Section 2 - Trade and Towns

1. What did William Fitz Stephen think of London in the 1100s? He thought it was marvelous
2. What happened as trade increased and and merchants became more common? They were
getting more wealth and power
3. Who was most of the trade controlled by during the High Middle Ages? Merchants from
Italy and Northern Europe
4. What was the most important early trading city? Venice
5. What was the city of Venice protected by? MOSE barrier
6. What goods did the Venetians trade for in Byzantine/Muslim lands that came from China
and India? Silk and Spices
7. What other Italian city-states created trade routes? Genca, Milan, Pisa, Florence
8. Who made up the Hanseatic League? Germans
9. How did trade fairs work? Markets where crowds sold and bought goods
10. What type of goods could be o ered at trade fairs? Rare fabrics, animals, spices
11. What type of people attended trade fairs? The above average person
12. How did trade encourage people to use money more? People wanted coins/money for
payment
13. What is credit? Signing a document, promising to pay later
14. What did the use of money and credit eventually lead to the creation of? Europe’s rst
banks
15. What religious group took jobs in banking? Jews
16. Why did many peasants move to cities? Wanted to go work, wanted to make money
17. Name new technologies used in farming (three) of the Late Middle Ages. Heavy plow,
watermills, windmills
18. What would lords charge merchants in towns?
19. Who did many merchants appeal to charter new towns? The King
20. How many people did Paris and Rome have by 1300? London and Rome? 80,000 and
20,000
21. What did everyone in a guild share the same? The same job
22. What did working together allow guilds to do? Restrict competition
23. How did the apprentice/master relationship work? Started out as an apprentice, learning
from a master, and then became a journeyman
24. Describe journeymen. Learning from many masters.
25. Why were many cities very unpleasant in the Middle Ages? Crowded, narrow, houses lined
both sides, sanitation was bad
26. What threats always made medieval cities very dangerous? Fires made the air hazy, most
building were made of wood, violence became common
27. What bene ts did cities provide for people? Churches, eating halls, markets, public
entertainment, sports, guilds competed against each other, art and other new ideas

Section 3 - Art and Culture of the Middle Ages

1. What new church did Maurice de Sully push to be built in Paris? The Cathiedral of Notre
Dame
2. Where were most of the glorious pieces of art displayed at during the late middle ages?
Paris
3. What are Gothic churches like compared to earlier churches? Flying butress, supported,
pointed roofs
4. What did ying buttresses allow churches to do? Help support the churches and
cathedrials
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5. Artistically, what made the windows in the new Gothic churches unique? They helped
provide lots of sunlight
6. Give one example of the artistic nature of cathedrals.
7. What is “illumination?” A written manuscript with pictures/designs on it.
8. What would the rst letter of a page under illumination look like? The rst letter was larger
and decorated
9. Why were tapestries used for in castles? to prevent drafts
10. What would tapestries often depict on them? Scenes from daily life, fantastic creatures,
unicorns, dragons
11. What type of people often read about the lives of saints in collections of works?
12. Who was Hildegrad Bingen? A famous poet and nun who wrote in Latin
13. Describe what both epics and romances are. Epics are poems written about war and
hearoes, while romance are poems about true love and chivalry
14. What are epics usually about? Heroes and war
15. What is an example of an epic? The Song of Roland
16. What is chivalry in the context to women? Knights were supposed to be courtious to
women, acts of love/kindness
17. What were many romances about (a person)? knights
18. What do troubadours do? Perform epics and romances
19. What were the two noteworthy works of the High Middle Ages? Canterbury Tales and The
Divine Comedy
20. What parts of life do Chaucer’s characters come from? The Middle Ages
21. What language does Chaucer help increase the use of? Written English
22. What are the three parts of Dante’s The Divine Comedy? Hell, purgatory, paradise
23. What is alchemy an earlier form of? Early form of chemistry
24. What did some alchemists attempt to do? Turn base medals into gold
25. What course of study subjects make up the liberal arts? Grammar, geology, medicine, law,
religion
26. Who was the most in uential scholar of the medieval universities? Thomas Aquinas
27. Why did Aquinas’s interest in Greek philosophy spark controversy? Because of his belief in
human reason
28. What is scholasticism? Aquiras’ use of intellect and logic to bring together opposing ideas

Section 4 - Challenges of the Late Middle Ages

1. Who was King Edward III of England at war with in 1346? The French
2. What did King Edward III think the nosebleed was a sign of? He saw it as a sign that he
was meant to be king, the kingdom thought it was a bad sign
3. What is heresy? Belief that opposes the o cial teachings of the church
4. When did cases of heresy rapidly increase in Europe, causing church o cials alarm? 1100s
5. Why were many people accused of heresy? People who spoke out against churches
6. What are inquisitions? A method of ghting heresy
7. How were friars di erent than monks? Friars lived in the cities they taught in, monks didn’t
8. What did Pope Innocent II call for a crusade against in 1208? Against heretics in southern
France
9. Where was the pope forced to ee to in 1309? Avignon
10. What pope later decided to move back to Rome? Pope Gregory XI
11. What were the two most violent and destructive wars of the High Middle Ages?
12. What English king felt he was next in line to be King of France? King Endward
13. Who was the regent that the French crowned king in 1328? King Philip VI
14. What year did Edward invade France, thus beginning the Hundred Years’ War? 1337
15. Why did Edward and English troops win many victories? Better weapons, moved deeper
into France, advanced to gates of Paris
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16. What new King of England advanced all the way to the gates of Paris? Henry V
17. Why is Joan of Arc signi cant? She lead the French to many victories and charged course
of war
18. What French King eventually pushed the English out of France by 1453? King Charles VII
19. What two families made up the Wars of the Roses? Lancasters and Yorks
20. What did King Richard III face as soon as he was crowned? A number of uprisings
21. Who was Henry Tudor (Henry VII) related to? Related to both families
22. When did the Black Death sweep across the continent? 1347-1351
23. What are the two types of plagues that could make up the “Black Death?” Bubonic and
Pnuematic
24. How did the plague begin? Bought to Europe by merchant sailors from Gerca
25. What was the most outward sign of the plague AND name the symptoms of plague? Dark
splotches, high fever, severe headaches, vomiting
26. How many people are estimated to have died in the plague? 25 million people
27. Where else did the plague ravage populations? Europe, Asia, North Africa, Byzantine
Empire
28. What did some people think God was doing through the plague? Punishing them for their
sins
29. What religious group were often blamed for the plague? Jews were blamed
30. What does the plague do to the manorial system? The medieval manorial system fell apart
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