Topic 2 P2 SL NEW [151 marks]

The graph shows the variation with time t of the horizontal force F exerted on a
tennis ball by a racket.

The tennis ball was stationary at the instant when it was hit. The mass of the
tennis ball is 5.8 × 10–2 kg. The area under the curve is 0.84 N s.

1a. Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the racket. [2 marks]

Markscheme
links 0.84 to Δ p ✔
0.84
v =« =» 14.5 «m s–1»✔
5.8×10−2
NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer

1b. Show that the average force exerted on the ball by the racket is about [2 marks]
50 N.
 Markscheme
use of Δt = «(28 – 12) × 10–3 =» 16 × 10–3 «s» ✔

¯¯¯ =« Δp =»
F 0.84
OR 53 «N» ✔
Δt 16×10−3
NOTE: Accept a time interval from 14 to 16 ms
Allow ECF from incorrect time interval

1c. Determine, with reference to the work done by the average force, the [3 marks]
horizontal distance travelled by the ball while it was in contact with the
racket.

Markscheme
Ek = 12 × 5.8 × 10–2 × 14.52 ✔
Ek =W ✔
1
×5.8×10−2×14.52
s = «W = 2
=» 0.12 « m » ✔
F 53

Allow ECF from (a) and (b)

Allow ECF from MP1
Award [2] max for a calculation without reference to work done, eg: average
velocity × time

1d. Draw a graph to show the variation with t of the horizontal speed v of the[2 marks]
ball while it was in contact with the racket. Numbers are not required on
the axes.
 Markscheme

graph must show increasing speed from an initial of zero all the time ✔
overall correct curvature ✔

A girl rides a bicycle that is powered by an electric motor. A battery transfers

energy to the electric motor. The emf of the battery is 16 V and it can deliver a
charge of 43 kC when discharging completely from a full charge.
The maximum speed of the girl on a horizontal road is 7.0 m s–1 with energy from
the battery alone. The maximum distance that the girl can travel under these
conditions is 20 km.

2a. Show that the time taken for the battery to discharge is about 3 × 103 s. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2.0×104
time taken 7
«= 2860 s» = 2900«s» ✔

Must see at least two s.f.

2b. Deduce that the average power output of the battery is about 240 W. [2 marks]

Markscheme
use of E = qV OR energy = 4.3 × 103 × 16 «= 6.88 × 105 J» ✔
power = 241 «W» ✔
Accept 229 W − 241 W depending on the exact value of t used from ai.
Must see at least three s.f .
2c. Friction and air resistance act on the bicycle and the girl when they [2 marks]
move. Assume that all the energy is transferred from the battery to the
electric motor. Determine the total average resistive force that acts on the bicycle
and the girl.

Markscheme
use of power = force × speed OR force × distance = power × time ✔
«34N» ✔
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
Accept 34 N – 36 N.

The bicycle and the girl have a total mass of 66 kg. The girl rides up a slope that is
at an angle of 3.0° to the horizontal.

2d. Calculate the component of weight for the bicycle and girl acting down [1 mark]
the slope.

Markscheme
66 g sin(3°) = 34 «N» ✔

2e. The battery continues to give an output power of 240 W. Assume that [2 marks]
the resistive forces are the same as in (a)(iii).
Calculate the maximum speed of the bicycle and the girl up the slope.
 Markscheme
total force 34 + 34 = 68 «N» ✔
3.5 «ms-1»✔
If you suspect that the incorrect reference in this question caused confusion
for a particular candidate, please refer the response to the PE.
Look for ECF from aiii and bi.
Accept 3.4 − 3.5 «ms-1».
Award [0] for solutions involving use of KE.
Award [0] for v = 7 ms-1.
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

2f. On another journey up the slope, the girl carries an additional mass. [2 marks]
Explain whether carrying this mass will change the maximum distance
that the bicycle can travel along the slope.

Markscheme
«maximum» distance will decrease OWTTE ✔
because opposing/resistive force has increased
OR
because more energy is transferred to GPE
OR
because velocity has decreased
OR
increased mass means more work required «to move up the hill» ✔

The bicycle has a meter that displays the current and the terminal potential
difference (pd) for the battery when the motor is running. The diagram shows the
meter readings at one instant. The emf of the cell is 16 V.

2g. Determine the internal resistance of the battery. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
V dropped across battery OR Rcircuit = 1.85 Ω ✔
so internal resistance = 4.0
6.5
= 0.62«Ω» ✔

For MP1 allow use of internal resistance equations that leads to 16V − 12V
(=4V).
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

The battery is made from an arrangement of 10 identical cells as shown.

2h. Calculate the emf of one cell. [1 mark]

Markscheme
16
5
= 3.2 «V» ✔

2i. Calculate the internal resistance of one cell. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1 :
2.5r = 0.62 ✔
r = 0.25 «Ω» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2 :
0.62
5
= 0.124 «Ω» ✔

r = 2(0.124)= 0.248 «Ω» ✔

Allow ECF from (d) and/or e(i) .
 A small metal pendulum bob of mass 75 g is suspended at rest from a fixed point
with a length of thread of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible. The bob is
then displaced to the left.
At time t = 0 the bob is moving horizontally to the right at 0.8 m s–1. It collides
with a small stationary object also of mass 75 g. Both objects then move together
with motion that is simple harmonic.

3a. Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the [1 mark]
collision.

Markscheme
0.40 «m s−1» ✔

3b. Show that the collision is inelastic. [3 marks]

Markscheme
initial energy 24 mJ and final energy 12 mJ ✔
energy is lost/unequal /change in energy is 12 mJ ✔
inelastic collisions occur when energy is lost ✔

3c. Describe the changes in gravitational potential energy of the oscillating [1 mark]
system from t = 0 as it oscillates through one cycle of its motion.

Markscheme
maximum GPE at extremes, minimum in centre ✔
 A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet
at a speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between
the ball and the racquet lasts for 25 ms.

4a. Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. [2 marks]

Markscheme
F= Δ mv /m Δ v / 0.058×64.0 ✔
Δt Δt 25×10−3
F = 148«N»≈150«N» ✔

4b. Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
1 2 1 2
2 mv 2 ×0.058×64.0
P= t
/ −3 ✔
25×10
P = 4700/4800«W» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2
64.0
P = averageF v/148 × 2 ✔

P = 4700/4800«W» ✔
 The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at
an angle of 7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

4c. Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2 marks]

Markscheme
horizontal component of velocity is 64.0 × cos7° = 63.52 «ms−1» ✔
11.9
t = « 63.52 = »0.187/0.19«s» ✔

Do not award BCA. Check working.

Do not award ECF from using 64 m s-1.

4d. Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
uy = 64 sin7/7.80 «ms−1»✔
decrease in height = 7.80 × 0.187 + 12 × 9.81 × 0.1872/1.63 «m» ✔
final height = «2.80 − 1.63» = 1.1/1.2 «m» ✔
«higher than net so goes over»
ALTERNATIVE 2
vertical distance to fall to net «= 2.80 − 0.91» = 1.89 «m»✔
time to fall this distance found using «=1.89 = 7.8t + 1
2 × 9.81 ×t2»
t = 0.21 «s»✔
0.21 «s» > 0.187 «s» ✔
«reaches the net before it has fallen far enough so goes over»
Other alternatives are possible

4e. Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
Initial KE + PE = final KE /
1 2
2 × 0.058 × 64 + 0.058 × 9.81 × 2.80 =
1
2 × 0.058 × v2 ✔
v = 64.4 «ms−1» ✔
ALTERNATIVE 2
vv = «√7.82 + 2 × 9.81 × 2.8» = 10.8«ms−1 » ✔

« v = √63.52 + 10.82 »
v = 64.4«ms−1 » ✔
4f. The student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ [3 marks]
at which the ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.
• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.
Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay
surface or for a grass surface.

Markscheme
so horizontal velocity component at lift off for clay is smaller ✔
normal force is the same so vertical component of velocity is the same ✔
so bounce angle on clay is greater ✔

Ion-thrust engines can power spacecraft. In this type of engine, ions are created in
a chamber and expelled from the spacecraft. The spacecraft is in outer space
when the propulsion system is turned on. The spacecraft starts from rest.

The mass of ions ejected each second is 6.6 × 10–6 kg and the speed of each ion is
5.2 × 104 m s–1. The initial total mass of the spacecraft and its fuel is 740 kg.
Assume that the ions travel away from the spacecraft parallel to its direction of
motion.

5a. Determine the initial acceleration of the spacecraft. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
change in momentum each second = 6.6 × 10−6 × 5.2 × 104 «= 3.4 ×
10−1 kg m s−1» ✔
3.4×10−1
acceleration = « =» 4.6 × 10−4 «m s−2» ✔
740

An initial mass of 60 kg of fuel is in the spacecraft for a journey to a planet. Half of

the fuel will be required to slow down the spacecraft before arrival at the
destination planet.

5b. Estimate the maximum speed of the spacecraft. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
(considering the acceleration of the spacecraft)
30
time for acceleration = = «4.6 × 106» «s» ✔
6.6×10−6
max speed = «answer to (a) × 4.6 × 106 =» 2.1 × 103 «m s−1» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2:
(considering the conservation of momentum)
(momentum of 30 kg of fuel ions = change of momentum of spacecraft)
30 × 5.2 × 104 = 710 × max speed ✔
max speed = 2.2 × 103 «m s−1» ✔

5c. Outline why scientists sometimes use estimates in making calculations. [1 mark]

Markscheme
problem may be too complicated for exact treatment ✔
to make equations/calculations simpler ✔
when precision of the calculations is not important ✔
some quantities in the problem may not be known exactly ✔
 In practice, the ions leave the spacecraft at a range of angles as shown.

5d. Outline why the ions are likely to spread out. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ions have same (sign of) charge ✔
ions repel each other ✔

5e. Explain what effect, if any, this spreading of the ions has on the [2 marks]
acceleration of the spacecraft.

Markscheme
the forces between the ions do not affect the force on the spacecraft. ✔
there is no effect on the acceleration of the spacecraft. ✔

On arrival at the planet, the spacecraft goes into orbit as it comes into the
gravitational field of the planet.

5f. Outline what is meant by the gravitational field strength at a point. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force per unit mass ✔
acting on a small/test/point mass «placed at the point in the field» ✔

5g. Newton’s law of gravitation applies to point masses. Suggest why the law [1 mark]
can be applied to a satellite orbiting a spherical planet of uniform density.
 Markscheme
satellite has a much smaller mass/diameter/size than the planet «so
approximates to a point mass» ✔

A chicken’s egg of mass 58 g is dropped onto grass from a height of 1.1 m. The
egg comes to rest in a time of 55 ms. Assume that air resistance is negligible and
that the egg does not bounce or break.

6a. Determine the magnitude of the average decelerating force that the [4 marks]
ground exerts on the egg.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
initial momentum = mv = √2 × 0.058 × 0.63 «= 0.27 kg m s−1»
OR
mv = 0.058 × √2 × 9.81 × 1.1 «= 0.27 kg m s−1» ✔
change in momentum 0.27
force = « time
=» 0.055 ✔

4.9 «N» ✔
F − mg = 4.9 so F= 5.5 «N» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2:
«Ek = 12 mv2 = 0.63 J» v = 4.7 m s−1 ✔
4.7
acceleration = « Δ
Δt
v =» = «85 m s−2» ✔
55×10−3
4.9 «N» ✔
F − mg = 4.9 so F= 5.5 «N» ✔

6b. Explain why the egg is likely to break when dropped onto concrete from [2 marks]
the same height.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1:
concrete reduces the stopping time/distance ✔
impulse/change in momentum same so force greater
OR
work done same so force greater ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2:
concrete reduces the stopping time ✔
deceleration is greater so force is greater ✔

Allow reverse argument for grass.

An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a
crane. The other end of the rope is connected to a block which is initially at
position A. The block is released from rest. The mass of the rope is negligible.

The unextended length of the rope is 60.0 m. From position A to position B, the
block falls freely.

7a. At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block [2 marks]
at position B.
 Markscheme
use of conservation of energy
OR
v2 = u2 + 2as

v = «√2 × 60.0 × 9.81 » = 34.3 «ms–1»

[2 marks]

At position C the speed of the block reaches zero. The time taken for the block to
fall between B and C is 0.759 s. The mass of the block is 80.0 kg.

7b. Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the [2 marks]
block between B and C.

Markscheme
use of impulse Fave × Δt = Δp
OR
use of F = ma with average acceleration
OR
F = 80.0×34.3
0.759

3620«N»

Allow ECF from (a).

[2 marks]
7c. Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block [2 marks]
between B and C. The arrow on the diagram represents the weight of the
block.

Markscheme
upwards
clearly longer than weight

For second marking point allow ECF from (b)(i) providing line is upwards.
[2 marks]

7d. Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the [2 marks]
block between B and C.

Markscheme
3620 + 80.0 × 9.81
4400 «N»

Allow ECF from (b)(i).

[2 marks]
 For the rope and block, describe the energy changes that take place

7e. between A and B. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(loss in) gravitational potential energy (of block) into kinetic energy (of block)

Must see names of energy (gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) –
Allow for reasonable variations of terminology (eg energy of motion for KE).
[1 mark]

7f. between B and C. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(loss in) gravitational potential and kinetic energy of block into elastic
potential energy of rope

See note for 1(c)(i) for naming convention.

Must see either the block or the rope (or both) mentioned in connection with
the appropriate energies.
[1 mark]

7g. The length reached by the rope at C is 77.4 m. Suggest how energy [2 marks]
considerations could be used to determine the elastic constant of the
rope.
 Markscheme
k can be determined using EPE = 12 kx2
correct statement or equation showing
GPE at A = EPE at C
OR
(GPE + KE) at B = EPE at C

Candidate must clearly indicate the energy associated with either position A or
B for MP2.
[2 marks]

A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a

frictionless hemispherical bowl.

The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

8a. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1 mark]

Markscheme
towards the centre «of the circle» / horizontally to the right

Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl

[1 mark]
8b. On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent [2 marks]
the weight of the ball.

Markscheme
downward vertical arrow of any length
arrow of correct length

Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not
required. A label is not required

eg:

[2 marks]

8c. Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the [3 marks]
following equation.

mg
F=
tan θ
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
F = N cos θ
mg = N sin θ
dividing/substituting to get result

ALTERNATIVE 2
right angle triangle drawn with F, N and W/mg labelled
angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions
correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

mg
tan θ = O =
A F
[3 marks]

8d. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the [4 marks]
ball.

Markscheme
mg v2
tan θ
= m r
r = R cos θ

v = √ sin /√ tan /√ 9.81×8.0

gRcos2θ gR cos θ cos 22
θ θ tan 22

v = 13.4/13 «ms –1 »

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13.9/14 «ms –1 ». MP2 omitted
[4 marks]
8e. Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius [2 marks]
equal to the radius of the bowl.

Markscheme
there is no force to balance the weight/N is horizontal
so no / it is not possible

Must see correct justification to award MP2

[2 marks]

8f. A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first [3 marks]
ball is displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls
remain in contact. Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two
balls.
 Markscheme
speed before collision v = «√2gR =» 12.5 «ms–1»

«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 12 initial

speed «vc = 12.5 –1
2 = 6.25 ms »
2
v 6.252
h = « 2gc = 2×9.81 » 2.0 «m»

Allow 12.5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

Award [3] for a bald correct answer
Award [0] for mg(8) = 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.
Allow ECF from MP1
Allow ECF from MP2
[3 marks]

A girl on a sledge is moving down a snow slope at a uniform speed.

9a. Draw the free-body diagram for the sledge at the position shown on the [2 marks]
snow slope.
 Markscheme
arrow vertically downwards labelled weight «of sledge and/or
girl»/W/mg/gravitational force/Fg/Fgravitational AND arrow perpendicular to the
snow slope labelled reaction force/R/normal contact force/N/FN
friction force/F/f acting up slope «perpendicular to reaction force»
Do not allow G/g/“gravity”.
Do not award MP1 if a “driving force” is included.
Allow components of weight if correctly labelled.
Ignore point of application or shape of object.
Ignore “air resistance”.
Ignore any reference to “push of feet on sledge”.
Do not award MP2 for forces on sledge on horizontal ground
The arrows should contact the object

9b. After leaving the snow slope, the girl on the sledge moves over a [3 marks]
horizontal region of snow. Explain, with reference to the physical origin
of the forces, why the vertical forces on the girl must be in equilibrium as she
moves over the horizontal region.

Markscheme
gravitational force/weight from the Earth «downwards»
reaction force from the sledge/snow/ground «upwards»
no vertical acceleration/remains in contact with the ground/does not move
vertically as there is no resultant vertical force
Allow naming of forces as in (a)
Allow vertical forces are balanced/equal in magnitude/cancel out

9c. When the sledge is moving on the horizontal region of the snow, the girl [2 marks]
jumps off the sledge. The girl has no horizontal velocity after the jump.
The velocity of the sledge immediately after the girl jumps off is 4.2 m s–1. The
mass of the girl is 55 kg and the mass of the sledge is 5.5 kg. Calculate the speed
of the sledge immediately before the girl jumps from it.
 Markscheme
mention of conservation of momentum
OR
5.5 x 4.2 = (55 + 5.5) «v»
0.38 «m s–1»
Allow p=p′ or other algebraically equivalent statement
Award [0] for answers based on energy

9d. The girl chooses to jump so that she lands on loosely-packed snow [3 marks]
rather than frozen ice. Outline why she chooses to land on the snow.

Markscheme
same change in momentum/impulse
the time taken «to stop» would be greater «with the snow»
Δp
F= Δt
therefore F is smaller «with the snow»

OR
force is proportional to rate of change of momentum therefore F is smaller
«with the snow»
Allow reverse argument for ice

The sledge, without the girl on it, now travels up a snow slope that makes an
angle of 6.5˚ to the horizontal. At the start of the slope, the speed of the sledge is
4.2 m s–1. The coefficient of dynamic friction of the sledge on the snow is 0.11.

9e. Show that the acceleration of the sledge is about –2 m s–2. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
«friction force down slope» = μmg cos(6.5) = «5.9 N»
«component of weight down slope» = mg sin(6.5) «= 6.1 N»
F 12
«so a = m » acceleration = 5.5 = 2.2 «m s–2»

Ignore negative signs

Allow use of g = 10 m s–2

9f. Calculate the distance along the slope at which the sledge stops moving. [2 marks]
Assume that the coefficient of dynamic friction is constant.

Markscheme
correct use of kinematics equation
distance = 4.4 or 4.0 «m»
Alternative 2
KE lost=work done against friction + GPE
distance = 4.4 or 4.0 «m»
Allow ECF from (e)(i)
Allow [1 max] for GPE missing leading to 8.2 «m»

9g. The coefficient of static friction between the sledge and the snow is 0.14.[2 marks]
Outline, with a calculation, the subsequent motion of the sledge.

Markscheme
calculates a maximum value for the frictional force = «μR=» 7.5 «N»
sledge will not move as the maximum static friction force is greater than the
component of weight down the slope
Allow correct conclusion from incorrect MP1
Allow 7.5 > 6.1 so will not move
 The diagram below shows part of a downhill ski course which starts at point A, 50
m above level ground. Point B is 20 m above level ground.

A skier of mass 65 kg starts from rest at point A and during the ski course some of
the gravitational potential energy transferred to kinetic energy.

10a. From A to B, 24 % of the gravitational potential energy transferred to [2 marks]

kinetic energy. Show that the velocity at B is 12 m s–1.

Markscheme
1 2
2v = 0.24 gh
v = 11.9 «m s–1»

Award GPE lost = 65 × 9.81 × 30 = «19130 J»

Must see the 11.9 value for MP2, not simply 12.
Allow g = 9.8 ms–2.

10b. Some of the gravitational potential energy transferred into internal [2 marks]
energy of the skis, slightly increasing their temperature. Distinguish
between internal energy and temperature.
 Markscheme
internal energy is the total KE «and PE» of the molecules/particles/atoms in an
object
temperature is a measure of the average KE of the molecules/particles/atoms

Award [1 max] if there is no mention of molecules/particles/atoms.

10c. The dot on the following diagram represents the skier as she passes [2 marks]
point B.
Draw and label the vertical forces acting on the skier.

Markscheme
arrow vertically downwards from dot labelled weight/W/mg/gravitational
force/Fg/Fgravitational AND arrow vertically upwards from dot labelled reaction
force/R/normal contact force/N/FN
W>R

Do not allow gravity.

Do not award MP1 if additional ‘centripetal’ force arrow is added.
Arrows must connect to dot.
Ignore any horizontal arrow labelled friction.
Judge by eye for MP2. Arrows do not have to be correctly labelled or connect
to dot for MP2.

10d. The hill at point B has a circular shape with a radius of 20 m. Determine [3 marks]
whether the skier will lose contact with the ground at point B.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
2
recognition that centripetal force is required / mv
r
seen
= 468 «N»
W/640 N (weight) is larger than the centripetal force required, so the skier
does not lose contact with the ground

ALTERNATIVE 2
2
recognition that centripetal acceleration is required / vr seen
a = 7.2 «ms–2»
g is larger than the centripetal acceleration required, so the skier does not lose
contact with the ground

ALTERNATIVE 3
recognition that to lose contact with the ground centripetal force ≥ weight
calculation that v ≥ 14 «ms–1»
comment that 12 «ms–1» is less than 14 «ms–1» so the skier does not lose
contact with the ground

ALTERNATIVE 4
2
recognition that centripetal force is required / mv
r
seen
calculation that reaction force = 172 «N»
reaction force > 0 so the skier does not lose contact with the ground

Do not award a mark for the bald statement that the skier does not lose
contact with the ground.

10e. The skier reaches point C with a speed of 8.2 m s–1. She stops after a [3 marks]
distance of 24 m at point D.
Determine the coefficient of dynamic friction between the base of the skis and the
snow. Assume that the frictional force is constant and that air resistance can be
neglected.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
0 = 8.22 + 2 × a × 24 therefore a = «−»1.40 «m s−2»
friction force = ma = 65 × 1.4 = 91 «N»
91
coefficient of friction = 65×9.81 = 0.14

ALTERNATIVE 2
KE = 12 mv2 = 0.5 x 65 x 8.22 = 2185 «J»
friction force = KE/distance = 2185/24 = 91 «N»
91
coefficient of friction = 65×9.81 = 0.14

Allow ECF from MP1.

At the side of the course flexible safety nets are used. Another skier of mass 76 kg
falls normally into the safety net with speed 9.6 m s–1.

10f. Calculate the impulse required from the net to stop the skier and state [2 marks]
an appropriate unit for your answer.

Markscheme
«76 × 9.6»= 730
Ns OR kg ms–1

10g. Explain, with reference to change in momentum, why a flexible safety [2 marks]
net is less likely to harm the skier than a rigid barrier.
 Markscheme
safety net extends stopping time
Δp
F = Δ therefore F is smaller «with safety net»
t
OR
force is proportional to rate of change of momentum therefore F is smaller
«with safety net»

Accept reverse argument.

A glider is an aircraft with no engine. To be launched, a glider is uniformly

accelerated from rest by a cable pulled by a motor that exerts a horizontal force
on the glider throughout the launch.

11a. The glider reaches its launch speed of 27.0 m s–1 after accelerating for [2 marks]
11.0 s. Assume that the glider moves horizontally until it leaves the
ground. Calculate the total distance travelled by the glider before it leaves the
ground.

Markscheme
correct use of kinematic equation/equations
148.5 or 149 or 150 «m»

Substitution(s) must be correct.

11b. The glider and pilot have a total mass of 492 kg. During the [3 marks]
acceleration the glider is subject to an average resistive force of 160 N.
Determine the average tension in the cable as the glider accelerates.
 Markscheme
a = 27 –2
11 or 2.45 «m s »
F – 160 = 492 × 2.45
1370 «N»

Could be seen in part (a).

Award [0] for solution that uses a = 9.81 m s–2

11c. The cable is pulled by an electric motor. The motor has an overall [3 marks]
efficiency of 23 %. Determine the average power input to the motor.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«work done to launch glider» = 1370 x 149 «= 204 kJ»
204×100
«work done by motor» = 23

«power input to motor» = 204×100

23
× 1
11 = 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W»

ALTERNATIVE 2
use of average speed 13.5 m s–1
«useful power output» = force x average speed «= 1370 x 13.5»
power input = «1370 × 13.5 × 100
23
=» 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W»

ALTERNATIVE 3
work required from motor = KE + work done against friction «
= 0.5 × 492 × 272 + (160 × 148.5)» = 204 «kJ»
work required from motor×100
«energy input» = 23

power input = 883000

11 = 80.3 k«W»

Award [2 max] for an answer of 160 k«W».

11d. The cable is wound onto a cylinder of diameter 1.2 m. Calculate the [2 marks]
angular velocity of the cylinder at the instant when the glider has a
speed of 27 m s–1. Include an appropriate unit for your answer.

Markscheme
27
ω = « vr =» 0.6
= 45
rad s–1

Do not accept Hz.

Award [1 max] if unit is missing.

11e. After takeoff the cable is released and the unpowered glider moves [2 marks]
horizontally at constant speed. The wings of the glider provide a lift
force. The diagram shows the lift force acting on the glider and the direction of
motion of the glider.

Draw the forces acting on the glider to complete the free-body diagram. The
dotted lines show the horizontal and vertical directions.
 Markscheme

drag correctly labelled and in correct direction

weight correctly labelled and in correct direction AND no other incorrect force
shown

Award [1 max] if forces do not touch the dot, but are otherwise OK.

11f. Explain, using appropriate laws of motion, how the forces acting on the [2 marks]
glider maintain it in level flight.

Markscheme
name Newton's first law
vertical/all forces are in equilibrium/balanced/add to zero
OR
vertical component of lift mentioned
as equal to weight

11g. At a particular instant in the flight the glider is losing 1.00 m of vertical [3 marks]
height for every 6.00 m that it goes forward horizontally. At this instant,
the horizontal speed of the glider is 12.5 m s –1. Calculate the velocity of the
glider. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
 Markscheme
any speed and any direction quoted together as the answer
quotes their answer(s) to 3 significant figures
speed = 12.7 m s–1 or direction = 9.46º or 0.165 rad «below the horizontal»
or gradient of − 16

A company designs a spring system for loading ice blocks onto a truck. The ice
block is placed in a holder H in front of the spring and an electric motor
compresses the spring by pushing H to the left. When the spring is released the
ice block is accelerated towards a
ramp ABC. When the spring is fully decompressed, the ice block loses contact with
the spring at A. The mass of the ice block is 55 kg.

Assume that the surface of the ramp is frictionless and that the masses of the
spring and the holder are negligible compared to the mass of the ice block.

12a. (i) The block arrives at C with a speed of 0.90ms−1. Show that the [4 marks]
elastic energy stored in the spring is 670J.
(ii) Calculate the speed of the block at A.
 Markscheme
(i)
≪ Eel =≫ 12 mv2 + mgh
OR
«Eel=»EP+EK
1
≪ Eel =≫ 2 × 55 × 0.902 + 55 × 9.8 × 1.2
OR
669 J
«Eel = 669 ≈ 670J»
Award [1 max] for use of g=10Nkg–1, gives 682 J.
(ii)
1
2 × 55 × v2 = 670J

v =≪ √ 2×670
55
= ≫ 4.9ms−1
If 682J used, answer is 5.0ms–1.

12b. Describe the motion of the block [3 marks]

(i) from A to B with reference to Newton's first law.
(ii) from B to C with reference to Newton's second law.

Markscheme
(i)
no force/friction on the block, hence constant motion/velocity/speed
(ii)
force acts on block OR gravity/component of weight pulls down slope
velocity/speed decreases OR it is slowing down OR it decelerates
Do not allow a bald statement of “N2” or “F = ma” for MP1.
Treat references to energy as neutral.
12c. On the axes, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of the block [2 marks]
varies with time from A to C. (You do not have to put numbers on the
axes.)

Markscheme
straight line through origin for at least one-third of the total length of time axis
covered by candidate line
followed by curve with decreasing positive gradient

Ignore any attempt to include motion before A.

Gradient of curve must always be less than that of straight line.

12d. The spring decompression takes 0.42s. Determine the average force [2 marks]
that the spring exerts on the block.
 Markscheme
Δp 55×4.9
F ≪= Δt
≫= 0.42
F=642≈640N
Allow ECF from (a)(ii).

12e. The electric motor is connected to a source of potential difference 120V [2 marks]
and draws a current of 6.8A. The motor takes 1.5s to compress the
spring.
Estimate the efficiency of the motor.

Markscheme
«energy supplied by motor =» 120 × 6.8 × 1.5 or 1224 J
OR
«power supplied by motor =» 120 × 6.8 or 816 W
e = 0.55 or 0.547 or 55% or 54.7%
Allow ECF from earlier results.

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