12th standard Botany Practical notes

Name:_______________
Reg.No:______________
Subject:______________
Class:_____Section_____
Date:______Batch______
Session:______Time_____

Identification

Q.No. Topic
I.A Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
I. A
II.B. Fresh or Preserved Specimens
II. B
III.C. Photographs
III. C
IV.D Solving the Problems
IV. D
V.E Experiments
V. E
VI.F Economic Importance of Plants
VI. F

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 1
 Content
S.No. Ex.No. Topic
I.A. Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
1. A1 T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features
2. A2 L.S of an Angiospermic ovule
3. A3 T.S. of Nerium Leaf
II.B. Fresh or Preserved Specimens
4. B1 Vegetative Propagation by underground stem – Rhizome
5. B2 Wind Pollinated Flowers – Anemophily
6. B3 Dicot seed
7. B4 Seed dispersal by water – Hydrochory – Eg: Coconut
8. B5 Adaptations of Halophytes - Pneumatophores of Avicennia
III.C – Photographs
9. C1 Anatropous Ovule
10. C2 E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
11. C3 Plant Tissue Culture – Callus with plantlets
12. C4 Pyramid of Number
IV.D. Solving the Problems
13. D1 Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Cross
14. D2 Flow of energy and Ten percent law
15. D3 Genetic - linkage map
V.E. Experiments
16. E1 To dissect and display the pollinia of Calotropis
17. E2 Study of Pollen germination on a slide
18. E3 Isolation of DNA from plant materials
VI.F. Economic Importance of Plants
F. Economically important plants
19. F1 Banana
20. F2 Wheat
21. F3 Cotton
22. F4 Rubber
23. F5 Flaked Rice or Aval
24. F6 Henna Powder

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 2
 Botany Practical Question Paper

Time: 2:30 hr Marks: 15

I. Identify the given slide ‘A’ and give any two reasons. Draw a neat labeled diagram. 3 marks
(Identification – 1, Any two reasons – 1, Diagram – ½, Labelling – ½)

II. Identify the given fresh or preserved specimen ‘B’ and give any two reasons.
(Identification – 1, Any two reasons – 1) 2 marks

III. Identify the given specimen / model / photograph/ chart ‘C’ and give any two reasons.
(Identification – 1, Any two reasons – 1) 2 marks

IV. Analyse the given ecological / genetic problem ‘D’. Solve it by giving appropriate reasons.
(Identification – 1, Solve/ Construct– 1, Reason/Observation, Inference/Answer – 1) 3 mark

V. Write the aim, procedure, observation and inference of the given experiment ‘E’.
(Aim – 1, Procedure – 1, Table (Observation, Inference) – 1 3 marks

VI. Identify the economically important plant product ‘F’. Mention its Botanical name,
useful part and their uses.
(Identification – ½, Botanical name – ½, Useful part – ½, uses – ½) 2 marks

Total: 15 marks
Record: 3 marks
Skill (Herbarium): 2 marks
Maximum marks: 20

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 3
I.A - Preparation and Demonstration of Slides
Exercise No. A1: T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features
Identification: The given slide is identified as T.S of Anther.
Diagnostic Features:
1. A mature anther is bilobed (dithecous) and the two lobes are joined by a connective.
2. Each anther lobe has two pollen chambers in which pollen grains are produced.
3. Centre of the microsporangium is filled with haploid pollen grains.
Exercise No. A2: L.S of an Angiospermic ovule
Identification: The given slide is identified as L.S of an Angiospermic ovule.
Diagnostic Features:
1. Ovule or megasporangium is protected by one or two coverings called integuments.
2. The stalk of the ovule is called funicle.
3. A mature ovule has 8 nuclei in its embryo.
Exercise No. A3: T.S. of Nerium Leaf
Identification: The given slide is identified as T.S. of Nerium Leaf.
Diagnostic Features:
1. Presence of multilayered epidermis with thick cuticle.
2. Sunken stomata are present only in the lower epidermis.
3. Mechanical tissues are well developed.
II.B. Fresh or Preserved Specimens
Exercise No. B1: Vegetative Propagation by underground stem – Rhizome
Identification: The given specimen is identified as vegetative Propagation by underground stem – Rhizome.
Diagnostic Features:
1. Ginger is a underground stem which is called as Rhizome.
2. Rhizomes are horizontal and swollen due to the storage of food materials.
3. The terminal buds and the lateral buds are grow out to form new rhizomes.
Exercise No. B2: Wind Pollinated Flowers - Anemophily
Identification: The given specimen is identified as Wind Pollinated Flowers – Anemophily.
Diagnostic Features:
1. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, colourless, odourless and nectarless.
2. Anthers and stigmas are commonly exerted.
3. Pollen grains are light, small and powdery and produced in large numbers.
Exercise No. B3: Dicot seed
Identification: The given specimen is identified as Dicot seed.
Diagnostic Features:
1. Seeds of gram have two cotyledons and an embryonal axis.
2. Each seed is covered by two seed coats 1.Testa – outer coat 2.Tegmen – inner coat.
3. The embryonal axis consists of tradicle and plumule.
Exercise No. B4: Seed dispersal by water – Hydrochory
Identification: The given specimen is identified as Seed dispersal by water – Hydrochory – Eg: Coconut.
Diagnostic Features
1. Fruits have outer coats that are modified to enable them to float.
2. The mesocarp of coconut is fibrous, which is easily carried away by water currents.
Exercise No. B5: Adaptations of Halophytes - Pneumatophores of Avicennia
Identification: The given specimen is identified as Adaptations of Halophytes - Pneumatophores of Avicennia.
Diagnostic Features
1. A special kind of negatively geotropic root called pneumatophores (respiratory roots) are present.
2. The leaves excrete salts through the salt glands.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 4
III.C – Photographs
Exercise No. C1: Anatropous Ovule
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Anatropous Ovule.
Diagnostic Features:
1. The body of the ovule becomes completely inverted so that micropyle lies close to the funicle.
2. Micropyle and chalaza lie on the same straight line.
3. Example: Asteraceae.
Exercise No. C2: E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322).
Diagnostic Features:
1.pBR 322 plasmid is a reconstructed plasmid containing 4361 base pairs and most widely used as cloning vector.
2.In pBR, p denotes plasmid and B and R respectively the notes of scientists Boliver and Rodriguez who
developed the plasmid.
3.It contais two different antibiotic resistance genes.
Exercise No. C3: Plant tissue culture – Callus with plantlets
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Plant tissue culture – Callus with plantlets.
Diagnostic Features:
1. The callus is an unorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue.
2. Roots and shoots are differentiated from the callus.
3. The mechanism of callus formation is that auxin induce cell elongation and cytokinin induces cell division.
Exercise No. C4: Pyramid of numbers
Identification: The given Photograph is identified as Pyramid of numbers.
Diagnostic Features:
1. The number of organism that are present in successive trophic levels of an ecosystem is shown in the pyramid
of numbers of a grassland ecosystem.
2. There is a gradual decrease in the number of organisms in each trophic level from producers to tertiary
consumers.
3. Therefore, pyramid of number in grassland ecosystem is always upright.
IV.D – Solving the Problems
Exercise No. D1: Analysis of seed sample to study Mendelian Dihybrid Cross
Identification: The given Genetical problem is identified as Mendel’s Dihybrid cross.

Construction:

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 5
Answer:
Total Number of No.of yellow No.of yellow No.of green No.of green
seeds observed round seeds wrinkled seeds round seeds wrinkled seeds
160 90 30 30 10
Phenotypic Ration: 9:3:3:1
Yellow round Yellow wrinkled Green round Green wrinkled
9 3 3 1
Which is exactly the same as obtained by Mendel for a dihybrid cross. This indicates that the contrasting genes
for seed colour and seed shape show an independent assortment in the population of pea seeds.
Exercise No. D2: Flow of energy and Ten percent law
Identification: The given Ecological problem is identified as Ten Percent Law of Energy.

Construction:

i) T1 – Grass (Producer) = 30,000 J of Energy

ii) T2 – Rabbit (Primary Consumer) = 3000 J of Energy
iii) T3 – Snake ( Secondary Consumer) = 300 J of Energy
Answer:
The third tropical level T3 – Snake (Secondary Consumer) receives 300 J of Energy.
Exercise No. D3: Genetic - linkage map
Identification: The given problem is identified as Genetic linkage map.

Construction:

Reasons:
1. The frequency of crossing over is directly proportional to the relative distance of the
genes on the chromosomes.
2. More crossing over = More distance between two genes and
Less crossing over = Less distance between the two genes.
3.In the above problem, the sequence of the genes on the linkage map is B, A, C.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 6
V.E – Experiments
Exercise No. E1: To dissect and display the pollinia of Calotropis
Aim Procedure Observation Inference
To dissect and i) Take a mature flower of The stamens of Calotropis The structure of pollinia
observe the Calotropis. produce pollinium. of Calotropis is well
structure of ii) Identify the pentangular suited to achieve
pollinia. stigmatic disc. pollination.
iii) Insert the needle at the angles
of the stigma where the
pollinia are adhered.
iv) Dissect it and place the
pollinia on a clean slide.
v) Mount it inglycerine and place
a coverslip on it.

Exercise No. E2: Study of Pollen germination on a slide

Aim Procedure Observation Inference
To study the pollen i) 1gm Sucrose + 100 ml Different stages of Pollen tube containing
germination. distilled water. germination pollens are tube nucleus and two male
ii) add few pollen grains. observed. gametes.
iii) after 5 minutes view the slide.

Exercise No. E3: Isolation of DNA from plant materials

Aim Procedure Observation Inference
To isolate DNA i) Grinded plant material + water DNA appears as white DNA can be isolated from
from available + Nacl. precipitate of very fine the plant cell nucleus.
plant materials. ii) filter the solution. thread like structure.
iii) add liquid soap solution and
Chilled ethanol.

V.F - Economic Importance of Plants

Exercise No. F. Economically important plants:

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

F1 Banana Musa x paradisiaca Fruit 1.Used as a fruit.
2.Banana flour used in beverage industries.

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

F2 Wheat Triticum aestivum Whole 1. Used to make bread and bakery products.
grain 2. Used as alcoholic beverages and drinks.

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

F3 Cotton Gossypium Seed coat 1. Used in textile and toys making industries.
barbadense fibres 2. Used in stuffing pillows and cushions.

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 7
Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses
F4 Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Latex 1.Used to make erasers, footwear, rubber bands.
2.Used to make gloves and balloons.

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

F5 Flaked Rice Oryza sativa Seeds 1.Used as a breakfast.
(Aval) 2.Used as a snacks.

Ex.No. Identification Botanical Name Useful Parts Uses

F6 Henna Lawsonia inermis Leaves 1.Used as a hair dye.
powder 2.Used to colouring skin and nails.

*****************************************************************************************
Diagrams:

A1: T.S of Anther Diagnostic Features A2: L.S of an Angiospermic ovule

A3: T.S. of Nerium Leaf

*******************************************************************************************

C.KISHORE KUMAR, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc (YOGA)., B.A (HINDI)., PG ASST IN BOTANY,
GOVT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL, THATTAPPARAI, GUDIYATTAM, VELLORE DISTRICT. CELL : 9894807882. Page 8