Digital Logic Design

Dr. Salah Amin Elewa

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Digital
Fundamentals
Tenth Edition

Floyd

Chapter 1

© 2008 Pearson Education

Signals can be analog or digital.
Analog signals can have an
infinite number of values in a
range; digital signals can have
only a limited number of values.
Analog Quantities

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Analog and Digital Systems

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves
Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). VH(min)
Invalid
A bit can have the value of VL(max)
either a 0 or a 1, depending on LOW
if the voltage is HIGH or LOW. VL(min)
Digital Waveforms
Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Pulse Definitions

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time
Metric Prefixes
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats
in a fixed interval of time called the period T.

The frequency f is the rate it repeats and is measured in

hertz.
1 1
f = T=
T f

What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?

1 1
T= = = .313 ns =313 ps
f 3.2 GHz
 Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive
pulse waveforms are described by the
Amplitude (A), Pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the
relationship between two or more digital
waveforms,
Clock

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.
FIGURE 1-12 Example of a timing diagram.
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or
parallel transfer.

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
Computer t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t 5 t6 t7 Modem

1
Computer Printer
0

0
t0 t1
Serial and Parallel Data
Serial and Parallel Data
Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

Basic System Functions

And, or, and not elements can be

combined to form various logic functions.
some examples :
The comparison function
Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions.
Basic arithmetic functions
Basic System Functions
The encoding function
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1 00001001
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
Basic System Functions

The decoding function

Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display
Basic System Functions

The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input
Multiplexer
The multiplexer or MUX is a digital switch, also called as data
selector. It is a combinational circuit with more than one input
line, one output line and more than one select line. It allows the
binary information from several input lines or sources and
depending on the set of select lines , particular input line , is
routed onto a single output line.
Demultiplexer (Demux)
The action or operation of a demultiplexer is
opposite to that of the multiplexer. As inverse to the
MUX , demux is a one-to-many circuit. With the
use of a demultiplexer , the binary data can be
bypassed to one of its many output data lines.
Basic System Functions

The counting function

Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.
Basic System Functions
Shift register.
One type of storage function is the shift register, that
moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.
Integrated Circuits

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case

Pins

The transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits

are the most popular family of integrated circuit logic.
available as DIPs and popular for laboratory experiments
with logic.
Integrated Circuits

DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier, PLCC
Leadless
Ceramic Chip
Carrier, LCCC
Programmable Logic
Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an
alternative to fixed function devices. The
logic can be programmed for a specific
purpose. In general, they cost less and use
less board space that fixed function devices.
Selected Key Terms
Analog Being continuous or having continuous values.
Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set
of discrete values.
Binary Having two values or states; describes a number
system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0
as its digits.
Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.
Pulse A sudden change from one level to another,
followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a
sudden change back to the original level.
 Selected Key Terms

Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic

waveform used to synchronize actions.
Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic
operations such as AND or OR.
NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion.
AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs only when all input conditions are
true (HIGH).
OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs when when one or more of the input
conditions are true (HIGH).
 Selected Key Terms

Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having

logic functions that cannot be altered.
Programmable A category of digital integrated circuits capable of
logic being programmed to perform specified functions.
1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems
a. are less prone to noise
b. can represent finite number of values
c. can process data more efficiently
d. all of the above

© 2008 Pearson Education

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems
a. are less prone to noise
b. can represent finite number of values
c. can process data more efficiently
d. all of the above

© 2008 Pearson Education

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. ten

© 2008 Pearson Education

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. ten

© 2008 Pearson Education

3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the
leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge
of the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

© 2008 Pearson Education

3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the
leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge
of the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

© 2008 Pearson Education

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the
trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of
the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

© 2008 Pearson Education

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the
trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of
the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

© 2008 Pearson Education

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

© 2008 Pearson Education

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

© 2008 Pearson Education

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is
a. 20 MHz
b. 200 MHz
c. 2 GHz
d. 20 GHz

© 2008 Pearson Education

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is
a. 20 MHz
b. 200 MHz
c. 2 GHz
d. 20 GHz

© 2008 Pearson Education

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form
a. storage devices
b. comparators
c. data selectors
d. all of the above

© 2008 Pearson Education

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form
a. storage devices
b. comparators
c. data selectors
d. all of the above

© 2008 Pearson Education

8. A shift register is an example of a
a. storage device
b. comparator
c. data selector
d. counter

© 2008 Pearson Education

8. A shift register is an example of a
a. storage device
b. comparator
c. data selector
d. counter

© 2008 Pearson Education

9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to
a single output line is called a
a. comparator
b. decoder
c. counter
d. multiplexer

© 2008 Pearson Education

9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to
a single output line is called a
a. comparator
b. decoder
c. counter
d. multiplexer

© 2008 Pearson Education