SPSS - ANOVA

Dr. Miquel A. Belmonte

Hospital General de Castellón
Castellón, España
Inicialmente en el sitio: www.pitt.edu/~super1/

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 Elección de tests estadísticos
Varbl. dependientes
1 >1
Varbl. CATEG CUANT CATEG CUANT
Indep.
CATEG X2 Oneway Manova
1 CUANT Student T Correlac

CATEG Loglinear ANOVA Manova

>1
CUANT Reg. Logist Reg.Mult

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 ANOVA - conceptos básicos
„ Influencia de una o varias variables categóricas
(factores) sobre una variable dependiente cuantitativa
„ Valora efectos principales de factores e interacciones
de éstos entre sí
„ Admite una o más covariables de control, de tipo
cuantitativo
„ Estudia reducción de variabilidad (suma de cuadrados)
„ Test paramétrico: Compara las medias de los
subgrupos formados para cada factor

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 Condiciones
• Igualdad de varianzas
• Distribución paramétrica

a
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances

Dependent Variable: Current salary

F df1 df2 Sig.
10,374 19 454 ,000
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the
dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept+AGE+SEXRACE+JOBCAT+SEXRACE
* JOBCAT

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 ANOVA - estadísticos
„ SS total = Σ SS efectos principales +
SS interacciones orden 2 y sucesivas +
SS residuos
SS (factor o interacción)
MS =
DF (grados de libertad)

MS (factor o interacción)
F=
MS de los residuos

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 ANOVA - Output SPSS
Sum of Mean Sig
Source of Variation Squares DF Square F of F

Covariates 601239435 1 601239435,132 54,882 ,000

AGE 601239435 1 601239435,132 54,882 ,000

Main Effects 11677985838 7 1668283691,12 152,284 ,000

JOBCAT 7428829687 4 1857207421,83 169,529 ,000
SEXRACE 709773003 3 236591000,879 21,596 ,000

2-Way Interactions 318155497 8 39769437,169 3,630 ,000

JOBCAT SEXRACE 318155497 8 39769437,169 3,630 ,000

Explained 12597380770 16 787336298,143 71,869 ,000

Residual 4885977728 446 10955107,014

Total 17483358499 462 37842767,313

Sum of Squares F = _____________________

MS Factor explained
Mean Square = _______________
DF MS Residual
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 Modelos de ANOVA

„ ANOVA factorial general

„ ANOVA multivariado: MANOVA
„ ANOVA de medidas repetidas

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 ANOVA
Modelo Lineal General Factorial

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Definición del modelo

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Opciones

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 Contrastes
Permiten comparar
niveles o categorías
entre sí, dentro de cada
factor considerado.

Test Results

Dependent Variable: Current salary

Sum of Mean Eta
Source Squares df Square F Sig. Squared
Contrast 1,09E+09 6 1,82E+08 15,050 ,000 ,166
Error 5,47E+09 453 12068299
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 Profile Plots
Muestran estimaciones de
Media Marginal
para cada subgrupo formado.

40000
Estimated Marginal Means of Current salary
24000

22000
30000

20000

18000
Estimated Marginal Means

20000

16000 Mean of Current salary

14000
10000
12000

10000
0
8000 Clerical Security officer Exempt employee Technical
White males Minority males White females Minority females Office trainee College trainee MBA trainee

Sex & race classification Employment category www.reeme.arizona.edu

Gráfico de distribución

Spread vs. Level Plot of Current salary

12000

10000
Spread (Standard Deviation)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000

Level (Mean)
Groups: Sex & race classification * Employment category

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 ANOVA
Modelo Lineal General Factorial
SYNTAX

UNIANOVA
salnow BY sexrace jobcat WITH age
/METHOD = SSTYPE(3)
/INTERCEPT = INCLUDE
/PRINT = DESCRIPTIVE ETASQ HOMOGENEITY
/CRITERIA = ALPHA(.05)
/DESIGN = age sexrace jobcat sexrace*jobcat .

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 Descriptive Statistics

Dependent Variable: Current salary

Std.
Sex & race classification Employment category Mean Deviation N
White males Clerical 13057,65 3251,46 75
Office trainee 13092,23 3839,48 35
Security officer 12471,43 663,50 14
College trainee 24916,97 5321,94 33
Exempt employee 25570,71 7152,95 28
MBA trainee 26916,67 3003,47 3
Technical 36691,67 10543,45 6
Total 17790,16 8132,26 194
Minority males Clerical 11752,57 2561,80 35

Estadísticas Office trainee

Security officer
College trainee
11080,00
12272,31
31400,00
1086,75
1025,17
,
12
13
1
Exempt employee 31880,00 11483,41 2

Descriptivas White females

MBA trainee
Total
Clerical
26500,00
12898,44
9890,12
5223,95
2839,32
, 1
64
85
Office trainee 10501,78 1894,68 81
College trainee 18040,57 3171,27 7
Exempt employee 19660,00 4299,21 2
MBA trainee 23250,00 , 1
Total 10682,72 3204,76 176
Minority females Clerical 9258,75 1719,52 32
Office trainee 9090,00 972,77 8
Total 9225,00 1588,95 40
Total Clerical 11134,82 3196,57 227
Office trainee 11136,41 2732,60 136
Security officer 12375,56 845,85 27
College trainee 23901,07 5695,15 41
Exempt employee 25595,62 7364,40 32
MBA trainee 26100,00 2661,06 5
Technical 36691,67 10543,45 6
Total 13767,83 6830,26 474
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 ANOVA Output
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: Current salary

Type III
Sum of Mean Eta
Source Squares df Square F Sig. Squared
Corrected Model 1,66E+10a 20 8,30E+08 68,774 ,000 ,752
Intercept 9,28E+09 1 9,28E+09 768,594 ,000 ,629
AGE 2,06E+08 1 2,06E+08 17,075 ,000 ,036
SEXRACE 4,06E+08 3 1,35E+08 11,205 ,000 ,069
JOBCAT 5,50E+09 6 9,17E+08 75,953 ,000 ,501
SEXRACE * JOBCAT 3,20E+08 10 31952108 2,648 ,004 ,055
Error 5,47E+09 453 12068299
Total 1,12E+11 474
Corrected Total 2,21E+10 473
a. R Squared = ,752 (Adjusted R Squared = ,741)

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 ANOVA factorial
„ Simple
– Diseños factoriales de modelos saturados
– Métodos:

» Único: todos los elementos concurrentemente

» Jerárquico: covariables - factores- interacción
» Experimental: factores- interacción

„ General
– Diseños factoriales de modelos no saturados
– Permite especificar con más flexibilidad el modelo a utilizar y variedad de estadísticos

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 ONEWAY
„ Caso particular de ANOVA de un factor
„ Una sola variable dependiente cuantitativa
„ Un factor con varias categorías
„ ONEWAY, pero no ANOVA, produce:
– Contrastes
– Comparaciones múltiples
– Pruebas de tendencia
– Test homogeneidad de varianza

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ONEWAY

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 Resultados Oneway
Listado descriptivo

Descriptives

Current salary
95% Confidence Interval
for Mean
Std. Lower Upper
N Mean Deviation Std. Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum
Clerical 227 11134,82 3196,57 212,16 10716,75 11552,89 6300 26750
Office trainee 136 11136,41 2732,60 234,32 10673,00 11599,82 7260 32000
Security officer 27 12375,56 845,85 162,78 12040,95 12710,16 9720 14100
College trainee 41 23901,07 5695,15 889,43 22103,46 25698,68 13764 36500
Exempt employee 32 25595,63 7364,40 1301,86 22940,47 28250,78 15480 41500
MBA trainee 5 26100,00 2661,06 1190,06 22795,86 29404,14 23250 30000
Technical 6 36691,67 10543,45 4304,35 25626,99 47756,34 26700 54000
Total 474 13767,83 6830,26 313,72 13151,36 14384,29 6300 54000

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 ONEWAY - Output SPSS
Analysis of Variance

Sum of Mean F F
Source D.F. Squares Squares Ratio Prob.

Between Groups 4 11168758807 2792189702 202,5184 ,0000

Unweighted Linear Term 1 9966174401 9966174401 722,8499 ,0000

Weighted Linear Term 1 8987023511 8987023511 651,8318 ,0000
Deviation from Linear 3 2181735296 727245098,6 52,7473 ,0000
Within Groups 458 6314599691 13787335,57

Total 462 17483358499

ANOVA

Current salary
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1,52E+10 6 2,53E+09 171,128 ,000
Within Groups 6,90E+09 467 14772477
Total 2,21E+10 473

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 ONEWAY - Comparaciones Múltiples
Multiple Range Tests: Scheffe test with significance level ,05

The difference between two means is significant if

MEAN(J)-MEAN(I) >= 2625,5795 * RANGE * SQRT(1/N(I) + 1/N(J))
with the following value(s) for RANGE: 4,37

(*) Indicates significant differences which are shown in the lower triangle

C O S E
l f e C x
e f c o e
r i u l m
Mean JOBCAT
11134,8194 Clerical
11136,4118 Office t
12375,5556 Security
23901,0732 College * * *
25595,6250 Exempt e * * *

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 Oneway - Contrastes
Current salary

Subset for alpha = .05

Employment category N 1 2 3
Tukey HSDa,b Clerical 227 11134,82
Office trainee 136 11136,41
Security officer 27 12375,56
College trainee 41 23901,07
Exempt employee 32 25595,63
MBA trainee 5 26100,00
Technical 6 36691,67
Sig. ,976 ,708 1,000
Scheffea,b Clerical 227 11134,82
Office trainee 136 11136,41
Security officer 27 12375,56
College trainee 41 23901,07
Exempt employee 32 25595,63
MBA trainee 5 26100,00
Technical 6 36691,67
Sig. ,993 ,876 1,000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 14,859.
b. The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used.
Type I error levels are not guaranteed.

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Oneway - Means Plot
40000

30000

20000
Mean of Current salary

10000

0
Clerical Security officer Exempt employee Technical
Office trainee College trainee MBA trainee

Employment category

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 Tipos de Análisis de Varianza

Número de Varbl. independientes

1 >1 >1
independ relacionada
Paramétrico Oneway ANOVA

Condiciones
previas
No Kruskal- Friedman
Paramétrico Wallis

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 Kruskal-Wallis
Oneway no paramétrico
Tests no paramétricos - K muestras independientes

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 Kruskal-Wallis
Estadísticos descriptivos

Ranks

Employment category N Mean Rank

Current salary Clerical 227 187,70
Office trainee 136 194,82
Security officer 27 278,98
College trainee 41 422,15
Exempt employee 32 427,33
MBA trainee 5 438,30
Technical 6 460,83
Total 474

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 Test Statisticsb

Current
Kruskal-Wallis
salary
N 474 Prueba de la Mediana
Median 11550,00
Chi-Square 135,133a
df 6
Asymp. Sig. ,000
a. 4 cells (,0%) have expec
The minimum expected c
b. Grouping Variable: Empl

Frequencies

Employment category
Office Security College Exempt MBA
Clerical trainee officer trainee employee trainee Technical
Current sala > Median 80 48 25 41 32 5 6
<= Media 147 88 2 0 0 0 0
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Kruskal-Wallis
Contrastes

b,c
Estadísticos de contraste

Current
salary
Chi-cuadrado 208,357
gl 6
Sig. asintót. ,000
Sig. Monte Sig. ,000a
Carlo Intervalo de Límite inferior ,000
confianza al Límite superior ,000
99%
a. Basado en 10000 tablas muestrales con semilla de inicio
2000000.
b. Prueba de Kruskal-Wallis
c. Variable de agrupación: Employment category

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 Friedman
Anova de dos vías para muestras apareadas

Friedman es el test
básico, que compara
los rangos entre K
variables relacionadas
entre sí. Se basa en X2

Kendall W es un test de concordancia donde cada variable

es un sujeto de estudio y cada caso es un juez.

Cochran Q se usa cuando todas las variables independientes

son dicotómicas
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 Friedman
Resultados
Descriptive Statistics

Std.
N Mean Deviation Minimum Maximum
HBA1_BASAL 30 7,657 1,748 4,8 11,8
HBA1_SIST1 30 7,660 1,123 6,2 10,3
HBA1_SIST2 30 7,250 1,279 5,8 11,6
HBA1_SIST3 30 7,117 1,372 5,2 10,5

Ranks Test Statistics

N 30
Kendall's W a ,229
Mean Rank
HBA1_BASAL 2,80 Chi-Square 20,573
HBA1_SIST1 3,15 df 3
HBA1_SIST2 2,28 Asymp. Sig. ,000
HBA1_SIST3 1,77 a. Kendall's Coefficient of Conc

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 ANOVA - otros modelos

„ ANOVA multivariado: MANOVA

– Más de una variable dependiente
– Gran complejidad de modelos

„ ANOVA medidas repetidas

– La variable dependiente se mide en más de una ocasión para cada sujeto
– Multivariante complejo

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MANOVA

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 Multivariate Testsc

Hypothesis Eta
Effect Value F df Error df Sig. Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace ,758 15,691a 2,000 10,000 ,001 ,758
Wilks' Lambda ,242 15,691a 2,000 10,000 ,001 ,758

Manova - EDAD
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest Root
Pillai's Trace
Wilks' Lambda
Hotelling's Trace
3,138
3,138
,370
,630
,586
15,691a
15,691a
2,932a
2,932a
2,932a
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
,001
,001
,100
,100
,100
,758
,758
,370
,370
,370
Roy's Largest Root ,586 2,932a 2,000 10,000 ,100 ,370

Resultados T_EVOLUC

DIETA_KC
Pillai's Trace
Wilks' Lambda
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest Root
Pillai's Trace
,118
,882
,134
,134
,240
,669a
,669a
,669a
,669a
1,578a
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
,534
,534
,534
,534
,254
,118
,118
,118
,118
,240
Wilks' Lambda ,760 1,578a 2,000 10,000 ,254 ,240
Hotelling's Trace ,316 1,578a 2,000 10,000 ,254 ,240
Roy's Largest Root ,316 1,578a 2,000 10,000 ,254 ,240
DOSIS_T1 Pillai's Trace ,127 ,728a 2,000 10,000 ,507 ,127
Wilks' Lambda ,873 ,728a 2,000 10,000 ,507 ,127
Hotelling's Trace ,146 ,728a 2,000 10,000 ,507 ,127
Roy's Largest Root ,146 ,728a 2,000 10,000 ,507 ,127
INYECC_D Pillai's Trace ,212 1,341a 2,000 10,000 ,305 ,212
Wilks' Lambda ,788 1,341a 2,000 10,000 ,305 ,212
Between-Subjects Factors Hotelling's Trace ,268 1,341a 2,000 10,000 ,305 ,212
Roy's Largest Root ,268 1,341a 2,000 10,000 ,305 ,212
Value CALIF_ED Pillai's Trace ,703 1,192 10,000 22,000 ,348 ,351
Label N Wilks' Lambda ,404 1,147a 10,000 20,000 ,379 ,364
Hotelling's Trace 1,211 1,090 10,000 18,000 ,419 ,377
Num.inyecc 3 9 Roy's Largest Root ,924 2,033b 5,000 11,000 ,152 ,480
diarias 4 21 SEXO Pillai's Trace ,210 1,332a 2,000 10,000 ,307 ,210
Wilks' Lambda ,790 1,332a 2,000 10,000 ,307 ,210
Nivel 3 2 Hotelling's Trace ,266 1,332a 2,000 10,000 ,307 ,210
educacion 5 3 Roy's Largest Root ,266 1,332a 2,000 10,000 ,307 ,210
diabetologica 6
INYECC_D * CALIF_ED Pillai's Trace ,313 2,279a 2,000 10,000 ,153 ,313
5 Wilks' Lambda ,687 2,279a 2,000 10,000 ,153 ,313
7 5 Hotelling's Trace ,456 2,279a 2,000 10,000 ,153 ,313
Roy's Largest Root ,456 2,279a 2,000 10,000 ,153 ,313
8 7 INYECC_D * SEXO Pillai's Trace ,155 ,918a 2,000 10,000 ,430 ,155
9 Wilks' Lambda ,845 ,918a 2,000 10,000 ,430 ,155
8
Hotelling's Trace ,184 ,918a 2,000 10,000 ,430 ,155
Sexo 1 Hombre 12 Roy's Largest Root ,184 ,918a 2,000 10,000 ,430 ,155
CALIF_ED * SEXO Pillai's Trace ,367 ,825 6,000 22,000 ,563 ,184
2 Mujer 18 Wilks' Lambda ,654 ,787a 6,000 20,000 ,590 ,191
Hotelling's Trace ,495 ,743 6,000 18,000 ,622 ,198
Roy's Largest Root ,416 1,525b 3,000 11,000 ,263 ,294
INYECC_D * CALIF_ED * Pillai's Trace ,000 ,a ,000 ,000 , ,
SEXO Wilks' Lambda 1,000 ,a ,000 10,500 , ,
Hotelling's Trace ,000 ,a ,000 2,000 , ,
Roy's Largest Root ,000 ,000a 2,000 9,000 1,000 ,000
a. Exact statistic
b. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.
c. Design: Intercept+EDAD+T_EVOLUC+DIETA_KC+DOSIS_T1+INYECC_D+CALIF_ED+SEXO+INYECC_D *
CALIF_ED+INYECC_D * SEXO+CALIF_ED * SEXO+INYECC_D * CALIF_ED * SEXO

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 ANOVA medidas repetidas

Se define un factor intra-sujetos con

el número de categorías o niveles adecuado
Se especifican las variables de las mediciones
al número de mediciones realizadas
realizadas como grupos del factor intra-sujetos creado.
Pueden definirse también covariables de corrección y
factores de agrupamiento entre-sujetos.
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Within-Subjects Factors

Measure: MEASURE_1
Resultados - Efectos
FACTOR1
1
Dependent
Variable
HBA1_BAS
intrasujetos
2 HBA1_S1 Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

3 HBA1_S2 Measure: MEASURE_1

Type III
4 HBA1_S3 Sum of Mean
Source Squares df Square F Sig.
FACTOR1 Sphericity Assumed 3,343 3 1,114 2,631 ,056
Greenhouse-Geisser 3,343 1,851 1,807 2,631 ,086
Huynh-Feldt 3,343 2,216 1,509 2,631 ,075
Lower-bound 3,343 1,000 3,343 2,631 ,117
FACTOR1 * EDAD Sphericity Assumed 1,962 3 ,654 1,544 ,210
Las pruebas de efectos Greenhouse-Geisser 1,962 1,851 1,060 1,544 ,225
entre sujetos icnluyen Huynh-Feldt 1,962 2,216 ,885 1,544 ,221
Lower-bound 1,962 1,000 1,962 1,544 ,225
diversos tests. FACTOR1 * T_EVOLUCSphericity Assumed 1,594 3 ,531 1,255 ,296
Se determinan también Greenhouse-Geisser 1,594 1,851 ,862 1,255 ,292
Huynh-Feldt 1,594 2,216 ,719 1,255 ,295
estadísticos para las
Lower-bound 1,594 1,000 1,594 1,255 ,273
interacciones con el factor FACTOR1 * SEXO Sphericity Assumed 2,583 3 ,861 2,033 ,116
estudiado. Greenhouse-Geisser 2,583 1,851 1,396 2,033 ,145
Huynh-Feldt 2,583 2,216 1,165 2,033 ,136
Lower-bound 2,583 1,000 2,583 2,033 ,166
Error(FACTOR1) Sphericity Assumed 33,039 78 ,424
Greenhouse-Geisser 33,039 48,115 ,687
Huynh-Feldt 33,039 57,618 ,573
Lower-bound 33,039 26,000 1,271

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 ANOVA medidas repetidas
Pruebas multivariadas
Multivariate Testsb

Hypothesis
Effect Value F df Error df Sig.
FACTOR1 Pillai's Trace ,234 2,446a 3,000 24,000 ,088
Wilks' Lambda ,766 2,446a 3,000 24,000 ,088
Hotelling's Trace ,306 2,446a 3,000 24,000 ,088
Roy's Largest Root ,306 2,446a 3,000 24,000 ,088
FACTOR1 * EDAD Pillai's Trace ,119 1,086a 3,000 24,000 ,374
Wilks' Lambda ,881 1,086a 3,000 24,000 ,374
Hotelling's Trace ,136 1,086a 3,000 24,000 ,374
Roy's Largest Root ,136 1,086a 3,000 24,000 ,374
FACTOR1 * T_EVOLUC Pillai's Trace ,240 2,526a 3,000 24,000 ,081
Wilks' Lambda ,760 2,526a 3,000 24,000 ,081
Hotelling's Trace ,316 2,526a 3,000 24,000 ,081
Roy's Largest Root ,316 2,526a 3,000 24,000 ,081
FACTOR1 * SEXO Pillai's Trace ,107 ,960a 3,000 24,000 ,428
Wilks' Lambda ,893 ,960a 3,000 24,000 ,428
Hotelling's Trace ,120 ,960a 3,000 24,000 ,428
Roy's Largest Root ,120 ,960a 3,000 24,000 ,428
a. Exact statistic
b.
Design: Intercept+EDAD+T_EVOLUC+SEXO
Within Subjects Design: FACTOR1

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 ANOVA medidas repetidas
Contrastes intra-sujetos
Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts

Measure: MEASURE_1
Type III
Sum of Mean
Source FACTOR1 Squares df Square F Sig.
FACTOR1 Linear 2,609 1 2,609 5,764 ,024
Quadratic ,532 1 ,532 ,931 ,343
Cubic ,202 1 ,202 ,820 ,373
FACTOR1 * EDAD Linear ,504 1 ,504 1,114 ,301
Quadratic 1,437 1 1,437 2,513 ,125
Cubic 2,133E-02 1 2,133E-02 ,087 ,771
FACTOR1 * T_EVOLUC Linear 1,680E-02 1 1,680E-02 ,037 ,849
Quadratic 1,232 1 1,232 2,155 ,154
Cubic ,346 1 ,346 1,403 ,247
FACTOR1 * SEXO Linear ,683 1 ,683 1,508 ,230
Quadratic 1,782 1 1,782 3,118 ,089
Cubic ,118 1 ,118 ,478 ,496
Error(FACTOR1) Linear 11,769 26 ,453
Quadratic 14,863 26 ,572
Cubic 6,407 26 ,246

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ANOVA medidas repetidas
Between-Subjects Factors

Value
Label N
Sexo 1 Hombre 12
2 Mujer 18

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Type III
Sum of Mean
Source Squares df Square F Sig.
Intercept 1139,147 1 1139,147 224,589 ,000
EDAD 55,247 1 55,247 10,892 ,003
T_EVOLUC 11,519 1 11,519 2,271 ,144
SEXO ,346 1 ,346 ,068 ,796
Error 131,876 26 5,072

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