously: 대담하게, 무례하게. 잔물결이 일다, 움푹 들어가다. 똥똥한, 문체 따위가 과장된.
cheeks: 측면, 궁둥이. offal: 겨, 기울, 부스러기, 찌꺼기, suck: 빨다, 흡수하다, 한 번 빨기,
clutched: 초조한, 긴장한. 찌꺼기 고기, 하치 생선. 빨아들이다, 빨기흡인력, 얻다,
commonplace: 평범한, 평범한 일, pathway: 오솔길, 좁은길, 길, 좁은 길. 착취하다, 홀짝 빨아들이다, 한 번
상투어, 진부한, 흔해빠진말, 비망록, premeditation: 고의, 예모, 미리 핥기, 실망, 에게 젖을 먹이다.
다반사, 평범한 것, 흔해빠진 말, 생각함, 계획, 미리 생각하기. tossing: 야당, 변명, 아웃, 탈락, 외부,
흔해빠진 이야기. reasoned: 사리에 맞는, 상세한 이유를 수비측.
conjunctive: 접속어, 결합적인, 붙인, 도리에 입각한, 숙고한 끝의. unconsciously: 모르게, 무의식적으로,
접속법, 접속적인 접속어, 접속적인, rotund: 낭랑한, 토실토실 살찐, 부지중에.
 Thomas Hardy 39

"What made either of the others throw it, I wonder?" Jude asked, politely
accepting her assertion, though he had very large doubts as to its truth.%
"Impudence. Don't tell folk it was I, mind!"
"How can I? I don't know your name."
"Ah, no. Shall I tell it to you?"
"Do!"
"Arabella Donn. I'm living here."
"I must have known it if I had often come this way. But I mostly go straight
along the high-road."
"My father is a pig-breeder, and these girls are helping me wash the innerds
for black-puddings and such like."
They talked a little more and a little more, as they stood regarding each other
and leaning against the hand-rail of the bridge. The unvoiced call of woman to
man, which was uttered very distinctly by Arabella's personality, held Jude to
the spot against his intention-- almost against his will, and in a way new to his
experience. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that till this moment Jude had
never looked at a woman to consider her as such, but had vaguely regarded the
sex as beings outside his life and purposes. He gazed from her eyes to her mouth,
thence to her bosom, and to her full round naked arms, wet, mottled with the
chill of the water, and firm as marble.
"What a nice-looking girl you are!" he murmured, though the words had not
been necessary to express his sense of her magnetism.
"Ah, you should see me Sundays!" she said piquantly.
"I don't suppose I could?" he answered
"That's for you to think on. There's nobody after me just now, though there
med be in a week or two." She had spoken this without a smile, and the dimples
disappeared.
Jude felt himself drifting strangely, but could not help it. "Will you let me?"
"I don't mind."
Korean
accepting: 어음 인수 상사. 도덕적인 매력, 지적인 매력. scarcely: 겨우, 거의, 이 아니다, 하지
assertion: 단언, 독단, 주장, 나타나다. marble: 대리석, 공기돌, 조각, 대리석 않는 일은 좀처럼 없다, 간신히.
chill: 오한, 냉기, 차가운, 한기, 춥게 무늬를 넣다, 대리석제, 책 가장자리 strangely: 이상하게, 기묘하게,
하다, 냉담한, 냉장하다, 냉랭한, 따위를 대리석 무늬로 하다, 종이 서먹서먹하게, 기묘하게도, 색다르게,
풀죽음, 추위에 떨고 있는, 냉담. 따위를 대리석 무늬로 하다, 아이들의 이상하게도.
distinctly: 뚜렷하게, 명백하게. 공기돌, 비누 따위를 대리석 무늬로 thence: 그때부터, 그러므로,
exaggeration: 과장, 과장적 표헌. 하다, 대리석 무늬로 하다, 대리석의 거기서부터, 그런고로, 그곳에서부터.
folk: 가족, 사람들, 민족, 국민, 조각물. unvoiced: 소리로 내지 않은, 무성의,
민속풍의. mottled: 얼룩진, 잡색의, 얼룩덜룩한. 입밖에 내지 않은, 무성음의.
leaning: 경향, 경사, 기호. nice-looking: 예쁜. vaguely: 모호하게, 막연히, 막연하게,
magnetism: 자기, 자력, 자기학, 매력, politely: 공손히. 건성으로, 멍청하게.
40 Jude the Obscure

By this time she had managed to get back one dimple by turning her face
aside for a moment and repeating the odd little sucking operation before
mentioned, Jude being still unconscious of more than a general impression of her
appearance. "Next Sunday?" he hazarded. "To-morrow, that is?"
"Yes."
"Shall I call?"
"Yes."
She brightened with a little glow of triumph, swept him almost tenderly with
her eyes in turning, and retracing her steps down the brookside grass rejoined
her companions.%
Jude Fawley shouldered his tool-basket and resumed his lonely way, filled
with an ardour at which he mentally stood at gaze. He had just inhaled a single
breath from a new atmosphere, which had evidently been hanging round him
everywhere he went, for he knew not how long, but had somehow been divided
from his actual breathing as by a sheet of glass. The intentions as to reading,
working, and learning, which he had so precisely formulated only a few minutes
earlier, were suffering a curious collapse into a corner, he knew not how.
"Well, it's only a bit of fun," he said to himself, faintly conscious that to
common sense there was something lacking, and still more obviously something
redundant in the nature of this girl who had drawn him to her which made it
necessary that he should assert mere sportiveness on his part as his reason in
seeking her-- something in her quite antipathetic to that side of him which had
been occupied with literary study and the magnificent Christminster dream. It
had been no vestal who chose that missile for opening her attack on him. He saw
this with his intellectual eye, just for a short; fleeting while, as by the light of a
falling lamp one might momentarily see an inscription on a wall before being
enshrouded in darkness. And then this passing discriminative power was
withdrawn, and Jude was lost to all conditions of things in the advent of a fresh
and wild pleasure, that of having found a new channel for emotional interest
hitherto unsuspected, though it had lain close beside him. He was to meet this
enkindling one of the other sex on the following Sunday.
Korean
antipathetic: 비위에 맞지 않는, fleeting: 덧없는, 무상한, 잠깐 동안의, sucking: 미숙한, 빨아들이는,
반감을 가진, 나면서부터 싫은, 어느덧 지나가는, 빨리 지나가는, 젖내나는, 아직 젖 떨어지지 않은,
공연히 싫은, 성미에 안 맞는, 빨리지나가는. 풋내기의, 젖을 빠는, 빨아 들이는.
본래부터 싫은. inscription: 명, 비문, 제명, 헌정사, tenderly: 상냥하게, 예민하게, 상하기
ardour: 열정, 열심. 명각, 비명, 공채의 등록, 등록공채, 쉽게, 유약하게.
assert: 주장하다, 단언하다, 옹호하다, 제자. unsuspected: 의심받지 않은,
자기 설을 주장하다, 역설하다, 자기 lacking: 이 결핍된, 결핍되어. 생각지도 못할, 혐의받지 않은.
권리를 주장하다, 을 단언하다. momentarily: 잠깐, 시시각각, vestal: 처녀, 순결한, 처녀의, 수녀,
discriminative: 차별적인, 구별을 지금이라도, 즉시, 순간적으로. 베스타 여신의, 정결한, 베스타
나타내는, 구별적인, 식별하는, repeating: 연발하는, 반복하는, 여신을 섬기는, 베스타 여신에 시증든
구별하는, 식별력이 있는. 순환하는, 되풀이하는. 처녀.
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 Fig. 196.—An elater with two spores.
Round the entire archegonium, (or group of archegonia, when several are
developed on the same receptacle) a sheath—the involucre—is often formed,
which persists, and encloses the base of the stalk of the sporangium, together with
the sheath of the archegonium (Fig. 195 p). In the Marchantiaceæ each
archegonium is enclosed in a loose investment, the perigynium, which is
developed as an outgrowth from the cells of its stalk.

The majority of the Liverworts are found in damp and shady

places, pressed to the substratum; a few are found floating in fresh
water.

Family 1. Marchantieæ.
This embraces only forms with a thallus, which is more or less
distinctly dichotomously branched, in some, one or two rows of thin
leaves are situated on its under surface. On the upper surface of the
thallus are found large air-chambers.
Order 1. Ricciaceæ. The sporogonia are, with the exception of a
few genera, situated singly on the surface of the thallus, and consist
only of a capsule without foot or stalk. They always remain enclosed
by the wall of the archegonium (calyptra), and open only by its
dissolution. Elaters are not developed. Some genera are found
floating like Duckweed.—Riccia glauca grows on damp clay soil. R.
fluitans and R. natans float in stagnant waters.

Fig. 197.—Marchantia polymorpha. A Female plant (nat. size): a and b are

archegoniophores in various stages of development; s cupules with gemmæ (see
page 183). B An archegoniophore seen from below, the short-stalked sporangia
are seen placed in 8–10 double rows. C Male plant, with a young and an older
antheridiophore. D Antheridiophore halved vertically to show the antheridia (h); m
the aperture of the pits in which they are sunk—the older ones to the left, the
younger to the right.
Order 2. Corsiniaceæ. (Not native). Intermediate forms between the preceding
and the following order. In internal and external structure mainly resembling the
Marchantiaceæ. Corsinia; Boschia.
Order 3. Marchantiaceæ, are large, fleshy forms. The surface of
the thallus is divided into small rhombic areas, in the centre of each
of which is found a large, peculiarly constructed stoma (Fig. 197 A);
beneath each of these a large air-cavity is to be found. From the
floor of the air-cavity a number of alga-like cells project into it; these
contain chlorophyll and are therefore the assimilating cells. The
antheridia and archegonia are each found aggregated on specially
formed branches (somewhat resembling Mushrooms) projecting
from the surface of the thallus. The antheridia are developed on the
upper surface (Fig. 197 C, D) and the archegonia on the lower (Fig.
197 A, B), near the centrally-placed stalk.
Marchantia polymorpha is diœcious (Fig. 197), and very common
on damp places. Lunularia (South Europe), frequently found on
flower-pots in conservatories; Preissia, Fegatella, Reboulia,
Targionia.

Family 2. Anthoceroteæ.
These have an entirely leafless, fleshy, flat, and irregularly-shaped thallus. In its
intercellular chambers Nostoc-colonies are often found, which have forced their
way through the stomata situated on the under side. The antheridia and
archegonia arise from the cells lying inside the thallus. The capsule resembles a
long, thin pod; it has two valves and a columella. Anthoceros (A. lævis, Fig. 194,
and punctatus).

Family 3. Jungermannieæ.
Some forms in this family have a thallus in which leaf-like
structures are found (Blasia), while in others (e.g. Metzgeria, Pellia,
Aneura) they are entirely absent. The majority, however, have round,
thick stems, bearing dorsally two rows of leaves, and one row
ventrally. Some of these have the leaves “underlying” (Fig. 195),
while in others (Fig. 198) they are “overlying.” (See Figs. 195, 198,
with explanation).
The sporangia are spherical, stalked, and situated singly on the
apex of the branches, and open by four valves (in Sphærocarpus
they are indehiscent).
 Fig. 198.—Frullania dilatata. Portion of a
branch seen from the under side: r and b are
the anterior and posterior edges of the same
dorsal leaf; a ventral leaves (amphigastria).
The dorsal leaves are “overlying,” i.e. the
anterior edge of the leaf overlaps the posterior
edge of the preceding one.
All the species in this family were formerly reckoned as belonging
to one genus, Jungermannia, but now they are divided into several,
arranged as follows:—
I. Anacrogynæ. The archegonia are situated on the upper side of
the thallus or stem, placed laterally, and covered by an “involucre,”
formed by the calyptra together with the tissue of the stem or thallus.
a. Anelatereæ. Without any elaters: Sphærocarpus, Riella.
b. Elatereæ. α. Thalloid: Aneura pinguis, in damp situations;
Metzgeria furcata, on trees; Pellia epiphylla, in damp situations;
Blasia pusilla, on damp clay soil, in the shade (scales are present on
the thallus). β. Foliose and not dorsiventral: Haplomitrium hookeri.
 II. Acrogynæ. The apex of the stem or of certain branches is
adapted for the formation of female shoots. The archegonia are most
frequently aggregated on the apex of the shoots, and are encircled
by their leaves (perichætium). Between these and the archegonia,
enclosing the latter, a peculiar cup-shaped organ (the involucre) is
formed. This group only includes leaf-bearing genera: Frullania,
Radula, Madotheca, Ptilidium, Calypogeia, Lepidozia, Mastigobryum,
Lophocolea, Jungermannia, Scapania, Plagiochila.

Class 2. Musci frondosi or veri (True Mosses).

In this class the protonema is well developed, and resembles a
branched filamentous Alga, from which it can be easily distinguished
by its oblique septa (in Sphagnum it is a cellular expansion). The
Moss-plant, which is developed directly from the protonema,
generally has an erect, thick, cylindrical stem similarly constructed
on all sides. The leaves are arranged spirally, the most frequent
divergence being 2/5 or 3/8 (Fig. 200 A). A midrib is often present
and also marginal veins formed by longitudinally elongated cells; at
these veins the leaf is more than one layer in thickness. In
Leucobryum the leaves are generally constructed of more than one
layer.
The stem grows by means of a three-sided, pyramidal, apical cell
which gives rise to three rows of segments, each segment forming a
leaf. The lateral branches arise from the lower portions of the
segments, the upper portion of which does not take any part in the
construction of the leaf. From their mode of origin the branches are
not axillary, and differ in this respect from the Flowering-plants.
The ventral portion of the archegonium is very early ruptured at its
base by the growing sporogonium, upon which it remains, and it is
thus raised into the air, forming a “hood,” the calyptra (Figs. 192; 200
B). In the Sphagnaceæ the hood is not present; in this order, as in
the Liverworts, the archegonium remains at the base of the
sporogonium. The sporangium opens by circumsessile dehiscence,
the upper portion (operculum) being separated along a specially
constructed ring of cells, and falls off like a “lid” (Fig. 200). Only in a
few forms (families 2 and 3) does any variation of this take place.
Elaters are never found, but (with the exception of Archidium) there
is always present in the sporangium a central mass of cells, the
columella, which take no part in the formation of the spores. The
columella, in some, does not reach quite to the operculum and in
these cases the spore-sac is bell-shaped and covers the columella
(Andreæa, Fig. 190; Sphagnum, Fig. 199 D); but in the majority of
Mosses the columella extends to the lid, so that the space containing
the spores becomes a hollow cylinder.
The sporangium is generally raised on a long stalk; in the great
majority this stalk is formed from the lower half of the oospore and
belongs to the asexual generation—it is then known as the seta. In
Andreæa and Sphagnum the seta is very short, and the sporangia
are raised upon a long stalk (pseudopodium) developed from the
summit of the sexual generation (Figs. 190, 192). In the latter figure
an archegonium (a) is seen attached to the pseudopodium, having
been carried up with this during the course of its development. The
summit of the pseudopodium is enlarged to embrace the foot of the
sporogonium (Figs. 192, 199 D).
A. The sporangium is supported on a pseudopodium; the columella does not
extend to the operculum.
 Fig. 199.—Sphagnum acutifolium.—A The upper
portion of a plant: a branches with antheridia; ch
branches with terminal archegonia and perichætia; b the
upper stemleaves. B A male branch whose leaves are
partly taken off in order to show the antheridia. C Group
of three archegonia: the central one (a) is formed from
the apical cell. D Sporogonium in longitudinal section:
the broad foot (sg’) is sunk in the vaginula, v; c calyptra;
 ar neck of the archegonium; ps pseudopodium. E ripe
sporangium with operculum, and the remains of the
archegonium situated on the pseudopodium which is still
surrounded by the perichætium; to the left is a barren
branch. F Portion of a foliage-leaf seen from above: l
perforations; b chlorophyll-containing cells; s spiral
thickenings.

Family 1. Sphagneæ (Bog-Mosses).

The protonema has been already described. The stem is regularly
branched owing to the fact that a branch, or collection of branches,
arises at every fourth leaf. These branches are closely covered with
leaves, some are erect, while others hang down and surround the
stem. No rhizoids are developed. These Mosses are of a whitish-
green colour, and when water is present are always saturated with it
like a sponge, the reason for this being found in the construction of
the stem and leaves. The stems are covered by an external layer of
large clear cells, without chlorophyll, but with annular or spiral
thickenings on the walls, which are also perforated by large holes.
By means of capillary attraction, water is thus raised to the summit of
the stem. Similarly constructed cells are also found in the leaves, but
they are surrounded by a net of very narrow, chlorophyll-containing
cells (Fig. 199 F), whose colour is thus to a great extent lost amongst
those which are colourless. This anatomical structure is an essential
condition for the formation of peat. The Bog-Mosses grow by
preference on moors, which they cover with a thick carpet saturated
with water. The lower extremities of the plants perish very rapidly,
and gradually become converted into peat, and the branches thus
separated from each other become independent plants. The
sporangia (Fig. 199 D, E) are spherical, but with a very short stalk.
They open by a lid, but have no annulus. The archegonium (Fig. 199
C) persists at the base of the sporogonium as in the Liverworts. Only
one genus, Sphagnum.

Family 2. Schizocarpeæ.
The Mosses which constitute this family are of a brownish-black colour and are
found living on rocks. The sporangium resembles that of the Liverworts inasmuch
as it opens by four valves, but these continue attached to each other at the apex
as well as at the base (Fig. 193).—There is only one genus: Andreæa.
B. The stalk is formed from the lower portion of the sporogonium. The columella
is continued to the summit of the sporangium and united with it (Archidium has no
columella.)

Family 3. Cleistocarpeæ.
The fruit does not dehisce in the regular way, but the spores are liberated by
decay. They are small Mosses which remain in connection with their protonema
until the sporangium is mature. The archegonium remains sessile at the base of
the short capsule-stalk, and is not raised into the air (compare Hepaticæ).—
Phascum, Ephemerum, Archidium, Pleuridium.

Family 4. Stegocarpeæ.
To this belong the majority of the Mosses, about 3,000 species.
The capsule opens as in Sphagnum by means of a lid
(operculum), which is often prolonged into a beak. Round the mouth
of the opened capsule, a number of peculiar yellow or red teeth are
to be found. These constitute the peristome; their number is four, or
a multiple of four (8, 16, 32 or 64). The form and thickenings of these
teeth are widely different, and on this account are used by
Systematists for the purposes of classification. In some Mosses (Fig.
200 C, D) there is a double row of teeth. Except in Tetraphis they are
not formed from entire cells, but from the strongly thickened portions
of the wall of certain layers of cells belonging to the lid, and persist
when this falls off. They are strongly hygroscopic, and assist greatly
in the ejection of the lid, in which operation they are considerably
aided by a ring of elastic cells with thickened walls, situated in the
wall of the lid near the base of the teeth. This ring is known as the
annulus. The archegonium is raised into the air like a hood, the
calyptra, which either covers the sporangium on all sides (having the
shape of a bell), or is split on one side (Fig. 200 B, h).
Among peculiar forms may be mentioned: Splachnum, which is especially
remarkable for the collar-like expansion at the base of the capsule. Fissidens
deviates in having a flat stem and leaves arranged in two rows. The leaves are
boat-shaped and half embrace the stem.—Schistostega has two kinds of stems.
The barren ones resemble Fern-leaves; they have two rows of leaves, which are
attached together vertically, are decurrent and coalesce at their bases. The fertile
ones have an ordinary appearance.—Tetraphis: the peristome is composed of four
teeth, which are formed from entire cells. T. pellucida has peculiar gemmæ.
The family is divided into two groups: the Musci acrocarpi, the
growth of whose main axis is limited and terminated by the formation
of the sexual organs; and the Musci pleurocarpi, whose sporogonia
are situated on special lateral shoots, while the growth of the main
axis is unlimited.
 Fig. 200.—A Hypnum populeum. B and
C Sporangia, with hood (h), and operculum
(l’), and without these (C), showing the
peristome (p). D The mouth of the capsule
of Fontinalis antipyretica.

A. Acrocarpi.
Order 1. Weisiaceæ. Peristome, with 16 teeth arranged in one series, rarely
wanting. Leaf with midrib. Campylopus, Dicranum (D. scoparium, common in
forests), Dicranella, Cynodontium.—Weisia, Gymnostomum (no peristome),
Systegium.
 Order 2. Leucobryaceæ. Peristome with 16 teeth. Leaves with three or more
layers of cells, of which the external ones are air-conducting and perforated (as in
the Sphagneæ), the middle one containing chlorophyll. Leucobryum.
Order 3. Fissidentaceæ. Peristome as in the preceding ones. The leaves are
arranged in two rows on the plagiotropic shoots; in Fissidens the midrib of the leaf
bears wing-shaped outgrowths. Conomitrium, Fissidens.
Order 4. Seligeriaceæ. Peristome with 16 undivided teeth. Very small Rock-
mosses. Seligeria.—Blindia.
Order 5. Pottiaceæ. Peristome with 16 teeth, which are divided almost to the
base, or with 32 teeth. Calyptra hood-like.—Barbula (B. muralis, B. ruralis),
Trichostomum, Leptotrichum.—Ceratodon purpureus.—Distichium.—Pottia.
Order 6. Grimmiaceæ. The leaf-cells are often papillose; in the upper portion of
the leaf, small, and of roundish shape. The calyptra is most frequently hood-like or
conical. Eucalypta.—Orthotrichum, often with short-stalked capsule, is found on
trees.—Coscinodon.—Hedwigia.—Grimmia, Racomitrium.—Cinclidotus.
Order 7. Schistostegaceæ. The stems are of two kinds (see above);
Schistostega osmundacea, in caves, has a bright emerald protonema.
Order 8. Splachnaceæ. The capsule has a large, collar-like neck (see above).
Splachnum (especially on manure).
Order 9. Funariaceæ. Capsule pear-shaped. Funaria (F. hygrometrica has a
very hygroscopic seta, becoming twisted when dry, and straightening with
moisture); Physcomitrium; Discelium.
Order 10. Bryaceæ. The capsule is thicker towards the apex; most frequently
pendulous. Philonotis, Bartramia.—Aulacomnium.—Paludella Meesea.—Mnium.—
Bryum, Webera, Leptobryum.
Order 11. Polytrichaceæ. Single peristome, formed by 16, 32, or 64 teeth.
Leaves with longitudinal lamellæ on upper surface.—Polytrichum has long, hairy
calyptra. Catharinea (C. undulata, in forests).
Order 12. Georgiaceæ. Peristome with 4 teeth (see above). Tetraphis (T.
pellucida has gemmæ).
Order 13. Buxbaumiaceæ. Capsule asymmetrical; double peristome: the
interior one conical, with 16 or 32 longitudinal folds.—Buxbaumia (B. aphylla);
Diphyscium.

B. Pleurocarpi.
Order 14. Fontinalaceæ. Long, floating Water-Mosses. Fontinalis (F.
antipyretica is found in streams). Dichelyma.
 Order 15. Hookeriaceæ. Pterygophyllum.
Order 16. Leskeaceæ. Dull-looking Mosses, with papillose or warted leaves.—
Thuidium, Thuja-like with regularly arranged 1–3 doubly pinnate stems;
Anomodon, Leskea.
Order 17. Pterogoniaceæ. Pterigynandrum filiforme, etc.
Order 18. Fabroniaceæ. Anacamptodon.
Order 19. Neckeraceæ. Stems most frequently with flat, leafy branches. The
leaves are smooth, never with longitudinal folds.—Neckera.
Order 20. Hypnaceæ. The leaves are smooth with square, often bladder-like,
cells at the edge. Hylocomium (H. splendens, H. triquetrum); Hypnum;
Brachythecium; Plagiothecium.—Eurhynchium.—Homalothecium, Isothecium,
Orthothiecium, Homalia.—Climacium, Lescuræa, Leucodon.
The Mosses occur all over the globe. Many are found in great numbers, and
growing thickly massed together, they form an important feature in landscapes (for
example Sphagnum and Polytrichum in the Arctic Tundra). In the Northern and
Arctic regions the Mosses are very plentiful, and often form a considerable part of
the vegetation, while in the Tropics they are insignificant.
Species of Hypnum and Polytrichum, like Sphagnum, play an important part in
the formation of peat.
 DIVISION III.

PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS).

The alternation of generations is as distinct in this Division as in
the Mosses, but the sexual generation consists of only a small
thallus, the prothallium, which bears directly the sexual organs,
antheridia and archegonia; and the asexual generation, which arises
from the fertilisation of the oosphere, is no longer a single short-lived
sporangium, but a highly developed, generally perennial, plant
provided with stem, leaves and true roots (Ferns, Horsetails, etc.),
the sporangia being borne on the leaves. In this latter generation the
tissues are differentiated into epidermis, ground tissue and vascular
tissue; in the last named the bundles are closed, and in the majority
of cases concentric.
The sexual generation, gametophyte, or prothallium, is always
a thallus, although not always green and leaf-like (Figs. 205, 215,
222, 229, 235, etc.) It is very small, even in cases where it attains
the greatest development, and consists only of parenchymatous
cells. The prothallium is nourished by hair-like roots (rhizoids) and
has only a transitory existence, dying soon after the fertilisation of its
oosphere.
The antheridia exhibit great variations in structure which,
however, must be considered as modifications of the fundamental
type which is found in the Mosses. These modifications will be
mentioned under the various families. The spermatozoids are always
spirally-coiled, self-motile, protoplasmic bodies, with most frequently
a large number of fine cilia on the anterior end (Figs. 206, 223, 234).
They are formed principally from the nucleus of the mother-cell, and
portions of the cytoplasm often remain for a time attached to their
posterior end.
The archegonia are more uniform throughout the entire Division,
and more closely resemble those of the Mosses. They are, as in the
previous Division, principally flask-shaped; but the central portion,
which encloses the oosphere, is always embedded in the tissue of
the prothallium, so that the neck, which is formed of 4 rows of cells,
projects above the surface (Figs. 201 3, 222 h). The development of
the archegonium in a Fern is seen in the accompanying figure (Fig.
201). The archegonium is developed from a surface cell, which
divides into three cells by two walls in a direction parallel to the
surface of the prothallium (Fig. 201). The most internal cell becomes
the ventral portion of the archegonium. The external one (b) divides
perpendicularly to the surface of the prothallium into four cells, which
again divide parallel to the surface and form the neck (b, in 2 and 3).
The intermediate cell projects upwards into the neck and divides into
two, the lower one, after the separation of the ventral canal-cell,
becoming the oosphere, and the upper one the neck-canal-cell (c, in
2 and 3).

Fig. 201.—Pteris serrulata. Development of archegonia.]

As in the Mosses, the divisional walls of the neck-canal-cells
become mucilaginous, causing the rupture of the neck of the
archegonium. Fertilisation takes place as in the Mosses, and the
passage of the spermatozoids, along the neck, to the oosphere, has
been observed. Water (rain or dew) is similarly necessary for the
movements of the spermatozoids, and hence for fertilisation. The
other classes of the Division chiefly deviate from the Ferns in having
the archegonium sunk deeper into the prothallium, and the neck
reduced in length (compare Fig. 201 with Figs. 216, 222, 235, 236).
According to the nature of the spores, the three classes of the
Vascular Cryptogams are each divided into isosporous and
heterosporous groups.
I. The isosporous Vascular Cryptogams have only one kind of
spore. The prothallium developed from this is in some cases
monœcious, bearing both antheridia and archegonia; but in others
there is a distinct tendency for each prothallium to bear only
antheridia or archegonia (diœcious)—true Ferns and Lycopodium.
In Equisetum there is only one kind of spore, but two kinds of
prothallia are developed, one of which bears only antheridia (male),
the other only archegonia (female); but the one that bears antheridia
may be transformed into the one that bears archegonia and vice
versa.
II. In the higher group, heterosporous Vascular Cryptogams
(Selaginella and Isoëtes, etc.), there are two distinct kinds of spores,
the small, microspores, and the large, macrospores. The
microspores are male, and produce prothallia which bear only
antheridia. The macrospores are female, and produce prothallia
which bear only archegonia.
Corresponding to this difference in the spores, there is also found
a difference in the development of the prothallium. In the Isosporeæ
the prothallium is large, and either green, leaf-like, and provided with
rhizoids (most of the Ferns, Horsetails, etc.), or subterranean, pale-
coloured, and globular (Ophioglossum, Lycopodium). It lives
vegetatively for a fairly long time, and generally produces a large and
varying number of archegonia and antheridia. The prothallium in the
Heterosporeæ is gradually more and more reduced, its independent
and vegetative life becomes of less and less importance, it becomes
more dependent on the mother-plant, and projects from the spore
very slightly, or not at all. The antheridia and archegonia become
reduced in number to one, and also degenerate in point of
development.
It may here be remarked that the gradual development of the
asexual generation, the development of the two kinds of spores, and
the progressive reduction of the prothallium and sexual organs which
is found in this Division, is continued to the Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms. The microspores are in these called pollen-grains, and
the male prothallium is very rudimentary. The macrospores are
termed embryo-sacs, and the female prothallium, the endosperm.
The asexual generation, sporophyte. When the oosphere,
which in this case as in all others is a primordial cell, is fertilised, it
surrounds itself with a cell-wall and commences to divide into a
number of cells, to form the embryo.
The first dividing wall (basal wall) is nearly horizontal, and in the direction of the
longitudinal axis of the archegonium. The next wall is vertical, and the next
perpendicular to the other two. The oosphere, therefore, is now divided into eight
octants by these three walls. The basal wall divides the embryo into a hypobasal
and an epibasal half. From the first one, by continued divisions, the first root is
developed; from the latter, the stem and leaves. After the formation of the octants
the development proceeds in somewhat different ways in the various classes. In
addition to the stem, leaf, and root, a “foot” is developed from the hypobasal half
which remains enclosed in the prothallium, and conveys nourishment from the
prothallium to the young plant until it is able to sustain itself (Fig. 202). The
formation of these members in the embryo depends on the position of the
oosphere in the archegonium and prothallium, and is independent of gravity.
 Fig. 202.—Adiantum capillus veneris. Vertical section through a
prothallium (f f), with a young plant attached on its under side (mag. about
10 times); r the first root, and b the first leaf of the young Fern-plant; m the
foot. In the angle between m and b lies the apex of the stem: h the
rhizoids of the prothallium; æ æ unfertilised archegonia.
In the Mosses the asexual generation is the sporogonium, which
is limited in its development and in a great measure dependent upon
the sexual generation, upon which it is situated; but in the
Pteridophyta this generation is an independent and highly developed
plant, provided with stem, leaf, and true roots, and has in many
instances an unlimited development. The Pteridophyta are the
lowest Division with true roots. The root which is first formed is very
similar in nature to the primary root of the Monocotyledons; it very
soon dies and is replaced by others which are more permanent, and
developed upon the stem (adventitious roots); roots are wanting in
Salvinia, Psilotum, and some Hymenophyllaceæ. The differentiation
is, however, not so complete as in the Flowering-plants, and so
many leafy forms are not found. The various members of these
plants are anatomically much higher than in the Mosses, having an
epidermis, a ground tissue with variously differentiated cells, and a
highly developed vascular system. The vascular bundles, like those
in the Monocotyledons, are without cambium, and closed; they are
therefore incapable of any increase in thickness. In general the
bundles are concentric, with the bast round the wood (Fig. 203). The
wood is almost entirely made up of scalariform tracheides.
In Isoëtes a secondary thickening takes place by a cambium, which is formed
inside the cortex, constructing secondary cortex to the exterior, and secondary
wood towards the interior.—Botrychium has also a thickening growth. Collateral
vascular bundles occur in Osmundaceæ, Equisetaceæ, and the leaves of many
Polypodiaceæ, etc.

Fig. 203.—Portion of the stem of a Fern.

Above is seen the transverse section, with
vascular bundles of different form and size. The
rhombic figures on the side of the stem are leaf-
scars.
It is a point of special interest, that the gigantic forms of Ferns,
Equisetums, and Club-Mosses (which flourished in earlier geological
periods, when these classes attained their highest development)
possessed some means of increasing in thickness.
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