I The Periodic Table of Elements VIII

1 2
H A M A E R N H N G He
Hydrogen L E L A E O A O A Helium
1.008 II K T K R A N L B S III IV V VI VII 4.0026
A A A T TRANSITION METALLOIDS C M O L E
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
L L L H METALS T E G E S
Li Be Solid at 0℃,
32℉, 273 K
I S I
LANTHANIDE POST-
I T E B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium N M V A N Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.94 9.012 E E SERIES TRANSITION E L S 10.81 12.01 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
Liquid at 0℃, METALS METALS
T S
11 12 32℉, 273 K 13 14 15 16 17 18
A
ACTINIDE UNSTABLE WITH UNKNOWN
Na Mg Gas at 0℃,
32℉, 273 K
L
S SERIES PROPERTIES Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium METALS Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.948

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29

55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba 57-71 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra 89-
103
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
(223) (226) (267) (268) (269) (270) (277) (278) (281) (282) (285) (286) (289) (290) (293) (294) (294)

Row 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide Series 6 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Ym Lu
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97

Row 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinide Series 7 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
(227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (266)
 How to Read the Periodic Table
Each box represents one element and includes 4 pieces of information: the element’s chemical symbol,
name, atomic number (aka how many protons that element has), and atomic weight (actually the
weighted average of all that element’s isotopes).

Example:

Atomic Number
6
C
Chemical Symbol

Carbon
Element Name Atomic Weight
12.01
What makes the Periodic Table Awesome?
The Periodic Table tells us WAY more than just what we see in each box. Each row, or period, represents the
highest energy level for the valence electrons for the elements in that row (transition metals excepted). Each
column, or group, contains elements with similar properties (transition metals excepted). For example, group 1
elements, known as alkali metals, all are highly reactive with water and oxygen, form salts with halogens, have
relatively low melting points, are good electrical conductors, and have a silver lustre. Group 18 elements, known
as noble gases, all have their outer valence shell full, so these gases do not tend to react with other substances.

Look at the Periodic Table; do you see how it’s split into a few blocks? That’s for a reason. When we talk about
electron orbitals, we use the letters s, p, d, and f. An s orbital contains 2 electrons, a p orbital contains 6
electrons, a d orbital contains 10 electrons, and an f orbital contains 14 electrons. Groups 1 and 2 represent the s
orbital, groups 13-18 represent the p orbital, groups 3-12 represent the d orbital, and the lanthanide and actinide
series at the bottom represent the f orbital. What this means is that we can easily figure out an element’s electron
configuration using the Periodic Table. Additionally, see the 8 Roman numerals at top of the s and p block
elements? Those tell us how many valence electrons each element in that group has.

Periodic Trends
Because of structure, the Periodic Table also helps us better see patterns, or periodic trends, among the elements:

Ionization Energy increases

Electronegativity increases
Ionization Energy increases
Electronegativity increases

Electron Affinity increases

Atomic Radius increases

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Atomic Radius increases

Electron Affinity increases