A Project on Stock Exchange.

- S.Y.B.A.F (B)

Group Members
Member name
Aniket Mourya Jitendra Pandey Nidhi Vazir Zoeb Khoja Vikas Pal Fahad Choudhary

Roll. No. 7118 7117 7116 7115 7114 7113

Stock exchange : Introduction.

A stock exchange provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade stocks, bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include shares issued by companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic networks, which gives those advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of astock market. Supply and demand in stock markets is driven by various factors that, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks . There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on the

exchange. Such trading is said to be off exchange or over-thecounter. This is the usual way that derivatives and bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securities.

 Role of stock exchanges.

Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy. This may include the following:

 Raising capital for businesses.

The Stock Exchange provide companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public.  Common forms of capital raising. Besides the borrowing capacity provided to an individual or firm by the banking system, in the form of credit or a loan, there are four common forms of capital raising used by companies and entrepreneurs. All of these available options, might be achieved, directly or indirectly, involving a stock exchange.  Going public. Capital intensive companies, particularly high tech companies, always need to raise high volumes of capital in their early stages. By this reason, the public market provided by the stock

exchanges, has been one of the most important funding sources for many capital intensive startups. After the 1990s and early-2000s hi-tech listed companies' boom and burst in the world's major stock exchanges, it has been much more demanding for the high-tech entrepreneur to take his/her company public, unless either the company already has products in the market and is generating sales and earnings, or the company has completed advanced promising clinical trials, earned potentially profitable patents or conducted market research which demonstrated very positive outcomes. This is quite different from the situation of the 1990s to early-2000s period, when a number of companies (particularly Internet boom and biotechnology companies) went public in the most prominent stock exchanges around the world, in the total absence of sales, earnings and any well-documented promising outcome. Anyway, every year a number of companies, including unknown highly speculative and financially unpredictable hi-tech startups, are listed for the first time in all the major stock exchanges - there are even specialized entry markets for this kind of companies or stock indexes tracking their performance (examples include the Alternext, CAC Small, SDAX, TecDAX, or most of the third market companies).

 Venture capital.
A third usual source of capital for startup companies has been venture capital. This source remains largely available today, but the maximum statistical amount that the venture company firms in aggregate will invest in any one company is not limitless (it was approximately $15 million in 2001 for a

biotechnology company).[5] At those level, venture capital firms typically become tapped-out because the financial risk to any one partnership becomes too great.

 Corporate partners.
A fourth alternative source of cash for a private company is a corporate partner, usually an established multinational company, which provides capital for the smaller company in return for marketing rights, patent rights, or equity. Corporate partnerships have been used successfully in a large number of cases.

 Mobilizing savings for investment.

When people draw their savings and invest in shares (through a IPO or the issuance of new company shares of an already listed company), it usually leads to rational allocation of resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idledeposits with banks, are mobilized and redirected to help companies' management boards finance their organizations. This may promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in stronger economic growth and higher productivity levels of firms. Sometimes it is very difficult for the stock investor to determine whether or not the allocation of those funds is in good faith and will be able to generate long-term company growth, without examination of a company's internal auditing.

 Facilitating company growth.

Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines, increase distribution channels, hedge against volatility, increase its market share, or acquire other necessary business assets. A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock market is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.  Profit sharing. Both casual and professional stock investors, as large as institutional investors or as small as an ordinary middle class family, through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains, share in the wealth of profitable businesses. Unprofitable and troubled businesses may result in capital losses for shareholders.

 Creating investment opportunities for small investors.

As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can afford. Therefore the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large investors.

 Government capital-raising for development projects.

Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of securities known as bonds. These bonds can be raised through the Stock Exchange whereby members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such bonds can obviate the need, in the short term, to directly tax citizens to finance development though by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral, the government must eventually tax citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature.

 Barometer of the economy

At the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. An economic recession, depression, or financial crisis could eventually lead to a stock market crash. Therefore the movement of share prices and in general of the stock indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy.

Stock Exchanges in India

Bombay Stock Exchange

National Stock Exchange

 Bombay stock Exchange

The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Bombay) is a stock exchange located on Dalal Street, Mumbai and is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. The equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$1 trillion as of December 2011, making it the 6th largest stock exchange in Asia and the 14th largest in the world. The BSE has the largest number of listed companies in the world. As of December 2011, there are over 5,112 listed Indian companies and over 8,196 scrips on the stock exchange,[3] the Bombay Stock Exchange has a significant trading volume. The BSE SENSEX, also called "BSE 30", is a widely used market index in India and Asia. Though many other exchanges exist, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India account for the majority of the equity trading in India. While both have similar total market capitalization (about USD 1.6 trillion), share volume in NSE is typically two times that of BSE.

 History
The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when four Gujarati and one Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as 'The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian

Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the BSE SENSEX in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading SENSEX futures contracts. The development of SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system in 1995. It took the exchange only fifty days to make this transition. This automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx.co.in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform.[5] The BSE is currently housed in Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area.

 Awards
 The World Council of Corporate Governance has awarded the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for BSE's initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

 The Annual Reports and Accounts of BSE for the year ended March 31, 2006 and March 31, 2007 have been awarded the ICAI awards for excellence in financial reporting.

 The Human Resource Management at BSE has won the Asia - Pacific HRM awards for its efforts in employer branding through talent management at work, health management at work and excellence in HR through technology

 Timeline.
Following is the timeline on the rise of the SENSEX through Indian stock market history.  1830's Business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses started in Mumbai.  1860-1865 Cotton price bubble as a result of the American Civil War.  1870 - 90's Sharp increase in share prices of jute industries followed by a boom in tea stocks and coal  1978-79 Base year of SENSEX, defined to be 100.  1986 SENSEX first compiled using a market CapitalizationWeighted methodology for 30 component stocks representing well-established companies across key sectors.  30 October 2006 The SENSEX on October 30, 2006 crossed the magical figure of 13,000 and closed at 13,024.26 points, up 117.45 points or 0.9%. It took 135 days for the

SENSEX to move from 12,000 to 13,000 and 123 days to move from 12,500 to 13,000.  5 December 2006 The SENSEX on December 5, 2006 crossed the 14,000-mark to touch 14,028 points. It took 36 days for the SENSEX to move from 13,000 to the 14,000 mark.  6 July 2007 The SENSEX on July 6, 2007 crossed the magical figure of 15,000 to touch 15,005 points in afternoon trade. It took seven months for the SENSEX to move from 14,000 to 15,000 points.  19 September 2007 The SENSEX scaled yet another milestone during early morning trade on September 19, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the SENSEX crossed 16,000, rising by 450 points from the previous close. The 30-share Bombay Stock Exchange's sensitive index took 53 days to reach 16,000 from 15,000. Nifty also touched a new high at 4659, up 113 points.The SENSEX finally ended with a gain of 654 points at 16,323. The NSE Nifty gained 186 points to close at 4,732.  26 September 2007 The SENSEX scaled yet another height during early morning trade on September 26, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the SENSEX crossed the 17,000-mark. Some profit taking towards the end saw the index slip into red to 16,887 - down 187 points from the day's high. The SENSEX ended with a gain of 22 points at 16,921.  9 October 2007 The BSE SENSEX crossed the 18,000mark on October 9, 2007. It took just 8 days to cross 18,000

points from the 17,000 mark. The index zoomed to a new alltime intra-day high of 18,327. It finally gained 789 points to close at an all-time high of 18,280. The market set several new records including the biggest single day gain of 789 points at close, as well as the largest intra-day gains of 993 points in absolute term backed by frenzied buying after the news of the UPA and Left meeting on October 22 put an end to the worries of an impending election.  15 October 2007 The SENSEX crossed the 19,000-mark backed by revival of funds-based buying in blue chip stocks in metal, capital goods and refinery sectors. The index gained the last 1,000 points in just four trading days. The index touched a fresh all-time intra-day high of 19,096, and finally ended with a smart gain of 640 points at 19,059.The Nifty gained 242 points to close at 5,670.  29 October 2007 The SENSEX crossed the 20,000 mark on the back of aggressive buying by funds ahead of the US Federal Reserve meeting. The index took only 10 trading days to gain 1,000 points after the index crossed the 19,000mark on October 15. The major drivers of today's rally were index heavyweights Larsen and Toubro, Reliance Industries, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and SBI among others. The 30-share index spurted in the last five minutes of trade to fly-past the crucial level and scaled a new intra-day peak at 20,024.87 points before ending at its fresh closing high of 19,977.67, a gain of 734.50 points. The NSE Nifty rose to a record high 5,922.50 points before ending at 5,905.90, showing a hefty gain of 203.60 points.

 8 January 2008 The SENSEX peaks. It crossed the 21,000 mark in intra-day trading after 49 trading sessions. This was backed by high market confidence of increased FII investment and strong corporate results for the third quarter. However, it later fell back due to profit booking.  13 June 2008 The SENSEX closed below 15,200 mark, Indian market suffer with major downfall from January 21, 2008  25 June 2008 The SENSEX touched an intra day low of 13,731 during the early trades, then pulled back and ended up at 14,220 amidst a negative sentiment generated on the Reserve Bank of India hiking CRR by 50 bps. FII outflow continued in this week.  2 July 2008 The SENSEX hit an intraday low of 12,822.70 on July 2, 2008. This is the lowest that it has ever been in the past year. Six months ago, on January 10, 2008, the market had hit an all time high of 21206.70. This is a bad time for the Indian markets, although Reliance and Infosys continue to lead the way with mostly positive results.  6 October 2008 The SENSEX closed at 11801.70 hitting the lowest in the past 2 years.  10 October 2008 The SENSEX today closed at 10527, 800.51 points down from the previous day having seen an intraday fall of as large as 1063 points. Thus, this week turned out to be the week with largest percentage fall in the SENSEX

 18 May 2009 After the result of 15th Indian general election SENSEX gained 2100.79 points from the previous close of 12173.42, a record one-day gain. In the opening trade itself the SENSEX evinced a 15% gain over the previous close which led to a two-hour suspension in trading. After trading resumed, the SENSEX surged again, leading to a full day suspension of trading.  19 October 2010 BSE introduced the 15-minute special pre-open trading session, a mechanism under which investors can bid for stocks before the market opens. The mechanism, known as 'pre-open session call auction', lasted for 15 minutes (from 9:00-9:15 am).[7]  5 November 2010 BSE SENSEX crossed the 21000 mark (exactly 21004.96). 

27 December 2010 BSE SENSEX is at 20,028.93.

 Indices
The launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by introduction of BSE National Index (Base: 1983-84 = 100). It comprised 100 stocks listed at five major stock exchanges in India Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Madras. The BSE National Index was renamed BSE-100 Index from October 14, 1996 and since then, it is being calculated taking into consideration only the prices of stocks listed at BSE. BSE launched the dollar-linked version of BSE-100 index on May 22,

2006. BSE launched two new index series on 27 May 1994: The 'BSE-200' and the 'DOLLEX-200'. BSE-500 Index and 5 sectoral indices were launched in 1999. In 2001, BSE launched BSE-PSU Index, DOLLEX-30 and the country's first free-float based index - the BSE TECk Index. Over the years, BSE shifted all its indices to the free-float methodology (except BSE-PSU index). BSE disseminates information on the Price-Earnings Ratio, the Price to Book Value Ratio and the Dividend Yield Percentage on day-to-day basis of all its major indices. The values of all BSE indices are updated on real time basis during market hours and displayed through the BOLT system, BSE website and news wire agencies. All BSE Indices are reviewed periodically by the BSE Index Committee. This Committee which comprises eminent independent finance professionals frames the broad policy guidelines for the development and maintenance of all BSE indices. The BSE Index Cell carries out the day-to-day maintenance of all indices and conducts research on development of new indices. SENSEX is significantly correlated with the stock indices of other emerging markets.

 National Stock Exchange.

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is a stock exchange located at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is the 16th largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization and largest in India by daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. NSE has a market capitalization of around US$985 billion and over 1,640

listings as of December 2011. Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the Bombay Stock Exchange are the two most significant stock exchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions. The NSE's key index is the S&P CNX Nifty, known as the NSE NIFTY (National Stock Exchange Fifty), an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalisation. NSE is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities. There are at least 2 foreign investors NYSE Euronext and Goldman Sachs who have taken a stake in the NSE. As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities. It is the second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16.6%.

 Origins
The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading Financial institutions at the behest of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a taxpaying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital market (Equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations

in November 1994, while operations the Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.

in

 Markets
Currently, NSE has the following major segments of the capital market:  Equity  Futures and options  Retail debt market  Wholesale debt market  Currency futures  Mutual fund  Stocks lending and borrowing In August 2008 currency derivatives were introduced in India with the launch of Currency Futures in USD INR by NSE. Currently it has also launched currency futures in euros, pounds and yen. Interest Rate Futures were introduced for the first time in India by NSE on 31 August 2009, exactly one year after the launch of Currency Futures. NSE became the first stock exchange to get approval for interest rate futures, As recommended by SEBI-RBI committee, on 31 August 2009, a futures contract based on 7% 10 Year Government of India (Notional) was launched with quarterly maturities.

 Certifications

NSE also conducts online examination and awards certification, under its programmes of NSE's Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM). Currently, notifications are available in 19 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets. Branches of the NSE are located throughout India. NSE, in collaboration with reputed colleges and institutes in India, has been offering a short-term course called NSE Certified Capital Market Professional (NCCMP) since August 2009, in the campuses of the respective colleges/ institutes.

 Securities and Exchange Board of India

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (frequently abbreviated SEBI) is the regulator for the securities market in India. It was formed officially by the Government of India in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992[2] being passed by the Indian Parliament. SEBI is headquartered in the business district of Bandra-Kurla complex in Mumbai, and has Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western regional offices in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Ahmedabad. Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority before SEBI came into existence;[3] it derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947. Initially SEBI was a non statutory body without any statutory power. However in 1995, the SEBI was given additional statutory power by the Government of India through an

amendment to the securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992. In April, 1998 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital market in India under a resolution of the Government of India.

 Functions and responsibilities :

SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market:  The issuers of securities  The investors  The market intermediaries. SEBI has three functions rolled into one body: quasilegislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeals process to create accountability. There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a three-member tribunal and is presently headed by a former Chief Justice of a High court - Mr. Justice NK Sodhi. A second appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court. SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systemic reforms aggressively and successively (e.g. the quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless rolling settlement on T+2 basis). SEBI has been active in setting up the regulations as required under law.

SEBI has also been instrumental in taking quick and effective steps in light of the global meltdown and the Satyam fiasco. It had increased the extent and quantity of disclosures to be made by Indian corporate promoters. More recently, in light of the global meltdown, it liberalised the takeover code to facilitate investments by removing regulatory structures. In one such move, SEBI has increased the application limit for retail investors to Rs 2 lakh, from Rs 1 lakh at present.

 Powers
For the discharge of its functions efficiently, SEBI has been invested with the necessary powers which are: to approve by laws of stock exchanges. 2. to require the stock exchange to amend their by laws. 3. inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognised stock exchanges. 4. inspect the books of accounts of a financial intermediaries. 5. compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more stock exchanges. 6. levy fees and other charges on the intermediaries for performing its functions. 7. grant licence to any person for the purpose of dealing in certain areas. 8. delegate powers exercisable by it. 9. prosecute and judge directly the violation of certain provisions of the companies Act.
1.

 SEBI Committees
 Technical Advisory Committee.  Committee for review of structure of market infrastructure institutions.  Members of the Advisory Committee for the SEBI Investor Protection and Education Fund.  Takeover Regulations Advisory Committee.  Primary Market Advisory Committee (PMAC)  Secondary Market Advisory Committee (SMAC)  Mutual Fund Advisory Committee.  Corporate Bonds & Securitization Advisory Committee.  Takeover Panel.  SEBI Committee on Disclosures and Accounting Standards (SCODA)  High Powered Advisory Committee on consent orders and compounding of offences.  Derivatives Market Review Committee.  Committee on Infrastructure Funds.