CHAPTER – 01

STATISTICS
Mean: The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum Ex. Determine the median for the given dataset.
of all observation divided by the number of observatios.
mnk- fn, x, MsVklsV ds fy, ekfè;dk fu/kZfjr djsaA
ekè;%fdlh fn, x, MsVk dk vadxf.krh; ekè; lHkh çs{k.kksa ds ;ksx5,
dks7, 4, 8, 6
çs{k.kksa dh la[;k ls foHkkftr djus ij çkIr gksrk gSA
Sol. Arrange the number in ascending order
Sum of all the observations la[;k dks vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr djsa
Mean 
Total number of observations 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
Ex. In a class there are 20 students and they have Here/;gk¡n = 5
marks in math are 88, 82, 88, 83, 86, 78, 83, 87,
84, 73, 76, 88, 91, 89, 82, 84, 79, 88, 78, 82 out of th
 5  1
100 marks. Find the mean marks obtained by the Median/ekfè;dk= term = 3th term
students. 2
mnk-,d d{kk esa 20 Nk=k gSa vkSj xf.kr esa muds 100 esa ls 88] 82] 88] ekfè;dk= 6
Median/
83] 86] 78] 83] 87] 84] 73] 76] 88] 91] 89] 82] 84] 79] 88]
Ex. Find the median of given data sets.
78 vkSj 82 vad gSaA Nk=kksa }kjk çkIr vkSlr vad Kkr dhft,A
mnk- fn, x, MsVk lsV dk ekfè;dk Kkr dhft,A
Sol. Mean/ekè;
5, 4, 7, 9, 8, 6
88  82  88  83  86  78  83  87  84  73  76  88  91 89  82  84  79 88  78  82
=
20 Sol. Arrange in ascending order/vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dj
= 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1669 Here/;gk¡n = 6
= = 83.45
20
Median/ekfè;dk
Median: In Mathematics, the median is defined as the
middle value of a sorted list of numbers. The numbers th
 6 th 6  
are ordered in ascending order. Once the numbers are  term    1 term  6  7

ordered, the middle number is called the median of =  2 2   = = 6.5
the given data set. 2
2
ekfè;dk% xf.kr esa] ekfè;dk dks la[;kvksa dh Øec¼ lwph ds eè; eku
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA la[;kvksa dks vkjksgh Øe esa Øec¼ fd;k
Median Formula for grouped data
tkrk gSA ,d ckj la[;k,a Øec¼ gks tkus ds ckn] mldh eè; la[;k dks lewghÑr MsVk ds fy, ekfè;dk lw=k
fn, x, MsVk lsV dh ekfè;dk dgk tkrk gSA
n 
Median formula for ungrouped data/vlewghd`r MsVk ds  2  C
fy, ekfè;dk lw=k% Median  l   h
 f 
th  
Median 
 n  1
term (when n is odd\tc n fo"ke gks
) where l  lower limit of the median class
2
tgk¡l  ekfè;dk oxZ dh fupyh lhek
th th
n n 
term    1 term n  no. of observations/çs{k.kksa dh la[;k
2  2 
Median  c  cumulative frequency of class before the
2
median class/ekfè;dk oxZ ls igys oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjr
(when n is even)/(tc n le gkss)
f  frequency of the class median
where ‘n’ is the number of observations
oxZ ekfè;dk dh vko`fÙk
tgk¡‘n’ çs{k.kksa dh la[;k gS
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oDr cnyrk gS] fiQj cnysxkA lkjk tgk¡ viuk gksxk AA 1
 h  class size/oxZ dk vkdkj f1  frequency of the model class
Ex. Calculate the median for the following data: ekWMy oxZ dh vko`fÙk
mnk- fuEufyf•r MsVk ds fy, ekfè;dk dh x.kuk djsa% f0  frequency of the class preceding the modal
class/cgqyd oxZ ls igys okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk
 frequency of the class succeeding the
f2
Sol. modal class./cgqyd oxZ ds ckn vkus okys oxZ dh ckjack
Ex. In a class of 30 students marks obtained by stu-
dent in mathematics out of 50 is tabulated as
below. Calculate the mode of data given.
mnk-30 Nk=kksa dh ,d d{kk esa Nk=kksa }kjk xf.kr esa 50 esa l
uhps lkj.khc¼ fd;k x;k gSA fn, x, MsVk ds cgqyd dh x.kuk

n 70
 = 35
2 2
Median class is 40 – 60 Sol. The maximum class frequency is 12 and the class
l = 40, f = 35, c = 25, h = 20 interval corresponding to this frequency is 20 –
30. Thus the model class is 20 – 30./vf/dre oxZ
  35  25  vko`fÙk 12 gS vkSj bl vko`fÙk ds vuq:i oxZ varjky 20 &
Median = 40 +    20 bl çdkj ekWMy oxZ 20 & 30 gSA
 35 
Lower limit of the modal class (l) = 20
40 eksMy oxZ dh fupyh lhek
l) ¾( 20
= 40 + = 45.71
7 Size of the class interval (h) = 10
Mode: Mode is the value that is repeatedly occuring oxZ varjky dk vkdkjh)( ¾ 10
in a given set.
Frequency of the modal class (f1) = 12
cgqyd%
cgqyd og eku gS tks fdlh fn, x, lsV esa ckj&ckj vk jgk gSA
eksMy oxZ dh vko`fÙk
f1) ¾ 12
(
Ex. Find the mode of given data sets
Frequency of the class preceding the modal class
mnk-fn, x, MsVk lsV 5] 7] 9] 9] 7] 3] 5] 7] 6] 7] 3] 2] 1 dk cgqyd (f0) = 5/eksMy oxZ ls igys okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk
f 0) ¾ 5 (
•kstsa Frequency of the class succeding the modal class
5, 7, 9, 9, 7, 3, 5, 7, 6, 7, 3, 2, 1 (f2) = 8/cgqyd oxZ ds ckn okys oxZ dh ckjackjrk
f 2) = 8 (
Mode/cgqyd= 7
 12  5 
Mode Formula for Grouped data: Mode = 20 +   × 10 = 26.36
 2  12  5  8 
lewghÑr MsVk ds fy, cgqyd lw=k%
Emperical formula :
 f1  f 0  Relation among mean, median and mode:
Mode  l    h
 2f1  f 0  f 2  ekè;] efè;dk vkSj cgqyd ds chp laca/%
where/tgk¡ l  lower limit of the model class Mode  3  median  2  mean
ekWMy oxZ dh fupyh lhek Range: The range for a given data set is the difference
h  size of the class interval between the highest and lowest values.

oxZ varjky dk vkdkj jsat%

fdlh fn, x, MsVk lsV ds fy, jsat mPpre vkSj fuEure ekuksa ds
dk varj gSA
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Ex. Find the range of given data sets, 4, 6, 9, 3, 7
25
mnk- fn, x, MsVk lsV 4] 6] 9] 3] 7 dh jsat Kkr dhft,A

Frequency
20
Sol. lowest value = 3, Highest value = 9
15
U;wure eku ¾ 3] mPpre eku ¾ 9
10
Range/jsat= 9 – 3 = 6
5
Frequency: The frequency (f) of a particular value is
the number of times the value occurs in the data. 3000 5000 8000 11000 14000 17000

ckjackjrk%
fdlh fo'ks"k eku dh ckjackjrk (f) MsVk esa ml eku ds ckj&ckj Price
vkus dh la[;k gSA Variance: Variance measures variability from the av-
erage or mean. It is calculated by taking the differ-
Ex. Let us calculate the frequency of each of these
ences between each number in the data set and the
numbers.
mean, then squaring the differences to make them
mnk-vkb, buesa ls çR;sd la[;k dh vko`fÙk dh x.kuk djsaApositive and finally dividing the sum of the squares by
1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 2, 2, 1 the number of values in the data set.

fopj.k%fopj.k] vkSlr ;k ekè; ls ifjorZu'khyrk dks ekirk gSA bld

x.kuk MsVk lsV vkSj ekè; esa çR;sd la[;k ds chp ds varj dks y
tkrh gS] fiQj mUgsa /ukRed cukus ds fy, varjksa dk oxZ
(square) fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj var esa MsVk lsV esa ekuksa (square)
dh la[;k ls
dsoxks±
;ksx
dks foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
Formula/lw=k%
Frequency Distribution : Frequency distribution is
used to organize the collected data in table form. n 2

 dks 2

 x i 1 i  x
ckjackjrk forj.k%ckjackjrk forj.k dk mi;ksx ,df=kr vk¡dM+ksa N
rkfydk ds :i esa O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex. In the 2022 winter olympics, Team USA won 25 where/tgk¡%
medals. This frequency table gives the medals
values (gold, silver and bronze) and frequencies. x i = Each value in the data set
mnk- 2022 ds 'khrdkyhu vksyafid esa] Vhe vesfjdk us 25 ind thrsA MsVk lsV esa çR;sd eku
bl ckjackjrk lkj.kh esa ind eku (Lo.kZ] jtr vkSj dkaL;) vkSj
ckjackjrk fn, x, gSA x = Mean of all values in the data set
MsVk lsV esa lHkh ekuksa dk ekè;
N = Number of values in the data set

MsVk lsV esa ekuksa dh la[;k

Ex. Find the variance of given daya sets

Frequency Polygon: A frequency polygon is a line graph mnk-fn, x, MsVk lsV dk fopj.k Kkr dhft,
of class frequency plotted against class midpoint. It can
610, 450, 160, 420, 310
be obtained by joining the midpoints of the tops of the
rectangles in the histogram. Sol. Step 1:
ckjackjrk cgqHkqt%
ckjackjrk cgqHkqt] oxZ ckjackjrk dk js•k xzkiQ gksrk gS
610  450  160  420  310
ftls oxZ eè;fcanq ds lkeus IykWV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fgLVksxzke esa vk;rksa
Mean ( x )ds
=
5
'kh"kZ ds eè; fcanqvksa dks tksM+dj çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
= 390
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 Step 2: persion, spread) from the mean exists. The standard
deviation indicates a “typical” deviation from the mean.
2
x i  x  = (610 – 390)2 + (450 – 390)2 + .... (310 – ekud fopyu%ekud fopyu ,d eki gS tks n'kkZrk gS fd ekè; ls fdruh
390)2 fHkUurk (tSls iQSyko] çlkj) ekStwn gSA ekud fopyu] ekè; ls ^
= (220)2 + (60)2 + ..... + (–-80)2 fopyu n'kkZrk gSA
= 1, 12, 200 Formula:/lw=k
2
2 x i  x 112200 n
2
 
N
=
5
= 22440 x
i 1
i  x
or

Standard Deviation : Standard deviation is a measure N
which shows how much variation (such as spread, dis-
Standard deviation = variance

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