OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND

SAFETY PRACTICES
MODULE #9 WEEK 9
Materials Handling and Storage

Presented by:
Mr. R. Cordova RN
Instructor
Manual Handling
Manual Handling
Manual Handling
 Manual Handling

Manual handling refers to any activity

requiring the use of
KEY POINT force by a person to lift, lower, push,
pull, hold or restrain
something.
Putting boxes on shelves, painting, gardening,
cleaning, writing and typing are some examples
of manual handling tasks.
 Manual handling injuries include:

• strains and sprains

• neck and back injuries
• slips, falls and crush incidents
• cuts, bruises and broken bones
• hernia
• occupational overuse syndrome (OOS).
You should be informed and trained
in:

• safe manual handling methods.

• specific manual handling hazards.
• safe work procedures.
• use of any required manual
handling aids.
• your right to ask for help.
 Manual Handling

It is the employer’s
responsibility to provide you
KEY with safe work procedures,
POINT and with instruction, training
and supervision for manual
handling tasks.
 Ways to reduce the risk:

• Lighten loads (break loads

into smaller quantities).
• Reduce the need for bending,
twisting, reaching movements.
• Use team lifting.
 Ways to reduce the risk:

• Use
mechanical
assistance.
( Ex: trolleys )
 Ways to reduce the risk:

• Use mechanical
assistance.
adjustable height
workbenches
and seating
 Ways to reduce the risk:

• Prevent muscle strain and fatigue.

✓ This includes warming up before

working, taking rest breaks, and
allowing time to get used to a new
task.
 Slippery floors
✓Slippery and uneven floors in the
workplace are hazardous and can result in
serious accidents.
Ex: kitchen workers have been burnt
when they have accidentally pulled pots of hot
liquid onto themselves when a slip has caused
them to fall.
 Slippery floors

✓Floors should be cleaned

regularly so that oil, fat and other
spills do not create a slippery
surface.
 What makes manual materials
handling hazardous?
• MMH is always hazardous but the level of hazard
depends on what you are handling, what the task is,
and what the conditions are at the workplace or work
site. For example, the material or load that you are
handling may be:
• too heavy for the task that you are doing
• located too high or low for a safe lift
 What makes manual materials
handling hazardous?
• too big or may have a shape that makes it hard to handle
• wet, slippery, or have sharp edges that makes it hard to
grasp
• unstable or can shift its center of gravity because the
contents may flow (e.g., a partially filled drum or concrete
in a wheelbarrow)
• too big to let you see where you are putting your feet
The task can make MMH hazardous
if a worker:

• uses poor lifting techniques (lifting too fast, too often, too
long, with back bent, while twisting or reaching too far, etc.)
• has to move material over long distances
• does not take appropriate rest breaks
• has insufficient recovery time
• has a combination of handling tasks (e.g. lifting, carrying
and lowering)
The conditions where you are working can also
contribute to hazards of MMH and result in
Injuries.

Examples:
•surfaces that are uneven, sloping, wet,
icy, slippery, unsteady, etc.
•differences in floor levels or elevations
• inadequate lighting
The conditions where you are working can also
contribute to hazards of MMH and result in
Injuries.

• cold or very hot and humid working

environment
• windy conditions
• fast pace of work
• restricted movement because of clothing or
lack of space
Many factors affect the amount of force that
you exert in a horizontal push and pull:

•body weight and strength

• height of force application
• direction of force application
• distance of force application from the
body
Many factors affect the amount of force that
you exert in a horizontal push and pull:

•posture (bending forward or leaning

backward)
• friction coefficient (amount of friction or
grip between floors and shoes)
• duration and distance of push or pull
Tables 1 and 2 contain the upper force limits
for horizontal and vertical pushing and pulling

•posture (bending forward or leaning

backward)
• friction coefficient (amount of friction or
grip between floors and shoes)
• duration and distance of push or pull
 What types of protective clothing should be
worn?

• DO WEAR
✓ lightweight, flexible, tear and puncture-resistant
clothing,
✓ protective gloves, appropriate for the materials being
handled
 What types of protective clothing should be
worn?

• DO NOT WEAR
✓ aprons, coats,
✓ clothing with exposed buttons, zippers or loose
flaps, or
✓ heavy duty mitts
 General tips for lifting

• Examine the load and the surrounding area prior

to lifting.
• Prepare for the lift by warming up the muscles.
• Stand close to the load and face the way you
intend to move.
• Use a wide stance to gain balance.
 General tips for lifting

• Be sure you have a good grip on the load.

• Look forward to keep back straight
• Keep arms straight.
• Tighten abdominal muscles.
• Tuck chin into the chest.
 General tips for lifting

• Initiate the lift with body weight.

• Use muscle power of the legs in lifting
• Lift the load as close to the body as possible.
• Lift smoothly without jerking.
• Avoid twisting and side bending while lifting
 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY PRACTICES
MODULE 10 WEEK 10
Personal Protective Equipment
Presented by:
Mr. R. Cordova RN
Instructor
 Introduction

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Common Types of PPE

❑Head
❑Eyes
❑Face
❑Hands
❑Feet
❑Body
❑Hearing
❑Respiratory
 Introduction
Employers must protect employees:
• Assess the workplace
• Eliminate and reduce the hazards found using
engineering and administrative controls
• Then use appropriate personal protective
equipment
• Remember, Personal Protective Equipment
is the last level of control.

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 Hierarchy of Controls

Source: OSHA

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 Hierarchy of Controls
Elimination/substitution:
• Highest level of protection
• Eliminate hazard from the workplace
• Substitute
– Use safer item/substance
– Use same chemical but in a different form; as particle
size of a substance decreases, hazard level increases

Source: OTIEC Workgroup

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 Hierarchy of Controls
Engineering controls:
• Physical changes to workplace
• Examples
o Isolation
o Ventilation
o Equipment modification
o Others

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 Hierarchy of Controls
Administrative controls/work practice control:
• Requires worker or employer to do something
• Examples
o Written proper operating procedures, work permits and
safe work practices
o Inspection and maintenance
o Housekeeping
o Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials
o Supervision
o Training
o Alarms, signs and warnings
o Regulated areas
o Limit exposure by time or distance

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 Hierarchy of Controls
PPE controls:
• Requires worker to wear something
• Examples

Source of Photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
Head protection:
• Frequent causes of head injuries
– Falling objects from above striking on the head;
– Bump head against fixed objects, such as
exposed pipes or beams; or
– Accidental head contact with electrical hazards.

Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
Why head protection is important…

Source: OSHA

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 Head PPE
❑Needed when employees are exposed to hazards
that have potential to cause a head injury.
❑Examples of hazards:
▪ Flying objects.
▪ Falling objects or materials.
▪ Working near exposed energized electrical equipment.
▪ Working around or on scaffolds.
▪ Working at construction sites.
▪ Working around overhead tools or machinery.
 Types of Head Protection
❑ Impact Protection
▪ Type I – Is designed to protect only against objects
falling from straight overhead, hitting the
hardhat on the top.
▪ Type II – Is designed to protect against blows on the
top of the head as well as side impacts.
❑ Electrical
▪ Class A (old American National Standards Institute
standard) or Class G (new ANSI Standard) good up to
2,200 volts.
▪ Class B (old ANSI standard) or Class E (new ANSI
Standard) good up to 20,000 volts.
▪ Class C not rated for electrical protection.
 Types of PPE
• Classes of hard hats:
– CLASS G (General)
• Protect against impact, penetration
• Low-voltage electrical protection (proof-tested to
2,200 volts)

Source of graphics: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
– CLASS E (Electrical)
• Designed for electrical/utility work
• Protect against falling objects, impact
• Electrical protection against high-voltage
(proof-tested to 20,000 volts)

Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
– CLASS C (Conductive)
• Designed for comfort; offers limited protection
• Protects heads that may bump against fixed objects
• Does not protect against falling objects or electrical
hazards

Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• ANSI Z89.1, 1997
– Type I: provides protection from
objects fall directly on top of the
helmet, but not from objects that strike
the side, front, or back of the head.
– Type II: provides protection from
strikes to the top of the head and also
provides protection from blows to the
sides, front, and back of the head.
More suitable for workers who are not
always in a standing position Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
Eye and face protection:

Source of images: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Common causes of eye injuries
– Chemical splashes
– Blood or OPIM (other potentially infectious
materials) splashes or sprays
– Intense light
– Dust and other flying particles
– Molten metal splashes

Source: OSHA

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 Eye PPE
❑ Needed when an employee work presents the potential
of causing eye injury from physical, chemical, or
radiation agents.
❑Examples of hazards:
▪ Machines
▪ Lasers
▪ Impacts
▪ Heat
▪ Tools
▪ Flying Particles / Dust
▪ Electrical work
▪ Chemical handling
 Types of Eye Protection
❑ Non-Prescription safety glasses.

❑ Prescription safety glasses.

▪ Employees that wear prescription (Rx) lenses can use non-prescription
eye protection worn over prescription lenses as long as it does not
compromise the fit of either piece of eyewear.

❑ All eye protection must be ANSI Z87 approved.

 Types of Eye Protection
❑ Goggles
▪ Chemical
▪ Laser
▪ Welding

❑ Chemical goggles protect your eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area
immediately surrounding the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes.
❑ Chemical goggles are generally stronger than safety glasses and are
used for higher impact, particle and chemical splash protection.
❑ Laser and Welding goggles protect the eyes from harmful light.

❑ All eye protection must be ANSI Z87 approved.

 Types of PPE
• Eye and face protection – must comply with
– ANSI Z87.1-2003, or
– ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998)

Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Selecting eye and face protection –
elements to consider:
– Ability to protect against workplace hazards
– Should fit properly
– Should provide unrestricted vision and
movement
– Durable and cleanable
– Allow unrestricted functioning of other PPE

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 Types of PPE
• Safety glasses
– Used to protect against moderate impacts
from particles

Source of graphics: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Prescription glasses
– Employees who use
prescription glasses while
performing operations with
potential eye hazards must use Source: OSHA

eye protection that:

• Incorporates the prescription in its design, or
• Can be used over your prescription glasses without
interfering with the proper positioning of the
prescription glasses or goggles

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 Types of PPE

• Goggles
– Protect eyes, and the
facial area immediately
surrounding the eyes from
impact, dust, splashes. Source: OSHA

– Some can be used over

corrective lenses, if they fit them.

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 Types of PPE
– Goggle types

Direct-ventilated Indirect-ventilated Non-ventilated

• Resist direct passage • Prevents fogging • Does not allow the
of large particles into by allowing air passage of air into the
the goggle circulation goggle
• Prevents fogging by • Protects against • Prevents splash entry
allowing air circulation liquid or chemical
• May fog and require
splash entry
frequent lens cleaning
Source: OSHA.gov

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 Types of PPE
• Face shields
– Protect face from nuisance
dusts and potential splashes
or sprays of hazardous liquids
– Shields do not protect from Source: OSHA

impact hazards unless so rated

– Shields are for face protection, not eye
protection. To protect the eyes, wear
safety glasses with side shields, or
goggles under the face shield.

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 Types of PPE
• Welding shields
– Protect eyes from burns
caused by:
• Infared light
• Intense radiant light

– Protect eyes and face from

flying sparks, metal
spatter, and slag chips Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Laser safety goggles
–Provide protection
from hazards:
• physical contact such
as flying particles
• ultraviolet light, laser,
and welding

Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE

Respiratory protection:

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Elimination/substitution or Engineering controls
– Eliminate toxic material or substitute a less toxic
material
– Enclose or confine operation
– General or local exhaust
ventilation
• Only when engineering
controls are not feasible,
will respirators be used
Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Types of respirators
–Air-Purifying (APR) –
remove contaminants
from air
• Particulate respirators
• Chemical cartridge/
gas mask respirator
• Powered Air-Purifying
Respirator (PAPR) Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
– Atmosphere-Supplying – provide clean,
breathable air
• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR)

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Inspecting and cleaning respirators
– Inspect all respirators for wear and tear before
and after each use
– Wash in a detergent solution; then, disinfect by
immersing in a sanitizing solution

Source of photos: Carmen Vazquez

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 Types of PPE
• Storing respirators
– Protect against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold,
excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals
– Store in position to retain natural configuration

Source of photos: Carmen Vazquez

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 Types of PPE

Hearing protection:

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Exposure to noise levels
over 85 dB can cause
hearing loss
• Hearing protection
required at 90 dB
• Implement effective
Hearing Conservation
Program

Source: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• The employer must provide ear Permissible Noise Exposure
protection when the noise level in 29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1)
Duration per Sound Level
the work area is greater than Day (hours) (dBA)
8 90
indicated in this table. 6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1 105
1/2 110
1/4 115
Source: NIOSH
Impact noise should not exceed 140 dB

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 Types of PPE
• Examples of hearing protection:
– Disposable foam plugs
– Molded ear plugs Source of photos: OSHA

– Noise-cancelling ear plugs

– Ear muffs
• Consider Noise Reduction
Rating (NRR) of devices

NIOSH/John Rekus/elcosh.org

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 Types of PPE
Hand protection:
• Potential hazards for hands
– Skin absorption of hazardous
substances
– Lacerations or severe cuts
– Punctures
– Chemical burns
– Thermal burns
– Extreme temperatures

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Types of gloves

Anti-vibration
Chemical-resistant Leather Palm

Heat-resistant
Cut-resistant
Permeation-resistant
Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
Foot and leg protection:
• Causes of foot injuries:
– Falling or rolling of heavy objects
– Crushing or penetrating materials
– Sharp objects that can penetrate
the sole
– Exposure to molten metal
– Working on, or around, hot, wet, or slippery
surfaces Source: OSHA

– Working when electrical

hazards are present.
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 Types of PPE
• Conditions requiring
foot protection
–Impacts
–Compressions
–Cuts/punctures
Source: OSHA

–Chemicals
–Temperatures
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 Types of PPE
• Examples of foot and leg
protection
– Impact-resistant toe and/or instep
• Steel
• Composite
– Heat-resistant soles
– Metal shanks
– Specialty footwear may be needed
• Metatarsal guards
• Liquid- or chemical-resistant Source of photos: OSHA

• Conductive or nonconductive

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 Types of PPE
• Protective footwear must comply
with any of the following consensus
standards:
– ANSI Z41.1 – 1991 - "American
National Standard for Personal
Protection -- Protective Footwear,"
– ASTM F-2412 – 2005 – “ Standard
Test Methods for Foot Protection” Source: OSHA

– ASTM F-2413 – 2005 –

“Standard Specification for
Performance Requirements for
Protective Footwear”
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 Types of PPE
• Protection from hazards
– Shoes with metal toe-cap
protects against knocks, falling
objects
– Rubber shoes protect against
chemical materials, as directed
by the SDS

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
Body protection –
protective clothing:

Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Provide protective clothing for
those parts of the body exposed to
possible injuries
• Types of body protection
– Laboratory coats
– Coveralls
– Vests
– Jackets
– Aprons
– Surgical gowns
– Full-body suits Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Selection of body protection –
variety of materials effective against
particular hazard
– Paper-like fiber – dust and splashes
– Treated wool and cotton – fire-
resistant; dust, abrasions,
rough/irritating surfaces
– Duck – cuts, bruises
– Leather – dry heat, flames
– Rubber, rubberized fabrics,
neoprene, and plastics – certain
chemicals and physical hazards Source of photos: OSHA

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 Types of PPE
• Protective clothing is required for HAZWOPER activities
• EPA’s levels of PPE
– Level A
• Provides highest level of protection
• Required when greatest potential for exposure exists and greatest
level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required
• Examples
– Positive pressure, full facepiece SCBA, or positive pressure supplied
air respirator with escape SCBA
– Totally encapsulated chemical- and vapor-protective suit
– Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves
– Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots

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 Types of PPE
–Level B
• Required for highest level of respiratory
protection and lesser level of skin protection
• Examples
–Positive pressure, full face piece SCBA,(self contained
breathing apparatus) or positive pressure supplied air
respirator with escape SCBA
–Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves
–Face shield
–Hooded chemical-resistant clothing
–Coveralls
–Outer chemical-resistant boots
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 Types of PPE
–Level C
• Required when concentration and type of
airborne substances are known and criteria
for using APR is met
• Examples
–Full-face air-purifying respirators
–Inner and outer chemical-resistant gloves
–Hard hat
–Escape mask
–Disposable chemical-resistant outer boots

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 Types of PPE
–Level D
• Required when minimum protection is needed
• Sufficient when no contaminants are present
or work operations preclude splashes,
immersion, or potential for unexpected
inhalation or contact
• Examples
– Gloves
– Coveralls
– Safety glasses
– Face shield
– Chemical-resistant, steel-toe boots or shoes
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