A PROJECT ON RATE OF EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT

LIQUIDS

Submitted to

AISSCE BIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

2024-2025

By
SRI VARSHAN S.P

GRADE-XII

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY,
VELALAR VIDYALAYAA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,
MARUTHI NAGAR, THINDAL, ERODE-638012.
2024-2025
 VELALAR VIDYALAYAA SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL
ERODE-638012

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master. SRI VARSHAN S.P student of class XII,
VelalarVidyalayaa Senior Secondary School, Erode, has successfully
completed the project titled "RATE OF EVAPORATION OF DIFFERENT
LIQUIDS” during the academic year 2023-2024 towards partial fulfillment
of credit for the Chemistry Practical evaluation of AISSCE-2024-2025
under my supervision.

Mr. A.VASUKUMAR,
Departme
nt of Biology,

VelalarVidyalayaa Sr. Sec. School,

School Seal
Erode-638012.

Name of the Candidate :_______________________________

Register Number : _______________________________

Examination Centre : Velalar Vidyalayaa Senior Secondary

School, Erode
Date of Practical Examination :_______________________________

Internal Examiner Principal

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gratitude is the deep perception which makes thread flow from one’s inner heart.
I owe my profound sense of gratitude to Mr. S.D. CHANDRASEKAR, Secretary,
Vellalar Educational Trust, Erode, Mr. R. NALLAPPAN, Senior Principal and Mrs. V.
PRIYADHARSHINI, Principal Velalar Vidyalayaa Senior Secondary School, Erode, for
their kind patronage and facilities offered.

I expressed my whole hearted thanks to the faculty guide of Mrs. KALAI SELVI who
gave his valuable suggestion which helped me in successful completion of the
project.

My vocabulary falls short of right words to express my immense debts to my

parents who were the source of my will power and strength for my entire
endeavour.
 OBJECTIVE

In this project, we shall investigate various factors such as nature of liquid, surface
of liquid and temperature and find their correlation with the rate of evaporation
of different liquids.
 CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Factors Influencing the Rate of Reaction

3. Applications

4. Theory

5. Experiment

6. Reference
 INTRODUCTION

When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into gaseous phase
eventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic
molecular model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into
gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of
liquid all the molecules do not have same kinetic energy.
There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase. This is due to the
reason that the molecules which undergo evaporation have high Kinetic energy
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left behind is less. Since
the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept
one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open
vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy drives evaporation
of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In
hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant
stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water vapour which
rises up and forms clouds.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF EVAPORATION

1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air:

If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the
given substance will evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air:
If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity
forth substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance:
If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air:
This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over
the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is
less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition,
molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the
flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces:
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or solid state
the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature:
The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature. With the
increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules that escape the surface
of the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area contributes
accelerating evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid determines the
speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger are
the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than that
of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the
surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid took away
the molecules of the substance in vapour state thereby preventing condensation.
9. Density:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the National
Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation from a standardized
“pan” open water surface outdoors, at various locations nationwide. Others do
likewise around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into an annual
evaporation map. The measurements range from under 30 to over the120 inches
(3,000 mm) per year.
10.PRESSURE
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because there is less
exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves
 APPLICATIONS

When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the ambient temperature is
below the boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
Before looking at a bunch of evaporation examples, it’s important to have a clear
understanding of what evaporation is. Evaporation happens when liquids change
into gas. It is part of the water cycle. One common example of evaporation is the
steam rising from a hot cup of coffee. This heat rising out of the cup helps the
coffee to cool down. Explore other fun examples of evaporation found around the
globe.
Real-World Evaporation Examples
Ironing Clothes
Have you ever noticed that ironing slightly damp clothes works best to get the
wrinkles out? This is due to the evaporation of the water in the clothing. It creates
a steaming effect making your damp clothes dry and wrinkle-free.
Glass of Water
You can find another example of evaporation in a simple glass of water. Fill a glass
with water and leave it next to a sunny window. You’ll find that over time; the
water starts to disappear in the glass. This is evaporation at play.
Process of Sweating
You are a mechanism of evaporation when you sweat. When you get hot, you
sweat to cool down. How does it work? Pretty simple, actually. When you are
excessively hot, water leaves your skin through your pores. The water then
evaporates off your skin, cooling you down. The body is pretty amazing, right?

Line Drying Clothes

Have you ever dried your clothing on a line in the summer? Your clothing gets dry
because the water evaporates out of the clothing due to the sun. The sun heats
the clothing turning the water into vapour.
Kettle Whistle
You might not realize it, but your kettle whistles when your water is boiling due to
evaporation. The water starts to evaporate into steam and causes the kettle to
whistle, letting you know your water is ready.
Drying of Wet Tables
When you go to a restaurant, a server wipes down your table before seating you.
However, after a bit of time, the table is no longer wet. The reason your table
didn’t stay wet was that the water evaporated due to heat in the air.
Drying of a Mopped Floor
When a kitchen or bathroom floor is freshly mopped, you need to avoid it.
However, after 10 or so minutes, you notice the floor is pretty dry. The heat in the
air warms the water droplets, so your floor doesn’t stay wet.
Melting a Glass of Ice
As you might be starting to realize, the heat in the air around you makes
evaporation happen in many instances. This is true with ice. If you fill a glass with
ice, it will melt. Some cups negate the heat to make the ice last longer, but
eventually, the heat gets in, and your ice will melt thanks to evaporation.
Puddles Drying Up
After a good rainstorm, you can have a lot of fun with puddles. However, once the
sun comes up, your puddles are gone. The heat from the sun evaporates the
water. This is why evaporation is so important to the water cycle.

Hand Sanitizer
You might notice that when you use hand sanitizer, your hands are dry pretty
quickly. Why? Alcohol has a lower evaporation point than water, so it evaporates
rather quickly from the heat of your body. This is also true of nail polish remover.
Blow Dryer
When you are in a hurry, you probably blow dry your hair. The heat from the blow
dryer quickly evaporates the water molecules in your hair to get you on the road
quicker.
 THEORY

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be
moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome
liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules
meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic energy
of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more
quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of
the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling.
This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to
proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid
phase and in liquids with higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a
clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still
day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement.
 EXPERIMENTS

Experiment no. 1

Aim :
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and chloroform.

Requirement :
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm., 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch,
acetone benzene and chloroform.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette
out
Of 10 ml. of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of the.
Petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Volume
Petri dishes Liquid Taken Vol. Evap. Rate (V/T)
remaining (V2)
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1–V2 ml./s
ml.

A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Results :
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.

Conclusion :
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.

Experiment no. 2

Aim :
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether.

Requirement :
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm., 5 cm., 7.5 cm. with cover, 10 ml. of
pipette and stop watch.

Procedure :
 1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and C and.
cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of diethyl ether from
each petri dish.

Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Evaporated
Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) Vol. (ml.) volume
A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Results :
The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Conclusion :
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

Experiment no. 3

Aim :
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement :
Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer, thermostat.

Procedure :
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
 2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover
them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.

Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.
Petri dishes Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated
Time (Sec.)
Marked (0C) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10

Results :
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.

Conclusion :
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with temperature.

Experiment no. 4

Aim :
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.

Requirement :
Two Petri dishes acetone.

Procedure :
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
3. Note the reading.

Observation :
Initial Volume 10 ml. of Acetone.
 Petri dishes volume
Conditions Time (Sec.) Evaporated
Marked
(ml.)
A With fan 40 10
B without fan 50 10

Results :
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given With fan >
Without Fan..

Conclusion :
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in rate of flow of
air current.

REFERENCE

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. www.allprojectreports.com

4. Comprehensive Text book

THANK YOU