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Shallow Foundation

The document provides an overview of shallow foundations, detailing various types such as strip, isolated, raft, combined, pile, and strap footings, along with their applications and characteristics. It outlines the general requirements for foundations, including shear failure criteria, settlement criteria, and location & depth criteria, as well as classification based on depth. Additionally, it defines key terms related to bearing capacity and methods for determining soil bearing capacity.

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Yingaupeu Ndang
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13 views

Shallow Foundation

The document provides an overview of shallow foundations, detailing various types such as strip, isolated, raft, combined, pile, and strap footings, along with their applications and characteristics. It outlines the general requirements for foundations, including shear failure criteria, settlement criteria, and location & depth criteria, as well as classification based on depth. Additionally, it defines key terms related to bearing capacity and methods for determining soil bearing capacity.

Uploaded by

Yingaupeu Ndang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shallow Foundation

INTRODUCTION
Footings are generally the lowermost supporting part of the structure known as sub-structure and are
the last structural elements through which load is transferred to foundation comprising soil/rock.
Structural elements transfer the applied loads from one part of the building to the other. These are
in turn transmitted to. the foundation which transfers it to the underlying soil/rock.

TYPES OF FOOTING
1. Strip footing
These are also known as wall footing to support wall.
[If L >> B] then it is Strip footing.

2. Isolated footing
These are also known as spread footing.
Isolated footing is used below the column.

3. Raft/Mat foundation
These type of foundations are large continuous footing
which support all columns and walls of a
structure and are constructed when soil is weak.
A raft foundation is provided if its area exceeds the plan area of the
building by 50%. It is a combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and support all the walls and columns. IS 2950:1981
for design of raft foundation.
4. Combined Footings
These footings are usually constructed due to space limitations and
support two or more columns. They may be either rectangular or
trapezoidal in shape.

5. Pile foundation
These are used to transmit heavy column loads to a group of
piles joined at top by a pile cap. The piles transmit the structural
loads to the underlying soil through friction and bearing.
Such type of foundation system is usually adopted when the material
below footing is too weak to support the structure and it becomes
essential to transfer loads to better strata underlying weaker strata.
These foundations are very expensive.

6. Strap footing
Strap footing: Straps are provided to restrain the overturning force due to eccentric load on exterior
footing.
· These are used where the base for exterior column must not project beyond the property line.
· It consists of two or more footings of individual columns, connected by a beam, called a strap.

The choice of a particular type of foundation depends on


(a) Magnitude of loads.
(b) Nature of subsoil strata.
(c) Nature of Superstructure.

General requirements for foundation


For satisfactory performance, a foundation must satisfy the following three basic criteria.
1. Shear failure criteria or Bearing capacity -i.e, Foundation must be safe against shear failure
2. Settlement criteria - i.e, settlement of foundation especially differential settlement must be within the
permissible limit.
3. Location & depth criteria - Foundation must be located at such a depth that performance is not
affected by Seasonal volume changes of soil due to swelling & shrinkage and also by the presence
of adjoining structure.

Note:
 Generally, for sandy soil settlement is critical (except for narrow footing and in loose sand). For
clayey soil, the shear strength is critical.
 The weight of footings is assumed as 10% of the weight transferred to
the column
 The minimum depth of building foundation on sandy soils is 0.8m to 1m,
rocky soils is 0.05m to 0.5m & clay soils is 0.9m to 1.6m

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION
As per Terzaghi
If (Df/B)≤ 1 The foundation is called shallow foundation
Shallow foundation transfers the load at smaller depth. e.g .: Combined footing, Raft Foundation,
Isolated footing

If (Df/B)> 15 The foundation is called deep foundation eg .. Pile Foundation.

Basic terms
1. Gross Pressure or Gross loading intensity(q)
It is the total pressure intensity at the base of footing.
2. Net pressure Intensity (qn)
It is generally the loading intensity at the base of footing in excess of the load intensity that the
soil was originally subjected to, that causes deformation in soil.

For safe design,

3. Ultimate bearing capacity (qu)


The maximum gross intensity of loading that the soil can support before it fails in shear is called
ultimate bearing capacity (q).
4. Net ultimate Bearing capacity (qnu)
The maximum net intensity of loading at the base of the foundation that the soil can support
before failing in shear.

5. Net safe bearing capacity (qns)

F.O.S. of 2 - 3 is adopted
6. Gross safe bearing capacity (qs)

Max gross intensity of loading that the soil can safely carry with adequate safety against failure
in shear.
7. Safe bearing pressure (qps)
Maximum net intensity of loading that can be allowed on soil without the settlement exceeding
the permissible value.
No factor of safety is used when dealing with settlement.
8. Allowable bearing pressure (qa net)
Maximum net intensity of loading that can be imposed on the soil with no possibility of shear
failure or the possibility of excessive settlement.
It is the smaller of net safe bearing capacity (qns) and safe bearing pressure (qps).

Note: According to IS code Allowable bearing pressure is Allowable bearing capacity.

Bearing capacity of soil is determined by


(a) Analytical Method
(b) Building codes
(c) Field Test Method.
(1) Standard Penetration test (SPT test)
(2) Plate load test
(3) Static Cone Penetration test

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