HYDROGEN & ITS

COMPOUNDS
By
Nitin Verma
General Points About Hydrogen:
• It’s the most abundant element in the universe.
• Due to its extremely small size (~1.5 × 10–15 m), H+ does not exist in the free state.
• H has 3 isotopes: protium (1H1), deuterium (1H2 or D) and tritium (1H3 or T).
• 1H
3 is radioactive; it emits low-energy 𝛽– particles (electrons) and has a half-life (t½) of
12.33 years.
• The order of melting and boiling points, density, enthalpies of fusion and vaporization,
and bond energy:
H<D<T (due to increase in mass)
• The isotopes of H have similar chemical properties due to similar electronic configuration
and different physical properties due to different masses.
Ortho and Para Hydrogen:

Ortho hydrogen Para hydrogen

The two nuclei spin in the same The two nuclei spin in the opposite
direction directions

H2 has 100% para form at absolute

Has higher energy
zero

Is 75% at high temperatures Min. 25% at high temperatures

Preparation of Hydrogen (H2):
1) Zn + 2H+ (dilute acid) → Zn2+ + H2

2) Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2

3) Electrolysis of water using Pt electrodes in acidic / alkaline medium:

2H2O → 2H2 + O2

4) High purity (> 99.95%) H2: By electrolysis of aqueous Ba(OH)2 using Ni electrodes.

5) Formed as a by-product in the electrolysis of brine solution:

Anode: 2Cl– (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2e–
Cathode: 2H2O (l) + 2e– → H2 (g) + 2OH– (aq)
Preparation of Hydrogen (H2):
6) Reaction of steam on hydrocarbons:
1270 K, Ni
CnH2n+2 + nH2O nCO + (2n + 1) H2

1270 K, Ni
Example: CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

• The mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas or “synthesis gas” or “syngas” since it is
used in making methanol and many hydrocarbons.
cobalt catalyst
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (l)

7) Coal gasification: production of syngas using coal.

1270 K
C + H2O CO + H2
Preparation of Hydrogen (H2):
8) Water-gas shift reaction: Reaction of CO of syngas mixture with steam in presence of
iron chromate as catalyst:
(CO + H2) + H2O ⟶ CO2 + 2H2

• CO is removed by scrubbing with sodium arsenite solution.

9) Lane’s process:
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Fe3O4 + 4CO → 3Fe + 4CO2
Preparation of Hydrogen (H2):
10) Bosch process:
• By passing steam over red-hot coke at high temperature.

C + H2O ⟶ CO + H2

• It is difficult to separate hydrogen from water gas. Hence, to increase the production of
hydrogen, the water gas is mixed with steam in the presence of iron chromate as a
catalyst.
(CO + H2) + H2O ⟶ CO2 + 2H2
Reactions and Uses of Hydrogen (H2):
Reactions:
• Less reactive due to high bond energy of H–H bond.
• Hydroformylation of olefins (alkenes) yields aldehydes which further undergo reduction
to give alcohols.
H2 + CO + RCH=CH2 → RCH2CH2CHO
H2 + RCH2CH2CHO → RCH2CH2CH2OH

Uses:
• Atomic H and oxy-hydrogen torches used in cutting and welding metals.
• As a rocket fuel.
Hydrides:
Types:
1) Ionic / saline / salt-like
2) Metallic / non-stoichiometric / interstitial
3) Covalent / molecular
Ionic or Saline Hydrides:
• Formed by s-block elements.
• Exceptions: LiH, BeH2, and MgH2 have covalent character.
• BeH2 and MgH2 are polymeric.
• Crystalline, non-volatile and non-conducting in solid state.
• Liberate H2 gas at anode on electrolysis, which confirms the existence of H– ion.
2H– (melt) → H2 (g) + 2e–

• React violently with water to give H2 gas.

NaH + H2O → NaOH + H2

• LiH is used in making other hydrides as it does not react with O2 or Cl2:
8LiH + Al2Cl6 → 2LiAlH4 + 6LiCl
2LiH + B2H6 → 2LiBH4
Covalent or Molecular Hydrides:
• Formed by p-block elements.
• They are of 3 types: electron-deficient, electron-precise, and electron-rich hydrides.

Electron-deficient hydrides:
• Formed by group 13 elements.
• Act as Lewis acids (electron acceptors).
• Example: Diborane (B2H6).

Electron-precise hydrides:
• Formed by group 14 elements.
• Have 8 valence electrons and tetrahedral geometry.
• Example: CH4.
Covalent or Molecular Hydrides:
Electron-rich hydrides:
• Formed by group 15–17 elements.
• Have excess electrons as lone pairs.
• Act as Lewis bases (electron donors).
• Example: NH3, H2O and HF.
Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial)
Hydrides:
• Formed by many d- and f-block elements.
• The metals of group 7, 8 and 9 do not form hydrides (called hydride gap).
• In group 6, only Cr forms CrH.
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity compared to their parent metals.
• Non-stoichiometric, deficient in hydrogen.
• Do not obey the law of constant composition.
• Have different lattice from that of the parent metal (other than the hydrides of Ni, Pd, Ce
and Ac).
Examples: LaH2.87, VH0.56, etc.
Water:
• Due to H-bonding:
• water has high values of freezing point, boiling point, heat of vaporisation and heat
of fusion.
• water dissolves many substances.
• the density of ice is less than that of water.
• ice floats on water.

• At 1 atm pressure, ice crystallises in the hexagonal form, but at very low temperatures it
condenses to cubic form.
• Water has maximum density at 4 °C.
Structure of ice:

“cage-like” structure with vacant spaces

Hydrolysis Reactions:
CaC2 + H2O →

Ca3P2 + H2O →

P4O10 + H2O →

SiCl4 + H2O →

AlN + H2O →

Cl2O7 + H2O →
Hydrates:
a) Coordinated water e.g., [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3

b) Interstitial water e.g., BaCl2.2H2O

c) H-bonded water e.g., [Cu(H2O)4]SO4.H2O

or CuSO4.5H2O
Hard Water:
• The hardness of water is due to the presence of salts of Ca and Mg.
• Hard water does not give lather with soap.
• Soap reacts with hard water to precipitate out Ca/Mg.
2C17H35COONa (aq) + M2+ (aq) → (C17H35COO)2M ↓ + 2Na+ (aq)
soap M = Ca/Mg

• Hard water is unsuitable for laundry and harmful for boilers due to scale deposition.
• Hardness of water is of 2 types: temporary hardness and permanent hardness.
Temporary Hardness:
• Due to the presence of Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2.
• Called “temporary” hardness because it can be removed by boiling.

Removal of temporary hardness:

1) Boiling:
∆
Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 ↓ + 2CO2 ↑
∆
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 ↓ + H2O + CO2 ↑

• Due to the lower solubility of Mg(OH)2 than MgCO3, Mg is precipitated as Mg(OH)2.

Temporary Hardness:
2) Clark’s method:
• Calculated amount of lime is added to hard water.
∆
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 ↓ + Mg(OH)2 ↓ + H2O
∆
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 ↓ + 2H2O
Permanent Hardness:
• Due to the presence of CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4 and MgSO4.
• Cannot be removed by boiling.

Removal of permanent hardness:

1) Reaction with washing soda:
MCl2 + Na2CO3 → MCO3 ↓ + 2NaCl
[M = Mg, Ca]
MSO4 + Na2CO3 → MCO3 ↓ + Na2SO4

2) Calgon’s method:
• Sodium hexametaphosphate, Na6P6O18, (called calgon) is added to hard water.
Permanent Hardness:
M2+ + [Na4P6O18]2– → [Na2MP6O18]2– + 2Na+

• Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions remain complexed in solution.

3) Ion-exchange method:
• Hydrated NaAlSiO4 (called zeolite or permutit or NaZ) is added in hard water.
2NaZ (s) + M2+ (aq) → MZ2 ↓ + 2Na+ (aq)
[M = Mg, Ca]

• The exhausted permutit is regenerated using brine (aqueous NaCl) solution:

MZ2 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) → 2NaZ (s) + MCl2 (aq)
Permanent Hardness:
4) Synthetic resins method:
• More efficient than zeolite method.
• Removes both cations and anions.

• First, hard water is passed through cation-exchange resins (sulfonic acids), which are
converted to RNa on reaction with NaCl.
2RNa (s) + M2+ (aq) → R2M (s) + 2Na+ (aq) [M2+ = Ca2+, Mg2+ ]

• Water is then passed through anion-exchange resin:

RNH2 (s) + H2O (l) → RNH3+OH– (s)
RNH3+OH– (s) + X– (aq) → RNH3+X– (s) + OH– (aq) [X– = Cl–, HCO3–, SO42–]

• The exhausted cation and anion exchange resins are regenerated by reaction with dilute acid
and alkali solutions, respectively.
Degree of Hardness:
• It is expressed as equivalents of CaCO3 in ppm or mg L–1.
Question:
100 mL of hard water contains 0.02 g of CaCO3. Calculate the degree of hardness of water in
ppm of CaCO3.

(200)
Question:
1 L of hard water contains 0.012 g of MgSO4. Calculate the degree of hardness of water.

(10)
Question:
100 mL of hard water contains 0.19 g of MgCl2 and 0.024 g of MgSO4. Calculate the degree
of hardness of water.

(2200)
Question:
1 L sample of hard water is found to contain 11.1 mg of CaCl2 and 24 mg of MgSO4.
Calculate the degree of hardness of water in ppm of CaCO3.

(30)
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2):
Preparation:
1) BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ + H2O2 + 8H2O

Electrolysis Hydrolysis
2) 2HSO4 – H2S2O8 2HSO4– + 2H+ + H2O2

3) By the auto-oxidation of 2-alkylanthraquinols:

O2 air , H2–Pd
2-ethylanthraquinol H2O2 (1%) + oxidized product
Reactions of H2O2:
• H2O2 acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic and alkaline media.

1) Oxidizing action in acidic medium:

2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+ → 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O

2) Reducing action in acidic medium:

2MnO4– + 6H+ + 5H2O2 → 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2
HOCl + H2O2 → H3O+ + Cl– + O2

3) Oxidizing action in alkaline medium:

2Fe2+ + H2O2 → 2Fe3+ + 2OH–
Mn2+ + H2O2 → Mn4+ + 2OH–
Reactions of H2O2:
4) Reducing action in alkaline medium:
I2 + H2O2 + 2OH– → 2I– + 2H2O + O2
2MnO4– + 3H2O2 → 2MnO2 + 3O2 + 2H2O + 2OH–

Structure of H2O2: “open book-like” structure

Properties and Uses of H2O2:
Properties:
• Very pale blue liquid, soluble in water, forms a hydrate, H2O2.H2O.
• Sold as perhydrol (100-volume H2O2).
• H2O2 has higher boiling point and viscosity than H2O due to stronger H-bonding.
• H2O2 decomposes slowly on exposure to light.
2H2O2 (l) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
• The above reaction is catalyzed by dust, metal surfaces or traces of alkali. Hence, H2O2 is
stored in wax-lined glass or plastic vessels in dark. Also, urea is added as a stabiliser.

Uses:
• As a hair bleach, mild disinfectant, and antiseptic (as perhydrol).
• In making sodium perborate and percarbonate (used in high quality detergents).
Concentration of H2O2:
Volume strength: x-volume H2O2 means 1 L of H2O2 solution gives x L of O2 gas at STP on
complete decomposition.

Strength: 3.03x g of H2O2 per L of solution

%Strength: 0.303x %

x
Molarity: M
11.2

x
Normality: N
5.6
Question:
Calculate the strength in g/L, %strength, molarity, and normality of 30-volume H2O2
solution.

(90, 9%, 2.68 M, 5.36 N)

Question:
25 mL aqueous H2O2 produces 56 mL of O2 gas at STP on complete decomposition.
Calculate the volume strength, %strength, molarity, and normality of H2O2 solution.

(2.24, 0.672%, 0.2 M, 0.4 N)

Heavy water (D2O):
Preparation:
• By exhaustive electrolysis of water.
• Formed as a by-product in some fertilizer industries.
Properties:
• The physical properties of D2O are higher than those of H2O (except dielectric constant).
Uses:
• As a moderator in nuclear reactors.
• In the study of reaction mechanisms.
• In making other deuterium compounds:
CaC2 + 2D2O → C2D2 + Ca(OD)2
SO3 + D2O → D2SO4
Al4C3 + 12D2O → 3CD4 + 4Al(OD)3
 If 0.50
27. (a) 2 mole
0.2, 11.11
2 of BaCl 2 is mixed
(b) with
2 2 0.20
0.167, mole of Na 3 PO4 ,
22.20
Dihydrogen 9. The correct order of hydration enthalpies
2. (c)
the 22.20of number
maximum
0.2, high purity (>(d)
99.95%)
of moles of Bais
0.167, obtained
(PO
311.11
through
4 )2 that can be
(2020 Main, 6 Sep1M)
II) is
formed
8. The is
volume strength of 1dilute
M HHCl (1981,
(a) the reaction of Zn with 2 O2 is (a) Li + > Na + > K + > Cs+ > Rb+
(a) 0.70 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.20
−1
(d) 0.10
(Molar mass of H2ofOacidified
(b) the electrolysis 2 = 34 gwater ) Pt
mol using electrodes
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) (b) Na + > Li + > K + > Rb+ > Cs+
28. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yields a
(c)
(a) the electrolysis
16.8weighing of
(b) 22.4brine solution
(c) 11.35 (d) 5.6 (c) Na + > Li + > K + > Cs+ > Rb+
residue (1979, 1M)
(d) the electrolysis of warm Ba(OH) solution using Ni electrodes.
2 (d) Li + > Na + > K + > Rb+ > Cs+
9. The amount
(a) 2.16 g of(b) sugar
2.48(C g12 H22(c) ) required
O112.32 g to(d)
prepare
2.64 g2 L of
3. In the following reactions, products (A ) and ( B ), 10. The correct statement(s) among I to I
29. its
When0.1 Mtheaqueous solutionofis zinc is treated
same amount (2019separately
Main, 10 Janwith
II)
respectively,
(a) are
17.1ofg sulphuric
excess (b) 68.4acid g and excess
(c) 136.8 g (2020
of sodium (d)Main,
34.2 7g Janthe
hydroxide, II) potassium ions that are abundant within th
NaOH
ratiothe + Cl2 → of
of following
volumes ) + side products (hot
( Ahydrogen and conc.) (
10. For reaction, theevolvedmass ofiswater produced
(1979,from
1M)
(a) 1g: of
Ca(OH)
445 1C +H
2 57 Cl(b)
2→O16:(is2B :) + side(c)products
2 : 1 (dry)(d) 9 : 4 I. They activate many enzymes.
110
(a) NaClO3 and Ca(OCl)2 (b) NaClO3 and Ca(ClO3 )2 II. They participate in the oxidation of
30. The2Clargest
57
number
H110 O6
of molecules
( s ) + 163O 2 ( g ) → is in 2 ( g ) + 110
114CO H2 O1M)
(1979, ( l)
(c) NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 (d) NaOCl and Ca(ClO3 )2 ATP.
(a) 36 g of water (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
4. The28temporary
(b) hardness of a water sample is due to III. Along with sodium ions, they are
(a) 490ggof CO(b) 495 g (c) 445 g (d) 890 g
compound X . Boiling this sample converts X to compound transmission of nerve signals.
(c) 46 g of of
A ethyl alcohol Na +12ions
11. Y .solution sodium
X and Y , respectively, sulphate
are contains (2019
92 g ofMain, Aprilper
II) (a) I, and III only (b) I, II and I
(d) 54 g ofofnitrogen
kilogram pentaoxide (N O5 )+ ions in that solution
3water. The molality of2Na
(a) Mg(HCO )2 and Mg(OH) 2
(c) I and II only (d) III only
31. The
(b)mol
in total
kg−1number
Ca(HCO of electrons in one molecule
2 and Ca(OH)2
3 )is
of carbon
(2019 Main, 9 Jan I) 11. A metal on combustion in excess air
dioxide
(c) Mg(HCOis 3 )2 and MgCO3 (1979, 1M)
hydrolysis with water yields H2 O2 and O2
(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 132 (d) 8
(d) Ca(HCO
(a) 22 and44
3 )2 (b) CaO (c) 66 (d) 88
12. The most abundant elements by mass in the body of a healthy product. The metal is
5.
32. AThe incorrect
gaseous mixturestatement is oxygen and(2019
contains nitrogen
Main,in12
the ratio
April II) (a) Li (b) Mg (c) Rb
human adult are oxygen (61.4%), carbon (22.9%), hydrogen
of 1:4 by isweight.
(a) lithium Therefore,
the strongest reducingthe ratio
agent amongof their number
the alkali of
metals.
(10.0 %), and nitrogen (2.6%). The weight which a 75 kg
I) potassium
(c) zinc ions that are abundant within the cell fluids is/are
(d) iron (a) AlH3 (b) B2H6 (c) SiH4 (d)

ents
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
7. The correct statements among (a) to (d) are: 14. The correct statements among (a) to (d) regar
I. They activate many enzymes.

ents fuel are :

(2019 Main, 8 April II) (2019 M
II. They participate
1. Saline in theHoxidation
hydrides produce of glucose to produce
2 gas when reacted with H 2O. I. It produces less pollutants than petrol.
ATP. of LiAlH with BF leads to B H .
2. Reaction 4 3 2 6
o II. A cylinder of compressed dihydrogen weigh
III. Along
3. PH with sodium ions, they are responsible for the
3 and CH 4 are electron rich and electron precise
d more than a petrol tank producing the sam
transmission
hydrides, of nerve signals.
respectively.
(a) energy.
I) 4. I,
HFand IIICH
and onlyare called as molecular
4
(b) I, II and III
hydrides.
(c) I and II only (d) III only
(a) (1), (2), (3) and (4) (b) (1), (2) and
4. HF and CH4 are called as molecular (3) only
hydrides.
11. A (c)
metal and
on combustion in (d)
excess (3)air
andforms X . X upon
(a) (3)
(1), (2),(4)
(3)only
and (4) (1), (2)
(b) (1), and (4)only
(3) only
hydrolysis with water yields H O and O along with another
2 (1),
2 (3)ofand
2 (4)
8. The(c)
strength
(3) andof
(4)11.2
onlyvolume (d)
solution H is [Given that
2O2only
product. The metal is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
I) 8. molar
The mass ofof(b)11.2
(a) Listrength Mg volume solution
(c) Rb of H 2O2(d) is Na
[Given that
)
. H
molar mol −1
= 1gmass of and O = 16 g mol −1 ] (2019 Main, 8 April II)
12. The hardness of a water sample (in terms of equivalents of
) (a) −1 −1
H =1.7%
CaCO 1g3 )mol (b)
and34%
containing O is (c) 13.6%
= 16 g mol ] (d) 3.4%
(2019 Main, 8 April II)
−1
9. The
(a) correct
1.7%
(Molar massorder
of of hydration
(b)CaSO
34% 4 = (c)
136 genthalpies
13.6%
mol of alkali
) (2019(d)Main,metal
3.4% ionsI)
12 Jan
) 9. is
The correct
(a) 100 ppm order of ppm
(b) 10 50 ppm (2019
hydration(c)enthalpies (d)Main,
of alkali 8 April
90metal
ppm ionsI)
h +
) 13. (a) > Na + that
isTheLihydride
+
> K is Cs+electron
>not > Rb+ deficient(2019
is Main, 8 April I)
I)
(b) Na++ >>Na
(a) Li Li ++
> K++ > Cs Rb++ >> Rb
Cs++ (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
(a) Na
(c)
(b) AlH++
>(b)K ++B2>HCs
+
3> Li +
+
6Rb+ > Cs(c)
> Rb
++ SiH
4 (d) GaH3
++ +
14. (d) Licorrect
TheNa
(c) >>Na >K K++ >
Li +statements
> Rb++among
> Cs Cs++ (a) to (d) regarding H2 as a
>> Rb
,
I) (d) +
fuelLiare
10. The >: Na + statement(s)
correct > K + > Rb+ >among
Cs+ I to III with
(2019 respect
Main, 11 Janto
I)
 (d)
(d) ammoniated electrons
oxidising agent in acidic medium, but not in basic medium (a) Ice
(c) reducing
formedagent, oxidising
by heavy agent
waterRegion
sinks in
1 normal water
(c) II and IV only (d) I and III only (b) Water
(d) reducing agent, reducing
is oxidised agent
to oxygen during photosynthesis
17.
19. The total number
The metal of nitride
that forms isotopesbyofreacting
hydrogen and number
directly with N 2 of
of
15. NaH is an example of (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) (c) oxidising agent, oxidising agent
radioactive isotopes among them, respectively, are 26. The main oxides
agent,formed
reducingonagent
combustion of Li, Na
air,metallic
(a) is hydride (2019
(b) electron-rich Main, 9 Jan II)
hydride (d) oxidising
(a) Rb (b) K
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) excess of air respectively
region 3 are reg(2
(c)
(a) saline
2 and 1hydride (d)
(b) molecular
3 and 2 hydride 29. (a)
In region
which2of the (b) following (c) regionH42 O2 acts
reactions (d) as a
(c) Cs (d) Li (a) LiO2, Na 2O2 and K 2O (b) Li 2O2, Na 2O2 and K
agent?
25. Which (2
Sodium
16. (c) 2 andmetal
0 on dissolution (d)
in liquid
3 and ammonia
1 gives a deep (c) Li 2Oone
, Na of
O the
2 2 +andfollowing
KO −2
statements
(d) Li 2 O , about
Na 2 O water
and KO
20. Whatsolution
is reason oftotemporary hardness
of of(2019
water? I. H2O2 + 2H + 2e ⎯→ 2H2O (2
18. blue
The chemicaldue
naturethe formation
of hydrogen peroxide is Main, 10 Jan II)
Which
(a) sodium ammonia complex (2019 Main, 9 Jan II) 27. (a) Waterofcan
theact
following atoms+hasasthe
− both as an acid and
highest first
a base
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) II. H2O2 − 2e ⎯→ O2 + 2H
energy?
(a) sodium
(b) Na 2SO 4ion-ammonia complex (b) CaCl 2 (2
(b) There is extensive intramolecular hydrogen bonding i
(a) oxidising and reducing agent in both acidic and basic medium
(c) sodamide
(c) NaCl (d) Ca(HCO 3) 2 (a)
III.Na e−(b)⎯→
H2O2 + 2phase
condensed K 2OH−(c) Sc (d) Rb
(b) oxidising and reducing agent in acidic medium, but not in
21. (d)
Theammoniated
isotopes
basic ofelectrons
medium hydrogen are (2019 Main, 9 Jan I) 28. (c)
IV. IceHformed
Hydrogen by heavy
peroxide
− inwater
its sinks in normal
− reaction
2O 2 + 2OH − 2e ⎯→ O 2 + 2H 2O
water4 and
with KIO
(a) reducing
The deuterium and tritium
total number only (d)
(a) Water
I and is
II oxidised IIItoand
oxygen
a during photosynthesis
17. (c) agent inof isotopes
basic medium,ofbut
hydrogen and medium
not in acidic number of respectively, is(b)acting asIV (c) I and III (d) II(
(b) protium and
radioactive deuterium only
(d) oxidisingisotopes among
agent in acidic them, respectively,
medium, but not in basicare
medium 26. (a) reducing
30. The
A sodium
agent,formed
main oxides
salt of an
oxidising
unknownonagent
combustion
anion whenof Li, Na
treated w
(c) protium, deuterium and tritium (b) reducing
The metal
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) excess of airagent, reducingare
respectively agent (2
19. (a) and 1 and protium only (b) 3 and 2 directly with N 2 of
(d) 2tritium that forms nitride by reacting gives
(c) LiO
(a)
white
oxidising precipitate only
agent, oxidising agent on boiling. The anion
2, Na 2O2 and K 2O (b) Li 2O2, Na 2O2 and KO
air,
(c) 2isand 0 peroxide oxidises(d)
Hydrogen 3 and 61]4−(2019
[Fe(CN) to [Fe(CN) 3− II)
Main, 9 Jan in (d) Lioxidising agent, reducing agent (
22. 6] (c) 2 O
2−, Na O and KO
2 2 (b) HCO2 − (d) Li 2 O
2−, Na 2 O and KO 2
(a) Rb (b) K (a) which
29. In SO 4 of the following3 (c) CO
reactions 3 H O acts (d)asNO
a
18. The chemical nature of hydrogen 3− is
peroxide 4− 2 2
acidic
(c) Cs medium but reduces [Fe(CN)
(d) Li 6 ] to [Fe(CN) 6 ] in 27. Which of the following atoms has the highest first(2i
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) 31. agent?
A dilute aqueous solution of Na 2 SO4 is electroly
alkaline medium. The other products formed are, energy?
platinum electrodes.
+ −The products at the anode an (2
What
20. (a) is reason
oxidising andof temporary
reducing agenthardness of water?
in both acidic and basic medium I. H O
(a) Na 2 2
+ 2H +
(b) K
2e ⎯→ 2H 2O
(c) Sc (d) Rb
respectively. (2018
(2019 Main, Main)
9 Jan II) are respectively
(b) oxidising and reducing agent in acidic medium, but not in 2e− ⎯→in
II. H2O2 −peroxide 2H+
O2its+ reaction
(a) Na
(a) (H2O + O2 ) and H2O 28. Hydrogen 2– with KIO(d)
4 and
2SO
basic medium
4 −
(b) CaCl 2 (a) O , H
2 2 (b) S O , Na (c) O , Na
2 8 2 SO 2
(c) (H2O + O2 ) and (H2O + OH (d)
(b) NaCl ) e− acting
III. H2O2 + 2is ⎯→ as2OH −
(c) reducing agent in basic medium,Ca(HCO 3) 2acidic medium
but not in respectively, a (2
(c) H Hydrolysis agent,
32. (a) of one mole−ofagent
peroxodisulphuric acid
The
21. (d) 2O and (H
isotopes
oxidising 2Ohydrogen
of
agent+inOacidic
2) are
medium, but not in(2019
basicMain,
medium
9 Jan I) IV. reducing
H2O2 + 2OH−oxidising
− 2e ⎯→ O2 + 2H2O
(d) H − (a) two moles of sulphuric acid
(b) reducing agent, reducing agent (
(a) 2O and (Hand
deuterium 2O + OH )only
tritium
19. The metal that forms nitride by reacting directly with N 2 of (a) Itwo
andmoles
II
(b) oxidising (b)peroxomono
of III and IV sulphuric
(c) I andacid
III (d) II
(b) protium and deuterium only (c) agent, oxidising agent
23. Both
air, is lithium and magnesium display several
(2019 Main, 9similar
Jan II) A
(c)sodium
30. (d) salt
one mole
oxidising ofof anreducing
unknown
sulphuric
agent, anion
acidagent
and one when treated
mole of w
peroxom
(c) protium, deuterium and tritium
 35. A solution of sodium sulphate in water is (2004,
electrolysed
1M)
29. In which of the following reactions H2 O2 acts as a
using
n (c) Cs 2− (d) Li agent?Read the following questions and answ
inert
(a) SO4 electrodes.
(b) HCOThe
−
3
products
(c) CO2−
3
at cathode
(d) NO−3 and anode are
(2
+
n 20. What is reason of temporary hardness of water?
respectively (1987, 1M) I. Hbelow
2O2 + 2H : + 2e− ⎯→ 2H2O
31. A dilute aqueous solution of Na 2 SO4 is (2019 electrolysed using
Main, 9 Jan II)
, (a) H
platinum , O (b)
electrodes. O
The , H
products (c)
at O
the , Na
anode and (d)
cathodeO , SO II. H2O2 − 2e(a) −
⎯→ O2 + 2H+I is correct; State
Statement
2
(a) Na 2SO 4 2 2 2 (b) CaCl 2 2 2 2
) are respectively
36. Nitrogen
(c) NaCl dioxide2–cannot(d) beCa(HCO
obtained )
3 2 by heating
(1996, 1M)(1985, 1M)III. H O + 2e− ⎯→
2 2
II is the
2OH correct
− explanation
2–
(a) O2 , H2 (b) S2O8 , Na (c) O2 , Na (d) S2O8 , H2 (b) −Statement
21. (a) KNO
The isotopes
3 (b) Pb(NO
of hydrogen 3 )2
are (c) Cu(NO 3 )2Main, (d)AgNO
(2019 9 Jan I) 3 IV. H2O2 + 2OH − 2e− ⎯→ IOis correct; State
2 + 2H 2O
32. Hydrolysis
(a) deuterium ofand
onetritium
mole only
of peroxodisulphuric acid produces (a) I and II (b) II and
III is not
IV the
(c) correct
I and III explana
(d) II
37. The oxide that gives H 2 O 2 on treatment with a dilute acid is
(b) two
(a) protium
molesand
of deuterium only
sulphuric acid (1996, 1M) (c) Statement I is correct; State
(a) two
(c) PbOmoles
protium, (b)acid
Na 2O2 30. A sodium salt of an unknown anion when treated w
(b) 2 deuterium and tritium
of peroxomono sulphuric (1985, 1M)
(d) Statement I is incorrect; Sta
(d) tritium and protium only
(c) one gives white precipitate only on boiling. The anion
r (c) MnO 2 of sulphuric acid and one(d)
mole moleTiOof 2peroxomono
e 22. sulphuricperoxide
Hydrogen acid oxidises [Fe(CN) ]4−
to [Fe(CN) ]3−
in 48. Statement I Alkali2−metals disso(
38. Molecular formula of Glauber’s salt is 6 6 (1985, 1M)(a) SO2−
(b) HCO3−
(c) CO3 (d) NO
) (d) one mole of sulphuric acid, one mole of 3−
acidic medium but reduces [Fe(CN) peroxomono sulphuric
] to 4[Fe(CN) 4− 4 blue solution.
(a) acid
MgSO ⋅ 7Hmole (b)6 CuSO
2O of hydrogen peroxide ⋅ 5H2O 6 ] in 31. A dilute aqueous solution II
of Na is electroly
and4one Statement 2 SO4metals
Alkali in l
alkaline
(c) FeSO4medium.
⋅ 7H O The other (d) products
Na 2SO4 formed
⋅ 10H2O are, platinum electrodes. The products at the anode an
33. The species that2 do not contain peroxide ions, is (1992, 1M) species of the type [ M ( NH 3 )n ]
respectively. (2018 Main) are respectively
Heavy
39. (a)
(a)
PbO2 water(b)is HH2OO2
(H O + O ) and
(c) SrO2 (d) BaO2 (1983, 1M)
(a) H
2
O 18 2 2 (a) O2 , H2 (b) S2O82– , Na (c) O2 , Na (d) S2O
(b) (H22O + O2 ) and (H2O + OH− )
(b) water obtained by repeated distillation 49. ofStatement
32. Hydrolysis LiCl is predomina
one mole of Iperoxodisulphuric acid
(c) H2O and (H2O + O2 )
(c) HDO
(d) 2O − (a) two moles Statement II Electronegativity(
of sulphuric acid
2 and (H2O + OH )
(d) water at 4°C (b) two moles Cl is too small.
of peroxomono sulphuric acid
23. Both lithium and magnesium display several similar (c) one mole of sulphuric acid and one mole of peroxom
A solution
40. properties of sodium metal in liquid ammonia is
due to the diagonal relationship; however, the one strongly sulphuric Statement I The alkali meta
50. acid
reducing
which due to is
is incorrect the presence of (2017 Main)(1981, 1M)(d) one mole ofwhich contain
sulphuric the
acid, one hydride
mole ion, H
of peroxomono
(a) sodium atoms
(a) Both form basic carbonates (b) sodium hydride acid and one mole of hydrogen peroxide
Statement II The alkali metals
(c) Both
(b) sodium
formamide
soluble bicarbonates (d) solvated electrons
 (c) NO (d) Statement II The alkali metals have low electro
(a) sodium
(c) Ca(NO
2 )2
3amide (d) Na
(b) 2 O 3 )2electrons
Sr(NO
solvated
te (c) Ba(NO
45. Highly (d)sodium
3 )2 dilute solution of
pure Mg(NOin 3 )2liquid ammonia
their hydrides conduct electricity when fused a
II) 41. The temporary hardness of water is due to calcium Subjective
hydrogenQuestions
gas at the anode.
13. (a) showsone
Which
bicarbonate blueofcolour
canthe
be following
removed by alkaline
addingearth metal (1998,sulphates
(1979,
2M)
1M)
(b) exhibits
hasCaCO electrical
its hydration conductivity
enthalpy greater than its lattice enthalpy? 56. A white solid is either Na 2 O or Na 2 O2 . A piece o
(a)
(c) 3 (b) Ca(OH) 2 (c) CaCl 2 (d) HCl Fill in theturns
paper Blanks
white when it is dipped into a fre
(a) produces
CaSO 4 sodium amide (b) BeSO 4 (2015 Main)
(d)
(c) produces
BaSO 4 hydrogen gas (d) SrSO 4 51. aqueous
Hydrogen solution
gas is of the white
liberated by solid.
the action of alum
Objective Questions II concentrated
(i) Identify solution of ………
the substance and. explain with
14. When
46. zeolite, compounds
The following which is hydrated sodium
have been aluminium
arranged in order silicate,
of their
(One or more than one correct option)
is treated with hard water, the sodium ions are exchanged 52. Sodium equation.
dissolved in liquid ammonia conducts
I) increasing thermal stabilities. Identify the correct order.
withKpair(s)
42. The CO of
(I),reagents
MgCO that
(II),yield
CaCO paramagnetic
(III), BeCOspecies is/are
(1990,
(IV) 1M) (ii) Explain
because what would happen to the red litmus
of ……
+2 3 2– 3 3 2+ 3
(a) INa
(a) H and
ions
< II excess
< III IVof
<(b) (b) IV
SONH
(c) K<
4 ions
(b)3Mg and excess Iof O
III < (d)
IIions
< OH −
ions1M)
2(1996, solid were the other compound.
(c) Cu<and 53. The adsorption of hydrogen by palladium is
47. (c) IV II <dilute (d) IIO<2 and
I < IIIHNO3
(d)
Sodium sulphate is soluble IV <2-ethylanthraquinol
in water, III < I
whereas barium 57. Hydrogen
known as …… peroxide acts both as an oxidising
nd
II) 15. The
43. The compound(s)
sulphate is sparingly
oxidation formed
state of theupon
soluble combustion
because
most of sodium
electronegative element
(1989,metal
in
1M) reducing agent in alkaline solution towards certa
54. Iodine reacts with hot NaOH solution. The produ
in
theexcess
(a) air is
products of (are)
the hydration theenergy of sodium
reaction, sulphate
BaO with dil. HisSO
more
arethan2M)
(2007, its transition metal ions. Illustrate both these properti
2 2 4 and ……
(a) 0lattice
(a) Na 2O2–1
and energy
(b) Na 2O (c) –1
(b) NaOand
2 –2 (d) NaOH
(1991, 1M) using chemical equations.
44. Sodium
(c) –2 andnitrate
0 decomposes above ≈ 800°C
(d) –2 and –1 to give True/False
(a) N2 (b) O2 (1998, 2M)
55. Sodium when burnt in excess of oxygen gives sod
(c) NO2 (d) Na 2 O
45. Highly pure dilute solution of sodium in liquid ammonia
(a) shows blue colour (1998, 2M)
Subjective Questions
(b) exhibits electrical conductivity 56. A white solid is either Na 2 O or Na 2 O2 . A piece o
(c) produces sodium amide paper turns white when it is dipped into a fre
(d) produces hydrogen gas aqueous solution of the white solid.
46. When zeolite, which is hydrated sodium aluminium silicate, (i) Identify the substance and explain with
is treated with hard water, the sodium ions are exchanged equation.