EFFECTS OF ROAD TRANSPORT AND ITS

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS LOGISTICS EFFICIENCY A

CASE STUDY OF KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS IN
MOMBASA COUNTY.

PRESENTED BY : JACKLINE AWINO.

CENTER NAME :KENYA COAST NATIONAL
POLYTECHNIC.
INDEX NUMBER :1061220134.
COURSE CODE : 2903/308.
SUPERVISOR : JOHNSTONE SANGURA.
SERIES : MARCH 2025.

SUBMITTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PASSION FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT.
DECLARATION
I hear by declare that this is my original work and has never been presented by anyone. It is
my supervision guidance and parents who helped in choosing this project.
THE CANDIDATE JACKLINE AWINO OF INDEX NUMBER 1061220134
I) I the project named above was approved by KNEC and supervised by
SUPERVISOR
ii) I personally carried out the project whose report follows after this declaration.
iii) I received no undue help from unauthorized persons other than the normal guidance from
my supervision.
iv) The report submitted to the council is Original

SIGNATURE ………………………………………………….
DATE…………………………….

THE SUPERVISOR:
Declare that, I supervised the above-named candidates project and report contained herein is
the genuine work of the candidate
SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR………………………………….
DATE………………….

ii
DEDICATION
I dedicate the project to my beloved parents, my brother and sister for their financial and
moral support. I would also wish to dedicate it to the entire family members for their
patience, support and understanding during the entire period of study.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like to give praise and honor to the almighty God for giving me sufficient grace
and energy to write this. This work is the result of the support from different people. Whom
their efforts cannot be underscored as they have made this work to undergo through a
complete metaphosphoric. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to them all. My heartfelt
thanks go to my supervisor Madam Hellen for Helpful professional technical guidance,
advice and positive critic through the study. My special thanks also go to my fellow students
for helping me during the project. It is now my honor and humble privilege to pass my
sincere gratitude to KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC fraternity for their
support. May the lord bless you all.

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:Target population;.......................................................................................................12
Table 2:The distribution of the sample size.............................................................................13
Table 3:table summarizing the responses from the questions regarding the perceived impact
of road transport on logistics efficiency of Kenya Bureau of Standards.................................16
Table 4:Below is a table summarizing the response rate from different target groups............18
Table 5:The table below represent the distribution of respondents by age and gender...........19
Table 6:Below is a table representing the gender of respondents............................................21
Table 7:Pie chart representing Gender of Respondent............................................................21
Table 8:Here a table representing the level of education.........................................................22

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Conception of frame work..............................................................................................8
Figure 2:Pie Chart Representation Of Response Rate.............................................................19
Figure 3:Here is the pie chart representing the age bracket distribution of respondents.........20

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Contents
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................2
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................8
1.1INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................8
1.2BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................................8
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM........................................................................................................8
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................................9
1.4.1 General objectives........................................................................................................................9
1.4.2Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................................9
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................9
1.6 SIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDY.............................................................................................................9
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................................10
1.8 LIMITATIONOFTHESTUDY..............................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................................11
LITERATUREREVIEW.............................................................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Theoretical Framework of the Study..............................................................................................12
2.2.1Material Flow Theory...................................................................................................................12
2.2.2 Just-In-Time Theory....................................................................................................................12
2.2.3 Stakeholder Theory....................................................................................................................12
2.3 Empirical Literature Review Study.................................................................................................13
2.3.1 To establish the factors that influence...................................................................................13
2.3.2To establish the benefits of researching on road transport and its contribution towards
logistic efficiency a case study of Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County........................13
2.3.3 To identify the measures to be put in place when carrying out Road Transport and its
contributions towards logistics efficiency a case study of Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa
County.............................................................................................................................................13
2.4.2Recycling and Green Roads, a work in progress......................................................................14
CHAPTERT HREE...................................................................................................................................16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................16
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................16
3.2 Research design.............................................................................................................................16
3.3 The Research Study Area...............................................................................................................16
3.5 Sampling........................................................................................................................................18
3.5.2 Sample size.................................................................................................................................18

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3.6 Data collection...............................................................................................................................19
3.6.1Sources of data........................................................................................................................19
3.6.2 Data collection procedure.......................................................................................................20
3.6.3 Reliability and validity test for data collection........................................................................20
3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation......................................................................................................20
CHAPTERFOUR.....................................................................................................................................22
DATA ANALYSIS ,PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION.......................................................................22
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................22
4.2 Presentation of findings.................................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Response Rata.........................................................................................................................22
4.2.2 Age Bracket.................................................................................................................................24
4.2.3 Gender of Respondents..........................................................................................................26
4.2.4 Level of education...................................................................................................................27
4.3 Summary of data Analysis..............................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................................29
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, COMPLETIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................29
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................29
5.2 Summary of findings......................................................................................................................29
5.2.1 To establish the factors that influence road transport and its contribution towards logistic
efficiency a case study of Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa County....................................29
5.2.2 To establish the benefits on researching on road transport and its contribution towards
logistics efficiency at the Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa county.....................................29
5.3 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................30
5.4 Recommendations.........................................................................................................................30
5.5 Recommendations on the further studies.....................................................................................30

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

KEBS: Kenya bureau of standards

KNEC: Kenya National Examination Council
MS: Mombasa County.

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 ABSTRACT
This study examines the effects of road transport and its contributions towards logistics
efficiency. With a focus on the Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa county. Chapter one
provides on introduction to the study outlining the background, problem statement,
objectives, research questions, significant scope and limitations of the study.it highlights the
importance of road transport in facilitating trade and logistics operations while addressing
key challenges such as congestion poor infrastructure and regulatory inefficiencies. The
chapter establishes the need for research to identify solutions that enhance transport
efficiency and improves KEBS role in trade facilitation.
Chapter two presents a literature review, discussing relevant theories, empirical studies and
conceptual framework related to road transport and logistics efficiency and explores factors
influencing transport efficiency, benefits of researching the topic and measures to enhance
logistics operations. Theoretical perspective such as system theory and supply chain
management are examined to provide a foundation for understanding transport dynamics.
Chapter three outlines the research methodology, including the study design, target
population, sampling techniques data collection methods and Analysis procedure. It ensures
reliability and validity in data collection while explaining how findings will be analyzed and
presented. Chapter four focuses on data analysis, presentation and interpretation, providing
insight into how road transport affect Kenya bureau of standards efficiency. Findings are
summarized to highlight key trends and pattern. Chapter five conclude the study by
summarizing key findings, drawing conclusions and offering Recommendations for
improving road transport efficiency in logistics operations.it also suggests areas for future
research to enhance the role of road transport in trade and regulatory compliance.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1INTRODUCTION
Road transport and its contribution towards logistics efficiency provides the flow of inventory
from points of origin in the supply chain to destination or point of use or consumption. Road
transport focuses on the movement of goods from one place to another using roads. Logistic
efficiency is a measure of how effectively your business manages its logistics operations.
1.2BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Road transport is a vital component of logistics system significantly influencing the
efficiency of supply chains. In Kenya, particularly in Mombasa, the role of road transport
becomes even more pronounced due to the City’s status as a major part and trade hub. The
Kenya Bureaus of Standards plays a critical role in this context by ensuring products meet
established quality and safety standards which is essential for maintaining the integrity of the
logistics process.
Efficient road transport ensures that goods are delivered promptly, which is crucial for
compliance with these standards and for overall customer satisfaction. The integration of
various logistics components including transportation to enhance overall supply chain
performance, efficient road transport can lead to reduced lead time and improved service,
ultimately benefitting business and consumer alike. The transportation economic Theory
(Alfred Marshall and John Stuart Mill 2010) explores
therelationshipbetweentransportationcostsandlogisticperformance. It posits that efficient road
transport can lower operational costs which can enhance competitiveness and profitability for
businesses engaged in logistics. It highlights the importance of cos effective and
transportation solutions in logistic sector.
Road transport does not operate in isolation, instead, it is influenced by infrastructure,
regulatory frameworks and stake holder dynamics, understanding these interactions is crucial
for optimizing logistic efficiency according to the system theory (Ludwig on Bertuanffy1940)
provides insight into interactions within logistic systems. Recognizing
thesefactorsiscrucialforenhancinglogisticsefficiencyinthecontextof Road Transport.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
Road transport and its contribution towards logistic efficiency provides the flow of inventory
from point of origin in the supply chain to destination or point of consumption. Road
transport focuses on the movement of goods or people from one place to another using road
while logistic efficiency is the measure of how effectively your business manages its logistics

1
operations.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 General objectives
The overall objective is to establish road transport and its contribution towards logistic
efficiency a case study of Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County.
1.4.2Specific Objectives.
a) To establish the factors that influence road transport and its contribution towards logistics
efficiency e.g. cost reduction a case study of Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa
County.
B) To establish the benefit of researching on road transport and its contribution towards
logistic efficiency a case study of Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County.
c)Measures to be put in place when carrying out road transport and its contribution towards a
case study of Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
The study will seek to answer the following questions;
I. What are the factors that influence road transport and its contribution towards logistic
efficiency?
II. What are the benefits of researching on road transport and its contribution towards
logistics efficiency?
III. What are the basic skills acquired in researching on the measures to be put in place
when carrying out road transport and its contribution towards logistic efficiency?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDY.
I specifically carried out my research for the purpose of addressing the concerns of interested
parties in road transport and its contribution towards logistic efficiency.
I. Supply chain and related field professionals.
The professionals involved in field of study chains will get the opportunity to upgrade their
technical competences.
II. Business investors.
Those who invest their capital in business ventures will stand to get value for their money.
III. Researchers.
Parties with interests in research work will be afforded a chance to get more information on
road transport and its contribution towards logistic efficiency.

2
IV. Student.
As a candidate sitting for diploma in supply chain management examination, it is mandatory
requirement by Kenya National Examination Council that I carry out a business project

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focused on finding out the effect of road transport and its contribution towards
logistic efficiency. The study was conducted at Kenya Bureau of Standard situated in
Mombasa Trade center along
NkrumahRoad.Itis5kmfromMombasaCBDNorthernpartofIndian Ocean. The site was selected
due to the facts that Kenya Bureau of Standards is one of the places that I can find out the
number of large enterprises.
I selected the site since it contains many areas or departments of supplies to provide efficient
road transport and its contribution towards logistics. The site also has both a large number of
employees and assets which also need proper transportation on logistics hence improving
service delivery and also reduces lead time, safer travel for both goods and passengers
reducing risk of accident and damage to products. In this area KEBS also contains small
investments inside which are run by various investors to ensure boost of their returns hence
the transportation of their item from one place to another must be maintained enables the
company to make profits.
Kenya Bureau of Standard also has directors, managers and even head of department that
ensures the company run smoothly, without making any loss due to lack of a good
transportation systems and lack of accessibility
1.8 LIMITATIONOFTHESTUDY.
In carrying out my research study I encountered a series of challenges namely;
i. Time limitation.
There was limited time when carrying out the research. I had limited time to research due to
long distance.
ii. Lack of cooperation.
Some people were unwilling to share the information they have making it difficult for the
research.
iii. Tight security.
Some places were in accessible due to some security thus making it difficult to do the
research.

3
 iv. Bad weather.
Sometimes it was difficult to travel to some places due to unfavorable weather conditions like
heavy rains.
v. Transport problems.
There were transport problems which lead to difficulty in moving from one place to another.
This problem was like higher fare rates, traffic jam leading to delay in arriving to the place of
research.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATUREREVIEW
2.1 Introduction.
This chapter presents a review of existing literature on the effects of road transports and its
contribution towards logistics efficiency with a specific focus on Kenya Bureau of Standard
in Mombasa County. The chapter explores key concept theories and empirical studies that
providesinsightintohowroadtransportinfluencelogisticefficiencyin Kenya’s regulatory and
trade environment.
2.2 Theoretical Framework of the Study.
2.2.1Material Flow Theory.
It was invented by Hov Et Al in 2017, to discuss the MF theory in the context of
transportation industry because material flow describes show raw materials are transported
and used to become final output. When a company has a good material flow, material is at
different stages moves steadily and predictability but a bad flow means there is a lot of stops
and starts in the process.
2.2.2 Just-In-Time Theory.
It was invented by Kitchen and Hult in 2006. The theory states that goods of the right
quantity and specified quality should be supplied in right time without surpluses. Goods are
received from suppliers just as they are needed. JIT requires you to source your materials
locally as it will be delivered to your unit much earlier. JIT reduces transportation cost and
time thus enhancing efficiency. In logistics or Road Transport JIT explains how the
customers place an order with the manufacturer. When the manufacturer receives the order,
they place an order with the manufacturer. When the manufacturer receives the order, they
place an order with the suppliers. The supplier receives the order and then supply the
manufacturer with the materials needed to meet the customer order. The raw materials are
then received by the manufacturer, assembled and sold to the customer.
2.2.3 Stakeholder Theory.
The stakeholder management rationales for supply chain formation envision firm on the
center of an association of stakeholders. A firm’s stakeholders are any group of those who

5
can have an effect on or are laid low with the firm (Freeman, 1944), agency with its investors,
suppliers, employees, customers group where it operates, regulatory agencies and so forth
(Tov bouli and wolker,2015)\
2.3 Empirical Literature Review Study.
2.3.1 To establish the factors that influence
Road Transport and its contribution towards logistics efficiency a case study of Kenya
Bureau of Standards e.g. cost reduction. Several studies have examined the factors
that influence road transport and is role in enhancing logistics efficiency. One key factor is
infrastructure development, including road network, bridges and transport terminals, which
significantly impact the speed and reliability of logistics operations. Well-maintained roads
reduce transit times and vehicle maintenance costs, thereby improving logistics efficiency
(Smith & Jones, 2018). Additionally, another critical factor is cost reduction, as efficient road
transport lowers fuel consumption, vehicle wear and tear and operational expenses (Weber A
1909).
2.3.2To establish the benefits of researching on road transport and its
contribution towards logistic efficiency a case study of Kenya Bureau of
Standards in Mombasa County.
Researching road transport and its contributions to logistics efficiency provides valuable
insights into how transportation system impact trade facilitation, regulatory compliance and
economic development. At the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County, efficient
road transport is essential for timely inspections, movement of goods, and enforcement of
quality standards (Samuelson, P.A 1954). Studies on this subject help identify gaps in
infrastructure, regulatory challenges and inefficiencies that affect Kenya Bureau of Standards
operations for instance, understanding the impact of road congestion on logistics can aid in
developing strategies to minimize delays and enhance service delivery (Ohno,T 1988).
2.3.3 To identify the measures to be put in place when carrying out Road
Transport and its contributions towards logistics efficiency a case study of Kenya
Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County.
Various measures can be implemented to enhance road transport efficiency and its
contributions towards logistics particularly in the operations of the Kenya Bureau of
Standards in Mombasa County. One key measure is infrastructure improvement, including
road expansion, maintenance and the development of alternative transport routes to reduce
congestion (DiMaggio, P.J 1983). Upgrading transport facilities, such as
weighbridges and inspection stations can also streamline KEBS operations ensuring quicker
clearance of goods (coase, R.H 1938).

6
Additionally, policy and regulatory reforms are crucial, including stricter enforcement of
traffic rules, axle loud limits and transport safety standards to enhance efficiency and reduce
road damage (Marshall,A and Mill j.s 2010).
Another critical measure is the adaptation of modern technology to
optimizelogisticsoperations.Implementingreal6timetrackingsystems, automated clearance
procedures and digital record 6keeping at Kenya Bureau of Standards can improve the
monitoring and movement of goods (Brian Farmington 1996); Training and
capacity6building programs for transport operators and regulatory officers can further
enhance efficiency by ensuring compliance with best practices in road transport and logistics
(Brian Farmington 1996).
2.4 Conceptual framework of the study.
2.4.1 Increased Route Optimization.
Unlike air, railway transport in road freight, journeys can be fully optimized, to such an
extent that door to door services is often an option. Good route planning and route
optimization means that there is good travel by the shortest route.
2.4.2Recycling and Green Roads, a work in progress.
Green roads are built to have the lowest possible environment impact. The reduce
environmental pollution thus creating a friendly environment. Green road transport helps to
reduce fuel consumption thus reducing cost.
2.4.3 Time optimization.
It comprises the necessary steps to carry out the receipt and the delivery of the product and
raw materials efficiently. Efficient flow of
Material help to manage time well since there is no stranded materials pending which may
require another attention after that.

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 Dependents variables Dependent variable
 Increased route optimization
-Traffic and weather conditions
-Fleet and drive availability
-Customer demand and preference
-Fuel and cost management
-Road transport and its contribution
 Recycling and green roads a work in
progress
-Environment concerns and awareness
-Government policies and regulations
-Innovative materials and technologies
-Technology and automatization

 Time optimization
-Goal setting and periodization
-Effective planning and scheduling
-Minimizing destruction
-Automatization and technology

Figure 1:Conception of frame work

8
2.5 Chapter Summary.
This chapter reviewed relevant literature on the effect of road transport and its contribution
towards logistics efficiency, with a focus on the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa
County. The introduction provided an overview of the topic highlighting the importance of
road transport in facilitating logistics operations and ensuring he smooth movement of goods.
The theoretical framework explored key transport and logistics theories that explain the
relationship between road transport and logistics efficiency, including systems theory and
supply chain management principles. The theories provided a foundation for understanding
how road transport influences logistics performance, regulatory compliance and trade
facilitation.
The empirical literature review examined studies that identified key factors affecting road
transport efficiency, including infrastructure, cost and traffic management. It also explored
the benefits of researching road transport and logistics efficiency, particularly in improving
Kenya Bureau of Standards operations, reducing delays and enhancing regulatory
effectiveness. Additionally, there view discussed measures to improve road transport
efficiency such as infrastructure development, policy reforms, and technology adoption. The
conceptual framework outlinedtherelationshipbetweenroadtransportvariablesandlogistics
efficiency, illustrating how improvements in transport systems contributes to streamlined
operations at Kenya Bureau of Standards.

9
 CHAPTERT HREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
3.1 Introduction.
This chapter outlines the research methodology employed to examine the effects of road
transport and its contributions towards logistics
efficiency, focusing on the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County. The study
adopts a descriptive research design to provide an in6depth analysis of road transport’s
impact on logistics operations. Data collection methods include both primary and secondary
sources with structured questionnaires and interviews used to gather insights from Kenya
Bureau of Standards employees and logistics stakeholders. A stratified random sampling
technique is applied to ensure a representative sample from different departments involved in
transport and logistics. The target population comprises Kenya Bureau of Standards staff,
transport operators, and regulatory officials providing diverse perspectives on how road
transport influences logistics efficiency.
3.2 Research design
The objective of this research is to answer the research questions and establish whether there
is an effect of road transport and its
contributionstowardlogisticsefficiencythestudyadoptsadescriptive research design to analyze
the effect of road transport on logistics efficiency at the Kenya Bureau of Standards in
Mombasa County. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are utilized to ensure
comprehensive understanding of the subject. Data collection methods include structured
questionnaires distributed to Kenya Bureau of Standards employees and logistics
stakeholders to gather quantitative insight as well as interviews with the key informants such
as transport managers and regulatory officials to obtain qualitative perspectives.
Additionally, observations under review of secondary data from Kenya Bureau of Standards
reports, transport records, and government policies are employed to enhance the reliability of
findings. The mixed- method approach ensures a well-rounded analysis of the impact of road
transport and logistics efficiency.

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3.3 The Research Study Area.
The study focuses on the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County, a key regulatory
institution responsible for quality assurance of goods entering and leaving the country.
Mombasa county is a strategic location for the research due to its role as Kenyans main
gateway for imports and exports facilitated by the Mombasa port and an extensive road
transport network. Kenya Bureau of Standards plays a crucial role in inspecting, testing and
certifying goods to ensure compliance with national and international standards making it an
ideal case study for examining the effects of road transport on logistics efficiency. The
country’s transport infrastructure; including major highways connecting to inland markets
significantly influences the movement of goods and overall supply chain performance.
3.4 Target Population.
I interviewed several people in order to compute my research work perfect. The target
population for this study includes the key stakeholders involved in road transport and its
contribution towards logistics efficiency at the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa
County. These stakeholders include procurement manager whose duties were manages and
directs the purchasing of all goods and services a company needs, responsible for identifying
potential suppliers’ sources, contacting interviews with potential vendors, negotiating
favorable suppliers’ agreements and managing suppliers and vendors’ contract.
Second stakeholder is procurement assistant whose duties were to provide administrative
support for the procurement department of a company. We also have procurement officers
whose duties are reviewing procurement documents and prepares orders, negotiate contracts
with the suppliers and evaluate and monitor inventory control procedures. Other key
stakeholders were; Kenya Bureau of Standards employees, transport operators, logistics
managers, government regulatory officials and clearing and forwarding agency. The diverse
Population ensures a comprehensive understanding of how road transport affects logistics
efficiency.

11
Below is a breakdown of the target population;
Category Target population Percentage
Table 1:Target population;

Category Male Female Total Percentage

Procurement manager 3 2 5 3.1%
Assistant procurement 4 4 8 4.9%
manager
Procurement officers 3 4 7 4.3%
KEBS Employees 30 20 50 30.9%
Transport operators 7 5 12 7.4%
Logistics managers 20 10 30 18.5%
Government 15 5 20 12.3%
regulatory officials
Clearing and 20 10 30 18.5%
forwarding agents
Total 102 60 162 100%

3.5 Sampling
3.5.1 Sampling method and sampling design
This is the exact number of items and people that I selected for my population to represent
the whole population in the study. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure
fair representation of all key stakeholders involved in road transports and logistics at the
Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County. Sampling methods can generally be
categorized into probability and nonprobability sampling techniques. Probability sampling
ensures every individual in the target
population has an equal chance of selection making it ideal for generating unbiased and
generalizable results. The main types include; simple random sampling which selects every

12
individual, stratified sampling where the population is divided into sub groups before random
selection and cluster sampling which divides the population into groups and selects the entire
group randomly. Non probability sampling on the other hand does not provide equal selection
chances and includes techniques like convenience sampling, purposive sampling and snow
ball sampling where selection is based on researcher accessibility.
Stratified random sampling is used because the target population
consistofdifferentstakeholdergroupswithvaryingrolesinlogisticsand road transport. By
dividing the population into strata, Kenya Bureau of Standards, transport operators, logistics
managers, government officials and clearing agents. The study ensures such group is
proportionally represented within each stratum respondents are selected randomly to
minimize bias. The sampling design follows a proportional allocation approach, ensuring that
the number of respondents from each category corresponds to the actual representation in the
target population. The approach ensures the accuracy and reliability of findings while
maintaining a balanced perspective from all relevant stakeholders.
3.5.2 Sample size
This is the exact number of items that are selected from a population to represent the whole
population. In the study the sample size were (125) where it involves ( 35) employees, ( 28)
transport operators, (21) logistic managers, ( 14) government regulatory officials, ( 21)
clearing and forwarding agents, 1 assistant procurement manager and ( 3) procurement
officers .This sample size ensures that the study captures a diverse and a representative
perspective on the impact of road transport and its contribution towards logistics efficiency at
the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County.
Below is the distribution of the sample size;
Table 2:The distribution of the sample size

Category Target Sample size Percentage

population sample
Procurement manager 5 2 1.6%
Assistant procurement 4 1 0.8%
manager
procurement officers 7 3 2.4%
KEBS Employees 50 35 28%
transport operators 40 28 22.4%
Logistics manager 30 21 16.8%

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 Government regulatory 20 14 11.2%
agents
Clearing and forwarding 30 21 16.8%
agents
Total 185 125 100%

3.6 Data collection

3.6.1Sources of data
I managed to interview the manager and assistant manager face to face with the purpose of
collecting relevant information to satisfy research purpose. The following are the advantages
of interviews I managed to get in depth information, there was freedom of flexibility,
accurate information and the disadvantages are as follows; time consuming and expensive.
I also used questionnaires; I managed to work several questions to the procurement officers to
receive response from individuals administrative. The following were the advantages of
questionnaires; it was economical, conduct a free survey and a smart survey. I also had some
disadvantages such as validity and reliability are low and finally poor and late responses.
3.6.2 Data collection procedure
These are the ways of obtaining the information about the research study. Several methods
the researcher employed for data collection during this study for both primary data so as to
obtain adequate information for the study and to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
information gathered on the effect of road transport and its contribution towards logistics
efficiency at the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County. The primary method for
data collection is through questionnaires, which are designed to capture both qualitative and
quantitative insights. The questionnaires contain both open-ended and close-ended questions
to allow respondents to provide detailed responses while also enabling statistical analysis.
The data collection process follows a systematic approach. First, I seek approval from the
Kenya Bureau of Standards management to conduct the study within the organization, once
the permission is granted, I then distributed the questionnaires to the selected respondents
through both physical handouts and digital formats I.e., email or online survey platforms. I
then gave respondents time to complete the questionnaires after which I collect and review
the responses for completeness and accuracy. To enhance the response rate, follow up the
reminders then send to participants who delayed in submitting their responses.
3.6.3 Reliability and validity test for data collection
a) Reliability test for data collection

14
Reliability is concerned with accuracy and precision of the measurement procedure
measuring instrument is reliable if it
provides consistent results and stability of the data collection instrument over time. To ensure
reliability in the study the questionnaire is pre-tested through a pilot study involving a small
sample of respondents from Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County. The pilot test
help identify ambiguities, and clear questions and any inconsistencies in the responses.

b) Validity test for data collection

Validity measures the extent to which the data collection instruments accurately capture the
intended research variables .To enhance validity, the questionnaires are reviewed by experts
and logistics and research methodology to ensure it effectively measures the effect of road
transport on logistics efficiency.
3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation
Data analysis is defined as the process of examining what had been collected in the field and
coming up with the findings which assisted to make conclusion from those findings. Once the
data has been collected from the questionnaires and secondary sources, it will systematically
be analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions regarding the effects of road transport on
logistic efficiency at the Kenya Bureau of Standards in Mombasa County. The data will be
first organized and summarized into tables for easy interpretation afterwards. The findings
will be analyzed to identify trends, patterns and key insights.

Below is a table summarizing the responses from the questions regarding the perceived
impact of road transport on logistics efficiency of Kenya Bureau of Standards. The data could
represent the percentage of respondents who agree, disagree or are neutral regarding specific
statement to road transport efficiency.

15
Table 3:table summarizing the responses from the questions regarding the perceived
impact of road transport on logistics efficiency of Kenya Bureau of Standards

Impact area Agree% Neutral Disagree%

%
Road transport enhances 65% 20% 15%
Logistics efficiency
Delays due to road congestion 75% 15% 10%
Affects delivery times
KEBS Logistics operations are 80% 10% 10%
Heavily reliant on road transport
Road infrastructure needs improvement for 70% 20% 10%
better
efficiency

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 CHAPTERFOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
This chapter present the analysis, interpretation and discussion of the data collected from
questionnaires, interview and secondary sources regarding the effect of road transport and its
contribution towards logistic efficiency at the Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa
County. The data is analyzed using both quantitate and qualitative methods to identify trends.
The findings are presented in tables for better understanding. The analysis focuses on impact
of road transport on logistic efficiency, challenges faced due to road transport limitation and
potential improvements that can enhance logistic operations. The interpretation of findings is
based on response from Kenya bureau of standards employees, transport operators, logistic
managers, government regulatory officials and clearing and forwarding agents. By examining
the collected data this chapter aim to provide a clear understanding of how road transport
contributes too hinders logistic efficiency at Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa County.
4.2 Presentation of findings.
4.2.1 Response Rata
The study achieved a high response rate of 87%with104outofthe119 targeted respondents
successfully completing the questionnaires and interviews. The response rate varied across
different stakeholder groups, with Kenya bureau of standard employees 85.7%, transport
operators 89.3%, logistic managers 85.7%, government regulatory officials 85.7%, and
clearing and forwarding agents 90.5%, actively participating. This high response rate
enhances the reliability and validityofthefindingsensuringthatthedatacollectedisrepresentative
of the target population. The strong participation reflects the respondent’s interest in the study
and their willingness to provide valuable insights into the effects of road transport on logistic
efficiency at Kenya bureau standards in Mombasa County.
Below is a table summarizing the response rate from different target groups

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 Table 4:Below is a table summarizing the response rate from different target groups

Category Sample size Response Response rate

received
KEBS 35 30 85.7%
employees
Transport 28 25 89.3%
operator
Logistics 21 18 85.7%
manager
Government regulatory 14 12 85.7%
official

Clearing and 21 19 90.5%

forwarding
agents
TOTAL 119 104 87.4%

Theoverallresponserateis87.4%indicatingastrongparticipationlevel among the target

respondents which ensures reliable data for analysis. Pie chart representation of response rate

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Figure 2:Pie Chart Representation Of Response Rate

Sales
GOVERNMENT

LOGISTICS

TRANPORT KEBS

4.2.2 Age Bracket.

I categorized respondents into different age brackets to analyze their distribution across
gender. The findings show that the majority of participants 33.7% fall within the26-35 years
age group followed by 36- 45 Years 28.8%, indicating the most respondents 64 out of
number of female respondents 40 across all age brackets, suggesting that the logistics and
transport sector at Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa County may

Have a higher male workforce representation. The distribution provides insights into the age
demographics influencing logistics efficiency.
The table below represent the distribution of respondents by age and gender

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Table 5:The table below represent the distribution of respondents by age and gender

Category Male Female Total Percentage

(Age bracket)

Below25 10 5 15 14.4%
26-35 20 15 35 33.7%
36-45 18 12 30 28.8%
46-55 12 6 18 17.3%
56and 4 2 6 5.8%
Above
Total 64 40 104 100%

Figure 3:Here is the pie chart representing the age bracket distribution of respondents.

Sales

BELOW 25 25 -35 36 - 45 46 -55 56ABOVE

4.2.3 Gender of Respondents

The study analyzed the gender distribution of respondents to assess workforce representation
in logistics and transport at Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa county. The findings
indicate the male respondents64or61.5%outnumberfemalerespondents40or38.5% suggesting
that the logistic and transport industry may be male dominating. However, the significant
present of female respondent’s highlights increasing gender diversity in the sector

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Table 6:Below is a table representing the gender of respondents.

Gender Number of respondents Percentage(%)

Male 64 6.1%
Female 40 38.5%
Total 104 100%

Table 7:Pie chart representing Gender of Respondent.

Respondents

38.50%

61.50%

MALE FEMALE

4.2.4 Level of education

In analyzing the level of education of the respondents, the data reveals a diverse range of
educational qualification. According to the table a significant portion of respondent hold a
certificate (35%) followed by those with a diploma (30%). A smaller percentage possess a
master’s degree (12%)while a notable 8% have completed secondary education. Additionally,
15% of the respondents hold a bachelor’s degree indicating a well-educated workforce
involved in the logistics sector.
This variety in educational background may suggest that both skilled and managerial roles in
road transport logistics are being filled by individuals with different levels of expertise and
specialization.

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Table 8:Here a table representing the level of education.

Level of Male(%) Female(%) Total(%)

education
Certificate 25% 10% 35%
Diploma 18% 12% 30%
Master’s degree 8% 4% 12%
Secondary 5% 3% 8%
education
Bachelor’s 10% 5% 15%
degree

4.3 Summary of data Analysis.

The data analysis revealed that road transport significantly impacts logistics efficiency at
Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa County. A majority of respondents, particularly
logistics managers and KEBS employees, acknowledged that poor road conditions, traffic
congestion and delays in cargo clearance negatively affect the movement of goods. Transport
operators and clearing agents emphasizes that road
transportinefficienciesleadtoincreasedoperationalcostsandextendeddelivery timelines.
Government regulatory officials highlighted the importance of policies and infrastructure
development in improving road transport efficiency. The analysis also showed that gender
representation in the logistics sector is gradually becoming diverse though male respondents
still dominate.
Furthermore, most participants fell within the 26-45 age group
indicatingthatthelogisticsindustryislargelydrivenbyprofessionalsin their prime working years.
Overall, the findings suggest a strong need for improved road infrastructure, streamlined
regulations and better coordination among stakeholder to enhance logistic efficiency.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, COMPLETIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents a summary of the study’s key findings, conclusions, and
recommendations on the effects of road transport and its contributions towards logistics
efficiency with a focus on the Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa County. The study
aimed to establish the factors influencing road transport and its contributions towards logistic
efficiency. The study also aimed to examine the benefits of researching on road transport and
its contribution towards logistic efficiency and finally aimed to identify the measures that
should be put in place to enhance road transport towards logistic efficiency. The findings
highlight the significance of road transport in ensuring timely and cost-effective movement of
goods, the challenges affecting its efficiency and the strategies needed to improve transport
system. The chapter concludes with recommendations for improving road
infrastructure, adopting technology, managing transport costs, addressing security concerns
and fostering collaboration between public and private stakeholders to enhance logistics
operations at Kenya bureau of standards and beyond.

5.2 Summary of findings

5.2.1 To establish the factors that influence road transport and its contribution
towards logistic efficiency a case study of Kenya bureau of standards in
Mombasa County.
The study findings in chapter four revealed that several factors
influenceroadtransportanditscontributiontowardslogisticsefficiency at the Kenya bureau of
standards in Mombasa county. One of the primary factors identified was road infrastructure,
where poor road conditions, congestion and inadequate maintenance were found to cause
significance delays in goods movement. Transport costs ,including fuel prices, vehicle
maintenance and toll charges were also highlighted as a major challenge that impact logistics
efficiency by increasing operational expenses .Additionally, government policies and
regulations such as licensing requirements and compliance with safety standards.

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5.2.2 To establish the benefits on researching on road transport and its
contribution towards logistics efficiency at the Kenya bureau of standards in
Mombasa county.
The study highlighted several benefits of researching road transport and its contribution
towards logistic efficiency. First, I provided valuable insights into the challenges affecting
constraints, enabling stakeholder to develop targeted solutions. Additionally, it emphasized
the role of technology and skilled personnel in enhancing transport efficiency, guiding
organizations in adopting modern logistics management practices.
5.3 Conclusion
The study concluded that road transport plays crucial role in logistics efficiency at the Kenya
bureau of standards in Mombasa County.
However, several challenges including poor road infrastructure, high transport costs,
congestion and regulatory constraints hinder its effectiveness. The findings also revealed that
adopting modern technology improving workforce skills and implementing better
government policies can significantly enhance logistics operations. The study further
established that factors such as fuel prices, vehicle maintenance and compliance with
transport influencing overall supply chain efficiency.
5.4 Recommendations
Based on the study findings and conclusions, several recommendations are proposed to
enhance road transport efficiency and its contribution towards logistics at the Kenya bureau
of standards in Mombasa County. One of the key recommendations is the need for improved
infrastructure. The government and relevant authorities should prioritize road expansion,
maintenance and upgrading of transport network to reduce congestion and improve
accessibility. Poor road conditions and traffic congestion were found to be major challenges
affecting the efficiency of logistic operations and addressing these issues will significantly
enhance the movement of goods. Additionally, implementing smart traffic management
system and enforcing strict transport regulations can help minimize delays and optimize road
usage.
5.5 Recommendations on the further studies
Future research should focus on the integration of multiple transport modes such as road, rail
and water transport to enhance logistic efficiency. This study found that heavy reliance on
road transport leads to congestion and delays which could be mitigated by adopting amulti
modal approach future study could explore how a combination of transport systems can
optimize logistics operations reducing costs and

24
improve overall supply chain efficiency especially in key industrial and regulatory hubs like
the Kenya bureau of standards in Mombasa county

REFERENCES
 Hov, Et an 2017 the dynamics of road transport and logistics efficiency.springer
publishing.
 Kitchen p.j. and Hult, G.T.M x( 2006). The future of transport and logistics; strategies
for efficiency .sage publication.
 Freeman R.E.( 1994). Strategic Management: a stakeholder Approach. Cambridge
university of press
 Weber, A (1909) . theory of the location of industries university of Chicago press.
 Samuelson, P.A ( 1954). The pure Theory of public expenditure.The Review of
Economics and statistics, MIT Press.
 DiMaggio, P.J and Powell, W.W (1983). The Iron cage Revisited institutional
isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological
Review, American sociological Association.
 Ohno, T(1988). Toyota production system; beyond large scale production.
Productivity press.
 Coase, RH ( 1938). Business organization and the accountant. The economist.
 Marshall, A and Mill, J.S ( 2010).Principles of economic and political economic .
Oxford university press.
 Kenneth lysons, Brian Farmington (1996). purchasing and supply chain management
8th edition.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 – introduction letter
JACLINE AWINO
P.O.BOX 99376
MOMBASA
5TH02 2025.

KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS,

P.O.BOX 99376
MOMBASA
Dear sir/madam

RE:REQUESTING A PERMISSION TO CARRY OUT A RESEARCH IN YOUR

ORGANIZATION.
I am jackline awino pursing diploma in supply chain management ,seeking out permission to
carry out a research on effect of road transport and its contribution towards logistics
efficiency in an organization.
Looking forward for your consideration.

Yours faith faithfully

Jackline awino

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APPENDIX 2 – QUESTIONNARIE
SECTION A
Background information
Please tick where appropriate
1 Gender
Male ………. Female ………..
2 Highest educational level
Primary………secondary………. college…………university……………
3 Which positions do you hold in Kenya bureau of standards
:…………………………………………………..
4Which department are you working in.
……………………………………………………
5 For how long have you worked at kenya bureau of standards.
………………………………………………………………….
6 How old are
18 – 35 …………… 30 – 60 ………………..

SECTION B
Importance of road transport and its contribution towards logistics affiance

7 cost savings …………………..

8 timely deliveries of goods and services ……………………….

9 Effective planning and scheduling ………………..

10 Minimizing destruction ………………………

11 Automation and technology …………………………

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Section c

12 Challenges faced by road transport process

Bad weather………………………………
Time limitations………………………..
13 inadequate technology ………………………..

Section D
Measures to enhance road transport and its contribution towards logistics affiances.
14 What suggestions do you have for improving road transport and its contribution towards
logistics efficacy in an organization.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..

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