Math. Methods in Elect.

Eng'g – ELE

Training Exercises: Diagonalization

SOLUTION
Question :
Let be a square matrix of order . Show that and have the same characteristic polynomial
and therefore the same eigenvalues.
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) because ( )
( ) ( ) because ( ) ( )
( )
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Question :
Let and be matrices. We say that is similar to if there is an invertible
matrix such that . Show that if is similar to , then is similar to .
is similar to , then ( ) where such that is
invertible.
Therefore:
Finally, , then is similar to .
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Question :

Let ( ). For what value(s) of , if any, does has at least one repeated eigenvalue?

( ) | |

( )| | ( )( )( )

For , then is a repeated eigenvalue.

For , then is a repeated eigenvalue.
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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :

Let ( ). Find all eigenvalues of .

Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

( )[ ( ) ] ( ) [ ( )]
( )( )
The eigenvalues of are: and (repeated eigenvalue)
The eigenvalues of are: ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )
(repeated eigenvalue)
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Question :

Let ( ), where and are real numbers and .

a. Find all eigenvalues of .

b. For each eigenvalue of , determine the eigenspace .
c. Diagonalize the matrix .

a. Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

( )
( ) ( )

The eigenvalues of are: and

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

b. Eigenspace for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

Therefore: {( )}

Eigenspace for :

{( )} since is the complex conjugate of , it follows that the eigenspace is

obtained by conjugating the eigenspace .

c. | | , consequently is diagonalizable.

( )( )( )

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :
Diagonalize the following matrices if possible.

a. ( )

Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

[ ( )] ( )
( )( )
The eigenvalues of are , and .
Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | ) ( | )

( | ) {

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

{( )}

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )
( )

( | ) {

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

{( )}

Since is the complex conjugate of , it follows that the eigenspace is obtained by

conjugating the eigenspace .

{( )}

| | , consequently is diagonalizable.

( )( )

( )

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

b. ( )

Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

( )
The eigenvalues of are and (repeated eigenvalue).
Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

( | ) ( | )

( | ) {

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

{( )}

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Eigenvector for (repeated eigenvalue):

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

{( ) ( )}

| | , consequently is diagonalizable.

( )( )

( )
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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :

Let ( ). Find .

Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

The eigenvalues of are and

Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

{( )}

Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | ) {

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( )

{( )}

| | , consequently is diagonalizable.

( )( )( ) ( )

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :

Let ( ). Show that has one positive eigenvalue and one

negative eigenvalue.
Let
Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

( )
Consequently, is an eigenvalue of . Let and be the other two eigenvalues of .
( )( ) ( )
( )
Or because
Then . Consequently, one of the eigenvalues is positive and the other is negative.
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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :

Let ( ).

a. Find all eigenvalues of .

b. If is invertible, then find all the eigenvalues of .

a. Eigenvalues of :

( ) | |

( )( )( )
The eigenvalues of are: , and .
The eigenvalues of are: ( ) , ( ) ( ) and
( ) .
b. Since is not an eigenvalue of , then is invertible.
If is an eigenvalue of , then ⁄ is an eigenvalue of . Consequently, the eigenvalue of
are: ⁄ , ⁄ and ⁄ .
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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :

Let ( ) and ( ). For this exercise, you may use the fact

that both matrices have the same characteristic polynomial: ( ) ( ) ( )(

) .
a. Find all eigenvectors of .
b. Find all eigenvectors of .
c. Which matrix or is diagonalizable?
d. Diagonalize the matrix stated in part (c).

a. The eigenvalue of are the roots of the characteristic polynomial ( ) . Consequently,

the eigenvalues of are and (repeated eigenvalue).

( )

Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

( | ) {

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) for a nonzero complex number .

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Eigenvector for (repeated eigenvalue):

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) for any pair of complex numbers

and .
b. The eigenvalue of are the roots of the characteristic polynomial ( ) . Consequently,
the eigenvalues of are and (repeated eigenvalue).

( )

Eigenvector for :

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

( | ) ( | ) {

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) for a nonzero complex number .

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Eigenvector for (repeated eigenvalue):

( ) ( )( ) ( )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

( | ) ( | ) ( | )

General solution: ( ) ( ) ( ) for a nonzero complex number .

c. | | , consequently is diagonalizable.

For matrix , has one vector instead of two, consequently is not diagonalizable.

d. ( )( )( )

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 Math. Methods in Elect. Eng'g – ELE

Question :
In each of the following cases, check if is invertible. If so, find an expression for as a
linear combination of positive powers of . If is not invertible, explain why not.
a. The matrix is a matrix with eigenvalues: , , and .
b. The matrix is a matrix with eigenvalues: , , and .

a. is an eigenvalue of , then is not invertible.

b. is not an eigenvalue of , then is invertible.
The characteristic polynomial of is: ( ) ( )( )( )
Cayley-Hamilton theorem: ( )
Therefore:

( )
Or is invertible, consequently

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