Unit-1

Introduction
• Python is a general purpose high level programming language.

• Python was developed by Guido Van Rossum in 1989 while working at

National Research Institute at Netherlands.

• But officially Python was made available to public in 1991. The official Date of
Birth for Python is : Feb 20th 1991.

• Python is recommended as first programming language for beginners.

Python is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted programming language.

1) High-level
Python is a high-level programming language that makes it easy to learn. Python doesn’t
require youto understand the details of the computer in order to develop programs
efficiently.

2) General-purpose
Python is a general-purpose language. It means that you can use Python in various domains
including:
• Web applications
• Big data applications
• Testing
• Automation
• Data science, machine learning, and AI
• Desktop software
• Mobile apps
The targeted language like SQL which can be used for querying data from relational databases.

3) Interpreted
Python is an interpreted language. To develop a Python program, you write Python code
into a file called source code.
To execute the source code, you need to convert it to the machine language that the
computer can understand. And the Python interpreter turns the source code, line by line,
once at a time, into the machine code when the Python program executes.
Compiled languages like Java and C# use a compiler that compiles the whole source code
before theprogram executes.

Where we can use Python:

We can use everywhere. The most common important application areas are

1. For developing Desktop Applications

2. For developing web Applications
3. For developing database Applications
4. For Network Programming
5. For developing games
6. For Data Analysis Applications
7. For Machine Learning
8. For developing Artificial Intelligence Applications
9. For IOT

Features of Python:
1. Simple and easy to learn:

Python is a simple programming language. When we read Python program, we can

feel likereading English statements.
The syntaxes are very simple and only 30+ keywords are available.
When compared with other languages, we can write programs with very less
number oflines. Hence more readability and simplicity. We can reduce
development and cost of the project.

2. Freeware and Open Source:

We can use Python software without any license and it is freeware.
Its source code is open, so that we can we can customize based on our
requirement.
3. High Level Programming language:

Python is high level programming language and hence it is programmer friendly

language. Being a programmer we are not required to concentrate low level
activities like memory management and security etc..

4. Platform Independent:

Once we write a Python program, it can run on any platform without rewriting once
again. Internally PVM is responsible to convert into machine understandable form.

5. Portability:
Python programs are portable. i.e, we can migrate from one platform to another
platform very easily. Python programs will provide same results on any platform.
6. Dynamically Typed:

In Python we are not required to declare type for variables. Whenever we are
assigning the value, based on value, type will be allocated automatically. Hence
Python is considered as dynamically typed language.

But Java, C etc are Statically Typed Languages b'z we have to provide type at the
beginning only.

This dynamic typing nature will provide more flexibility to the programmer.

7. Both Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented:

Python language supports both procedure oriented (like C, Pascal etc) and object
oriented(like C++, Java) features. Hence we can get benefits of both like security
and reusability etc

8. Interpreted:

We are not required to compile Python programs explicitly. Internally Python

interpreter will take care that compilation.

If compilation fails interpreter raised syntax errors. Once compilation success then
PVM (Python Virtual Machine) is responsible to execute.

9. Extensible:

1. We can use other language programs in Python. The We can use already existing
legacy non-Python code
2. We can improve performance of the application

10. Embedded:

We can use Python programs in any other language programs.

i.e we can embed Python programs anywhere.

11. Extensive Library:

Python has a rich inbuilt library. Being a programmer we can use this library directly
and we are not responsible to implement the functionality.
Python History
o Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.
o The implementation of Python was started in December 1989 by Guido Van
Rossum at CWI in Netherland.
o In February 1991, Guido Van Rossum published the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to
alt.sources.
o In 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like lambda, map, filter, and
reduce.
o Python 2.0 added new features such as list comprehensions, garbage collection
systems.
o On December 3, 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was released. It was designed
to rectify the fundamental flaw of the language.
o ABC programming language is said to be the predecessor of Python language, which
was capable of Exception Handling and interfacing with the Amoeba Operating
System.
o The following programming languages influence Python:
o ABC language.
o Modula-3
o There is a fact behind choosing the name Python. Guido van Rossum was reading
the script of a popular BBC comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus". It was
late on-air 1970s.
o Van Rossum wanted to select a name which unique, sort, and little-bit mysterious. So
he decided to select naming Python after the "Monty Python's Flying Circus" for
their newly created programming language.

Creating Our First .py File

With Python installed, we can now write and run our first Python program.
All Python files end with the “.py” extension. You can create, edit, and save Python files
with any text editor.

To create your first Python file, navigate to the folder that you would like to create your file
in and create a file called test.py. Next, open this file up in a text editor and type in the
following code:

print("Hello, World!")
Save your file, and in the terminal, navigate to the file’s location. Then, run the file by
calling python test.py. This line instructs your Python interpreter to execute the command
you just wrote. You should see the correct output:

Hello, World!

The IDE or Text Editor

The IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. There are various IDEs
but Pycharm is Python's most popular and useful text editor among them. It is recommended
for developing large and more complex applications.

Create a new project and then create a new Python file using the .py extension.

Then select run option from menu and click on Run module option it will display the output.

Tokens in Python
a) Identifiers
b) Keywords
c) Data types
d) Operators

Identifiers:

A name in Python program is called identifier. It can be class name or function

name or module name or variable name.
a = 10

Rules to define identifiers in Python:

1. The only allowed characters in Python are

• alphabet symbols(either lower case or upper case)

• digits(0 to 9)
• underscore symbol(_)

By mistake if we are using any other symbol like $ then we will get syntax
error.

• cash = 10 √
• ca$h =20 

2. Identifier should not starts with digit

• 123total 
• total123 √
3. Identifiers are case sensitive. Of course Python language is case sensitive
language.

• total=10
• TOTAL=999
• print(total) #10
• print(TOTAL) #999

Identifier:

1. Alphabet Symbols (Either Upper case OR Lower case)

2. If Identifier is start with Underscore ( _ ) then it indicates it is private.

3. Identifier should not start with Digits.

4. Identifiers are case sensitive.

5. We cannot use reserved words as

identifiers

6. Eg: def=10 

7. There is no length limit for Python identifiers. But not recommended to
use too lengthy identifiers.

8. Dollor ($) Symbol is not allowed in Python.

Note:

1. If identifier starts with _ symbol then it indicates that it is private

2. If identifier starts with (two underscore symbols) indicating that
strongly private identifier.
3.If the identifier starts and ends with two underscore symbols then the
identifier is language defined special name, which is also known as
magic methods.
Reserved Words:

In Python some words are reserved to represent some meaning or functionality.

Such types of wo rd s a re called Reserved words.

There are 33 reserved words available in Python.

• True,False,None
• and, or ,not, is
• if,elif,else
• while, for, break, continue ,return, in, yield
• try, except, finally, raise, assert
• import, from ,as ,class ,def ,pass ,global ,nonlocal, lambda, del,
with

Note:
1. All Reserved words in Python contain only alphabet symbols.

2. Except the following 3 reserved words, all contain only lower case alphabet
symbols.

• True
• False
• None

>>> import keyword

>>> keyword.kwlist

['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del',
'elif', 'else',
'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal',
'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']

Data Types:

Data Type represents the type of data present inside a variable.

In Python we are not required to specify the type explicitly. Based on value
provided, the type will be assigned automatically. Hence Python is
Dynamically Typed Language.

Python contains the following inbuilt data types

1. int
 2. float
3. bool
4. complex
5. str

1.type()
to check the type of variable

2. id()
to get address of object
3. print()
to print the value

int data type:

We can use int data type to represent whole numbers

(integral values)
Eg:
a=10
type(a) #int

Note:
In Python2 we have long data type to represent very large integral values.
But in Python3 there is no long type explicitly and we can represent long
values also by using int type only.

We can represent int values in the following ways

1. Decimal form
2. Binary form
3. Octal form
4. Hexa decimal form

1. Decimal form(base-10):

It is the default number system in

Python The allowed digits are: 0 to 9
Eg: a =10

2. Binary form(Base-2):
 The allowed digits are : 0 & 1
Literal value should be prefixed with 0b or 0B

Eg:
a=0B1111

3. Octal Form(Base-8):

The allowed digits are : 0 to 7

Literal value should be prefixed with 0o or 0O.

Eg:
a=0o123
a=0o786

4. Hexa Decimal Form(Base-16):

The allowed digits are : 0 to 9, a-f (both lower and upper cases are
allowed) Literal value should be prefixed with 0x or 0X

Eg:
a =0XFACE
a=0XBee

float data type:

We can use float data type to represent floating point values (decimal values)

Eg: f=1.234
type(f) float

We can also represent floating point values by using exponential form

(scientific notation)
Eg: f=1.2e3
print(f) 1200.0
instead of 'e' we can use 'E'

The main advantage of exponential form is we can represent big values in less
memory.
Complex Data Type:

A complex number is of the form

j2 = -1
a+
j=
bj
Real Part Imaginary√−1
Part

a and b contain integers or floating

point values Eg:

3+5j
10+5.5j
0.5+0.1j
bool data type:

We can use this data type to represent

boolean values. The only allowed values for
this data type are:
True and False

Internally Python represents True as 1 and

False as 0 b=True
type(b) =>bool

str type:

str represents String data type.

A String is a sequence of characters enclosed within single quotes or

double quotes. s1='durga'

s1="durga"
Operators:
Operator is a symbol that performs certain
operations. Python provides the following
set of operators

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators or Comparison Operators
3. Logical operators
4. Bitwise operators
5. Assignment operators
6. Special operators

1. Arithmetic Operators:
+ ==>Addition
- ==>Subtraction
* ==>Multiplication
/ ==>Division operator
% ===>Modulo operator
// ==>Floor Division operator
** ==>Exponent operator or
power operator

Eg: test.py:

1) a=10
2) b=2
3) print('a+b=',a+b)
4) print('a-b=',a-b)
5) print('a*b=',a*b)
6) print('a/b=',a/b)
7) print('a//b=',a//b)
8) print('a%b=',a%b)
9) print('a**b=',a**b)
Output:

1) a+b= 12
2) a-b= 8
3) a*b= 20
4) a/b= 5.0
5) a//b= 5
6) a%b= 0
7) a**b= 100
 Relational Operators:
>,

>=

,<,

<=

Eg

1:

1) a=10
2) b=20
3) print("a > b is ",a>b)
4) print("a >= b is ",a>=b)
5) print("a < b is ",a<b)
6) print("a <= b is ",a<=b)

Output:
1) a > b is False
2) a >= b is False
3) a < b is True
4) a <= b is True
equality operators:
== , !=
We can apply these operators for any type even for incompatible types also

1) >>> 10==20
2) False
3) >>> 10!= 20
4) True
5) >>> 10==True
6) False
7) >>> False==False
8) True
9) >>> "durga"=="durga"
10) True
11) >>> 10=="durga"
12) False

Logical Operators:

and, or ,not
We can apply for all types.

For boolean types behaviour:

and ==>If both arguments are True then only

result is True
or ====>If at least one argument is True then
result is True
not ==>complement

True and False

==>False
True or False
===>True
not False
==>True
Bitwise Operators:
We can apply these operators bitwise.
These operators are applicable only for int and Boolean types.
By mistake if we are trying to apply for any other type then we will

get Error. &,|,^,~,<<,>>

& ==> If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
| ==> If atleast one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
^ ==>If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
~ ==>bitwise
complement
operator 1==>0 &
0==>1
<< ==>Bitwise Left shift
>> ==>Bitwise Right Shift

print(4&5) ==>4
print(4|5) ==>5
print(4^5) ==>1

Operator Description
& If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
| If at least one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
 ^ If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
~ bitwise complement operator i.e. 1 means 0 and 0 means 1
>> Bitwise Left shift Operator
<< Bitwise Right shift Operator

Assignment Operators:
We can use assignment operator to assign value to the variable.
Eg:
x=10

We can combine assignment operator with some other operator to

form compound assignment operator.

Eg: x+=10 ====> x = x+10

Special operators:

Python defines the following 2 special operators

1. Identity Operators
2. Membership operators

1. Identity Operators
We can use identity operators for address
comparison. 2 identity operators are
available
1. is
2. is not

r1 is r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are pointing to the same object

r1 is not r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are not pointing to the

same object Eg:

1) a=10
2) b=10
3) print(a is b) True
4) x=True
5) y=True
6) print( x is y) True
 2. Membership operators:
We can use Membership operators to check whether the given object
present in the given collection.(It may be String, List, Set, Tuple or Dict)

in ➔ Returns True if the given object present in the specified Collection

not in ➔ Returns True if the given object not present in the specified

Collection

Eg:

1) x="hello learning Python is very easy!!!"

2) print('h' in x) True
3) print('d' in x) False
4) print('d' not in x) True
5) print('Python' in x) True

What is Indentation in Python

Indentation is the leading whitespace (spaces or/and tabs) before any statement in Python.
The reason why indentation is important in python is that the indentation serves another
purpose other than code readability. Python treats the statements with the same indentation
level (statements with an equal number of whitespaces before them) as a single code block.
So whereas in languages like C, C++, etc. a block of code is represented by curly braces { },
in python a block is a group of statements that have the same Indentation level i.e same
number of leading whitespaces.
 Example:

i=1
while(i<=6)
print(“value is “+str(i))
i=i+1

output:

value is 1
value is 2
value is 3
value is 4
value is 5
value is 6

I. Conditional Statements
1.if
if condition :

statement

or

if condition:
statement-1
statement -2
statement-n

Ex:
A=10
B=20
if(A>B):
print(“A is Big”)

o\p:
if-else:
if condition :
Action-1
else :
Action-2

if condition is true then Action-1 will be executed otherwise Action-2 will be

executed.

Ex:
A=10
B=20
if(A>B):
print(“A is Big”)
else:
print(“B is Big”)

o\p:

B is Big

if-elif-else:
Syntax:

if condition1:
Action-1
elif condition2:
Action-2
elif condition3:
Action-3
elif condition4:
Action-4
...
else:
Default Action
Eg:
1) brand=input("Enter Your Favourite Brand:")
2) if brand=="RC" :
3) print("It is childrens brand")
4) elif brand=="KF":
5) print("It is not that much kick")
 6) elif brand=="FO":
7) print("Buy one get Free One")
8) else :
9) print("Other Brands are not recommended")

II. Iterative Statements

If we want to execute a group of statements multiple times then we

should go for Iterative statements.

Python supports 2 types of iterative statements.

1. for loop
2. while loop

1) for loop:
If we want to execute some action for every element present in some
sequence(it may be string or collection)then we should go for for loop.

Syntax:

for x in
sequen
ce :
body

where sequence can be string or any collection.

Body will be executed for every element present in

the sequence.

Eg 1: To print characters present in the given string

S=”hello”
for i in S:
print(i)

o/p:
hello
while loop:
If we want to execute a group of statements iteratively until some condition
false,then we should go for while loop.

Syntax:

while condition :
body

Eg: To print numbers from 1 to 10 by using while loop

1)x=1
2)while x <=10:
3) print(x)
4) x=x+1

Nested Loops:
Sometimes we can take a loop inside another loop,which are also known

as nested loops. Eg:

1) for i in range(4):
2) for j in range(4):
3) print("i=",i," j=",j)
4)
5) Output
6) D:\Python_classes>py test.py
7) i= 0 j= 0
8) i= 0 j= 1
9) i= 0 j= 2
10) i= 0 j= 3
11) i= 1 j= 0
12) i= 1 j= 1
13) i= 1 j= 2
14) i= 1 j= 3
15) i= 2 j= 0
16) i= 2 j= 1
17) i= 2 j= 2
18) i= 2 j= 3
19) i= 3 j= 0
20) i= 3 j= 1
21) i= 3 j= 2
22) i= 3 j= 3
break:
We can use break statement inside loops to break loop execution
based on some condition. It is used to exit from the iteration.

for i in range(10):
if i==7:
print("processing is enough..plz break")
break
print(i)
O/p:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 processing is enough..plz break

continue:
We can use continue statement to skip current iteration and continue next

iteration.

Eg 1: To print odd numbers in the range 0 to9

1) for i in range(10):
2) if i%2==0:
3) continue
4) print(i)
5)
6) D:\Python_classes>py test.py
7) 1
8) 3
9) 5
10) 7
11) 9

pass statement:
pass is a keyword in Python.

In our programming syntactically if block is required which won't do anything

then we can define that empty block with pass keyword.

pass
|- It is an empty statement
|- It is null statement
 |- It won't do

anything

Eg:

if True: pass
==>valid