NON METALS

Non-metals cannot be hammered into thin sheets. It means they don’t possess
the property of malleability. Instead, they are brittle as they break down into
pieces on hammering
Non-metals are not ductile. They cannot be drawn into wires.
Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Non-metals are not lustrous which means they are not shiny. Instead of dull in
appearance.
Non-metals have low tensile strength. It means they cannot hold heavyweights.
Non-metals are soft. It means they can be cut by knife easily
Non-metals are not sonorous. It means when we strike them, they do not make
any sound.
Shows low melting points.

NOBLE GASES
Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular
extreme conditions
Their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be “full”, octet complete
❖ Oxidation state zero
Valency zero
❖ High ionization energy
❖ Monoatomic
Low Boiling point
❖ All Noble Gasses are insoluble in water
As they have a complete octet which makes them highly stable. So, they hardly
react with other elements to form Chemical bonds because of their less
tendency to either gain or lose electrons. But exceptions are everywhere. Xe is
the exception in this case. Xenon is the Noble Gas that may form compounds
either with fluoride or oxide.
HELIUM
Atomic no 2
Symbol He
Colourless , odourless , tasteless
Viscosity extremely low
Known as super fluid
Helium gas is less dense compared to any other known gas except hydrogen and
it is about one seventh as dense as air
Helium is the smallest element
Helium is the second-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen.
Most of the helium in the universe was created in the Big Bang, but it also is the
product of hydrogen fusion in stars.
Helium is the second most abundant element In sun.
Lowest melting point and boiling point
Helium is duplet because as compared to other elements which combine in
order to have electrons in their valence shell and arrive at a particular electronic
configuration of the nearest inert gases while helium becomes stable by
acquiring the nearest electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas
Helium is used for medicine, scientific research, arc welding, refrigeration, gas
for aircraft, coolant for nuclear reactors, cryogenic research and detecting gas
leaks.
Helium is used for filling weather balloons

NEON
Neon is a chemical element with the symbol Ne
Atomic number 10.
Neon is a colourless, odourless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions
Neon is used in vacuum tubes, high-voltage indicators, lightning arresters,
television tubes, and helium-neon lasers.
Neon bulbs are available
Neon Sign Boards are the commonly used advertisement boards used in the
business areas. It looks more attractive than any other signboards
ARGON
Symbol Ar
Atomic number 18
Argon is the third-most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, at 0.934
It evaded discovery until 1894 when Lord Rayleigh and William Rams Separated
by From air
Incandescent light bulbs are filled with inert gases like argon. The heat from the
tungsten filament generates light and the argon helps prevent the filament from
decaying. Simply having air in the bulb would not work as the filament would
react with the oxygen in the air and burn out the tungsten.
Used in welding. Since argon has a low chemical reactivity, this means that it can
function as a gas to push away other gases without itself interfering in the
welding process. Argon is also helpful in avoiding oxidization. This is especially
helpful for welding.
KRYPTON
symbol Kr and Atomic number 36.
Known as Hidden gas.
krypton, from the Greek word for “hidden,” Kryptos
❖ Krypton is one of the rarest gases on Earth, composing only 1 part per
million of the atmosphere by volume.
❖ The discovery of krypton occurred partially by accident.
Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers were in
hopes of finding a lighter chemical element to fill the gap in the Periodic Table
between argon and helium. They analysed the light spectrum of the gases in the
sample and found something unknown a brand-new element. This new element
was not lighter than argon, but heavier.
It is also used in some flash lamps used for high-speed photography
Krypton is mixed with an element in energy economical fluorescent lamps,
reducing the facility consumption, however conjointly reducing the sunshine
output and raising the value.
Xenon
Symbol Xe and atomic number 54.
Xenon is called a stranger gas
The element’s name derived from the Greek word Xenos which translates to
‘stranger.
Xenon was discovered in 1898 by William Ramsey and Morris Travers.
RADON
Symbol Rn and atomic number 86
Discovered by Friedrich Ernst Dorn,, in 1900 while studying radium’s decay
chain.
Originally named niton after the Latin word for shining, “nitens,” it has been
known as radon since 1923.
Radon is a radioactive gas that forms naturally when uranium, thorium, or
radium, which are radioactive metals break down in rocks, soil and groundwater.
OGANESSON
The name honours the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading
role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table.
It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of
naming, the other being seaborgium (Seaborgium is named for Glenn T.
Seaborg, who was instrumental in producing several trans uranium elements)
Group 17 of the periodic table.
The halogen elements are fluorine (F), chlorine (CI), bromine (Br), iodine (I),
astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts).
They were given the name halogen, from the Greek roots hal- (“salt”) and-gen
(“to produce”).
Due to Great reactivity, the free halogen elements are not found in nature.
Halogens are highly reactive, and as such can be harmful or lethal to biological
organisms in sufficient quantities.
This high reactivity is due to the high electronegativity of the atoms due to their
high effective nuclear charge.
The group of halogens is the only periodic table group that contains elements in
three of the main states of matter at standard temperature and pressure
All of the halogens form acids when bonded to hydrogen
eg : HCl, HBr, HF, HI
Halogens have seven valence electrons in their outermost shell.so they need
only one electron to complete the octet
Metal Halides are formed when all halogens react with metal.
Eg :HCl, Cacl2, kcl
CHLORINE
Element Chlorine (CI)
Diatomic
Atomic Number 17
P-block
Chlorine was the first halogen to be separated and recognized as an element
This element was first isolated in 1774 by the Swiss-German chemist Carl
Wilhelm Scheele
By reacting hydrochloric acid with manganese (IV) oxide. But he failed to realise
his achievement, mistakenly believing it also contained oxygen.
It was Davy in 1810 who finally concluded that Scheele had made elemental
chlorine.
It was named in 1810 by English chemist Sir Humphry Davy from a Greek term
for its greenish yellow colour.
Chlorine gas itself is toxic. It attacks the respiratory tract and can be fatal. For
this reason, it was used as a weapon during World War I (1914-1918).
Chlorine + metals gives chloride such KCl , NaCl
Extraction of gold and silver
In 1868, Deacon developed a process by Which chlorine is produced by
oxidation of gaseous HCl with O2 in the presence of a Cucl2 catalyst
Act as oxidising agent
The main components of bleaching powder and PVC
Used in the manufacture of paper and rayon
Used as a bleaching agent
The main components of phosgene, mustard gas, Tear gas.
Used for the manufacture of dyes and drug
Chronic exposure to chlorine gas can lead to chest pain, cough, vomiting, corneal
burns sore throat, and haemoptysis.
DDT,BHC, CHLOROFORM, FREYON are some of important compounds containing
Cl
Chlorine-based disinfectants are among the most frequently applied
disinfectants and oxidizers for swimming pool treatment
Chlorine kills pathogenic microorganisms that are present in the water.
Sir James Young Simpson discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform
and pioneered its application in surgery and midwifery
Chloroform is no longer used as an anaesthetic for several reasons, the most
important of which is the relatively high risk of complications, including possible
heart failure
One major problem is the very small margin of error between stage-three
(patient physically incapable and feeling no pain). anaesthesia and stage- five
anaesthesia (paralysis of the chest muscles, often leading to death).
Iodine, fat, oils, penicillin, alkaloids etc. Dissolved in CHLOROFORM
Aniline chloride test can detect the presence of common sugar in honey.
It is used to check the purity of honey
FLOURINE
Atomic number 9
The lightest member of the halogen elements
The most powerful oxidizing agent
it is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements.
Fluorine was first identified by Karl W. Scheele in 1771.
It was first isolated in 1886 by French chemist F. Henri Moissan.
It was discovered in hydrofluoric acid by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist
Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771.
But it was not isolated until 1886 by the French pharmacist and chemist Henri
Moissan.
Henri Moissan, a French chemist, finally isolated fluorine in 1886 .He was
awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906 for the isolating fluorine by electrolysis of dry
potassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF2) and dry hydrofluoric acid.
It is pale yellow-green
it is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements.
Fluorine readily forms compounds with most other elements, even with the
noble gases krypton, xenon and radon.
In the environment fluorine cannot be destroyed; it can only change form.
It is so reactive that glass, metals, and even water, as well as other substances
Known as super halogen
Fluoride in toothpaste is usually in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF) or sodium
Mon fluorophosphate (MFP).
Fluoride added to toothpaste helps to strengthen tooth enamel making it easier
to prevent tooth decay or gum disease often caused by excess plaque.
BROMINE
Bromine’s chemical symbol is Br
Atomic no 35
Liquid state – Normal temperature
Main component of Gasoline
Pneumonia ,Alzheimer’s – medicine

IODINE
iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53
Bernard courtois
iodine is an element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormone.
iodine deficiency can lead to enlargement of the thyroid goitre ,hypothyroidism
I-131 is a isotope of iodine used for the treatment of goitre
It also cause intellectual disabilities in infants and children whose mothers were
iodine deficient during pregnancy.
Known as solid halogen
Seaweed
Iodine Tincture contains iodine which is an antiseptic. It is for use on minor
wounds, cuts and scrapes
iodine solution is used to test the presence of starch. If it is added to a sample
that contains starch, the colour changes to a deep blue
Potassium Iodine tablet – Nuclear disaster regions
ASTATINE
Symbol – At , atomic no 85
The least abundant element in earth crust
The least abundant element in earth
The halogen which shows radioactivity
Rarest element
Known as synthetic halogen
Tennessine
Symbol Ts
Atomic no 117
Tennessine is a human made element
Tennessine was first created in 2010