INDIAN SCHOOL, MUSCAT

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
CLASS- XII
VIVA-VOICE
SECTION-A
Experiment-1 To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for
potential difference versus current.
1. State Ohm's law.
Ans. At constant temperature the ratio of the potential difference between the end
of a conductor to the current through it is constant. V/I = constant.
2. Distinguish between emf and potential difference
Ans: Emf is the potential difference between the terminals of a cell when no current
is drawn from it. It is equal to the amount of work done by the source in moving
unit charge once around a complete circuit.
3. Define resistance.
Ans: The resistance of a conductor is the obstruction shown by the conductor to
the flow of electric current through it.

4. On what all factors resistance of a wire depends?

Ans: (i) Resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to the length.
(ii) The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportional to the area
of cross section or the conductor.
(iii) It depends on the nature of material and the temperature across
the conductor.

5. Define resistivity or specific resistance of a conductor.

Ans: The resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross
section is known as resistivity.
6. What is the unit of resistivity?
Ans: Ohm-meter. Ω m

7. What is the effect of temperature on resistance?

Ans: Resistance of a wire increases with temperature

8. Why is an ammeter always connected in series in a circuit?

Ans: An ammeter has a very low resistance. It will not alter the current in the
circuit only if it is connected in series.

9.Why is a voltmeter always connected in parallel in a circuit?

Ans: A voltmeter is a high resistance instrument. When it is connected in parallel it
draws negligible current from the main circuit and hence the current in the main
circuit practically remains unaltered.
10. What is value of resistance for ideal voltmeter and ammeter?
Ans: It is infinity for voltmeter and 0 for ammeter

11. How will you convert a galvanometer into (a) ammeter (b)
voltmeter?
Ans: (a) By connecting a low resistance in parallel.
(b) By connecting a high resistance in series

12.What is the material of wire used for making a rheostat?

Ans: Manganin or constantan

13. What is an electric fuse? Explain its function.

Ans: To prevent circuit from excess current, we have electric fuse which consist of
high resistance and low melting point it will melt when high current flows through
it.

14. Define Ohmic Circuit and give example.

Ans. Circuit Obeys Ohm’s Law. All metallic conductors obey Ohm’s law.

15. Define Non-Ohmic Circuit and give example.

Ans: Semiconductor and electrolytes.

16. Why Constantan and Manganin are used to make standard

resistance.
Ans: Low temperature coefficient and high resistivity

17. Resistivity of a wire depends on which factors.

Ans: Material of wire, temperature

Activity- To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Prepare all questions from above experiment -1 only.

 SECTION-B

Experiment-2 To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-

deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
1. What are you doing?
Ans: I am finding resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and its
figure of merit.

2. What is moving coil galvanometer?

Ans: It is a devices used to detect the direction as well as magnitude of the electric
current.
3. What do you mean by a shunt?
Ans: It is a small value of resistance which is connected in parallel with the
galvanometer

4.What is principle of moving coil galvanometer?

Ans: Current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experience torque.

5. What is figure of merit?

Ans: Amount of electric current required to produce one scale deflection in the
galvanometer.

6. Define the current sensitivity.

Ans: The deflection produces per unit current through it.

7. Which type of galvanometer you are using?

Ans: It is moving coil watson type galvanometer.

8. Why this practical is known as half deflection

Ans: It is because when we connect shunt, half of the current flows through
galvanometer and half through shunt.

9. What will be approximate value of resistance of galvanometer?

Ans: It is near to value of shunt.

10. Why ammeter is connected in series?

Ans: So that whole of the current passes through it.

11. Why voltmeter is connected in parallel?

Ans: So that it draws very small current
Experiment-1 To find the focal length of a concave lens using convex
lens.
1.Define refractive index?
Ans- It is defined as ratio of velocity of light in rarer medium to velocity in
denser Medium.
2. What is SI unit of refractive index?
Ans- It has no unit because it is ratio of same quantities.
3. What is absolute refractive index?
Ans- Absolute refractive index is ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to
the speed of light in that medium n = c/v
4. Does refractive index depend on wavelength?
Ans- Yes, the refractive index depends on the wavelength of light
inversely proportional.
5. What is the principle axis of a lens?
Ans- The straight line passing through the centers of curvature of the
curved surfaces of the lens.
6. Define principal focus?
Ans- The point on the principal axis at which the parallel ray’s after
reflection/refraction converge or appear to converge.
7. Define optical center?
Ans- It is the geometrical center of the lens. A ray of light passing
through this point does not suffer any deviation.
8. What is the type of lens in an air bubble formed inside water?
Ans-Convex lens
9. What is the focal length of a lens?
Ans- The distance between the principal focus and the optical center of a
lens is called as the focal length of the lens
10.What are the differences between convex lens and concave lens?
Ans- Concave lens has diverging property and convex converging
Concave is thin at the middle whereas convex thick.
11. What is lens formula?
Ans- 1/F = 1/V + 1/V Meaning different terms
12. What is formula of equivalent focal length of combination of two
lenses?
Ans- 1/F = 1/F1 + 1/F2
13. What is parallax?
Ans- It may be defined as the relative shift between the two objects
placed at different distances from the eye when eye is moved to
and fro.
14.How is parallax removed?
Ans-By making two objects coincident
15.In which situation, a convex lens behaves as a concave lens?
Ans-When a convex lens is placed in a medium of refractive index
greater than that of the material of the lens
16.Distinguish real image and virtual image?
Ans-Image which can be obtained on screen is real which can’t be virtual
17. Define power of a lens and its SI unit?
Ans-It is ability of a lens to converge or diverge beam of light.
18. What is nature of U-V graph?
Ans- Shape of graph is hyperbola.

Experiment-2 To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given

prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence
and angle of deviation.

1.Define angle of deviation?

Ans-It is angle between incident ray and emergent ray
2.Define refractive angle of the prism?
Ans-It is angle between two refracting surfaces
3.What is angle of minimum deviation?
Ans-It is the angle at which angle of incidence becomes equal to angle
of emergence so that the ray of light will be parallel to the base of
the prism
4.What are the factors on which the angle of deviation produced by a
prism depends?
Ans- (i) The angle of incidence (ii) The refracting angle of prism
(iii) The material of the prism (Refractive index)
(iv) Wavelength of light used
5. How does angle of deviation depend on angle of incidence?
Ans- Angle of deviation first decreases with increase in angle of
incidence and becomes minimum at certain angle of incidence then
it again increases with angle of incidence.
6. What are special features of ray diagram when prism at position
of minimum deviation?
Ans- (i) Refracted ray parallel to the base of prism
(ii) Angle of incidence = angle of emergence
7. What is dispersion?
Ans- Splitting of white light into seven colours when white light incident
passes through prism.
8.What is the cause of dispersion?
Ans-Different color travel with different velocity when passes through
the prism.
9.What is the Spectrum?
Ans- Pattern of seven colours in form of VIBGYOR.
10.Which colour deviate (i) Most (ii) Least?
Ans- (i) Violet (ii) Red
11.What are the applications of total internal reflection?
Ans- 1. In communication 2. In endoscopy

Experiment-4 To find the refractive index of a liquid by using a

convex lens and plane mirror.
Prepare some basic questions from Exp -1 & 2
1. What is refractive index of a transparent medium?
Ans. The ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of
light in the given medium.
n = C / V = Sin i / Sin υ
Where c = velocity of light in the vacuum, v =velocity of light in
the given medium.
2. What are the factors affecting the refractive index?
Ans- (a) Wave length of the light used. (b) Nature or the medium.

3.What type of lens is formed when a convex lens is placed over

some drops of the given liquid on a plane mirror?
Ans- Plano-concave liquid lens
4. What is refractive index of water?
Ans- 1.33
5. Which one is greater, the focal length of the combination or the
focal length of the convex lens?
Ans. The focal length of the combination.
6. What is function of plane mirror?
Ans. To reflect the rays refracted by the lens of liquid. When the
pin is at the centre of curvature of the combination, the
reflected rays form the image at the position of the pin.

7. What defect may be produced in the image when very small

quantity of water and hence the image produced will be distorted.
Ans. The water surface will not be flat due to the small quantity of
water and hence the image produced will be distorted.
Activity- To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of
light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
Prepare some basic questions from Exp -1 & 2
1. What is lateral displacement?
Ans- Perpendicular distance between emergent ray and direction
of incident ray.
2.What are the factors on which the lateral displacement produced
by a glass slab depends?
Ans- 1. Angle of incidence 2. Refractive index of medium of prism
3. Wavelength of light used
3.Why a glass slab does not produce dispersion whereas a prism
does?
Ans-Since a rectangular glass slab is equivalent to two similar prisms
placed with their base inverted. The dispersion and deviation
produced by the two prisms are equal but in opposite direction so
net deviation and dispersion are zero+`