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Title of Chemistry

The project aims to measure the solubilities of common chemicals such as table salt, Epsom salts, and sugar in water. It discusses the concepts of saturated and unsaturated solutions, factors affecting solubility, and provides a detailed experimental procedure for measuring solubility. The results indicate that NaCl has the highest solubility, followed by MgSO4, while sucrose has the lowest due to its larger molecular size.

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5 views

Title of Chemistry

The project aims to measure the solubilities of common chemicals such as table salt, Epsom salts, and sugar in water. It discusses the concepts of saturated and unsaturated solutions, factors affecting solubility, and provides a detailed experimental procedure for measuring solubility. The results indicate that NaCl has the highest solubility, followed by MgSO4, while sucrose has the lowest due to its larger molecular size.

Uploaded by

harigamer014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Project on

Saturated Solutions:
Measuring Solubility
Index

➢ Objective
➢ Introduction
➢ Basic concepts
➢ Materials and Equipment
➢ Experimental Procedure
➢ Observation
➢ Conclusion
➢ Result
Objective:

The goal of this project is to measure the


solubilities of some common chemicals:

● Table salt (NaCl)


● Epsom salts (MgSO4)
● sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11).
Introduction
A good part of the substances we deal with in daily life, such as milk,
gasoline, shampoo, wood, steel and air are mixtures. When the mixture is
homogenous, that is to say, when its components are intermingled evenly, it
is called a solution. There are various types of solutions, and these can be
categorized by state (gas, liquid, or solid).

The chart below gives some examples of solutions in different states. Many
essential chemical reactions and natural processes occur in liquid solutions,
particularly those containing water (aqueous solutions) because so many
things dissolve in water. In fact, water is sometimes referred to as the
universal solvent. The electrical charges in water molecules help dissolve
different kinds of substances. Solutions form when the force of attraction
between solute and solvent is greater than the force of attraction between
the particles in the solute.

Two examples of such important processes are the uptake of nutrients by


plants, and the chemical weathering of minerals. Chemical weathering
begins to take place when carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater. A
solution called carbonic acid is formed. The process is then completed as
the acidic water seeps into rocks and dissolves underground limestone
deposits.
Sometimes, the dissolving of soluble minerals in rocks can even lead to the
formation of caves.
Types of Solutions

State of State of State of


Solute Solvent Solution

Air, natural gas gas gas gas

Alcohol in water, liquid liquid liquid

antifreeze

Brass, steel solid solid solid

Carbonated water, gas liquid liquid

soda
Sea water, sugar solid liquid
liquid
solution
Hydrogen in gas solid solid

platinum

If one takes a moment to consider aqueous solutions, one quickly observes


that they exhibit many interesting properties. For example, the tap water in
your kitchen sink does not freeze at exactly 0°C. This is because tap water
is not pure water; it contains dissolved solutes. Some tap water, commonly
known as hard water, contains mineral solutes such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and iron sulfate. Another interesting
solution property is exhibited with salt and ice.
Another example comes from the fact that salt is spread on ice collected on
roads in winters. When the ice begins to melt, the salt dissolves in the water
and forms salt water. The reason is that with the adition of salt the melting
point of water increases and as a result the snow melts away faster.

Even some organisms have evolved to survive freezing water temperatures


with natural "antifreeze." Certain arctic fish have blood containing a high
concentration of a specific protein. This protein behaves like a solute in a
solution and lowers the freezing point of the blood. Going to the other end of
the spectrum, one can also observe that the boiling point of a solution is
affected by the addition of a solute. These two properties, namely freezing-
point depression and boiling-point elevation, are called colligative properties
(properties that depend on the number of molecules, but not on their
chemical nature).
Basic Concepts
A saturated solution is a mixture in which no more solute can be practically
dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature. It is said practically because
theoretically infinite amount of solute can be added to a solvent, but after a
certain limit the earlier dissolved solute particles start rearranging and come
out at a constant rate. Hence overall it appears that no solute is dissolved
after a given amount of solute is dissolved. This is known as a saturated
solution.

In an unsaturated solution, if solute is dissolved in a solvent the solute


particles dissociate and mix with the solvent without the re-arrangement of
earlier dissolved solute particles.

Solubility depends on various factors like the Ksp of the salt, bond strength
between the cation and anion, covalency of the bond, extent of inter and
intramolecular hydrogen bonding, polarity, dipole moment etc. Out of these
the concepts of H- bonding, covalency, ionic bond strength and polarity play
a major role if water is taken as a solvent.

Also physical conditions like temperature and pressure also play very
important roles as they affect the kinetic energy of the molecules.
Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment following materials and
equipment are required:

•Distilled water
•Metric liquid measuring cup (or graduated cylinder)
•Three clean glass jars or beakers
•Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
•Epsom salts (MgSO4)
•Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)
•Disposable plastic spoons
•Thermometer
•Three shallow plates or saucers
•Oven
•Electronic kitchen balance (accurate to 0.1 g)
Experimental Procedure
Determining Solubility

1. Measure 100 mL of distilled water and pour into a clean,


empty beaker or jar.

2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out the suggested amount


(see below) of the solute to be tested.
a. 50 g Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)
b. 50 g Epsom salts (MgSO4)
c. 250 g Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)

3. Add a small amount of the solute to the water and stir with a
clean disposable spoon until dissolved.

4. Repeat this process, always adding a small amount until the


solute will no longer dissolve.

5. Weigh the amount of solute remaining to determine how much


was added to the solution.

6. Try and add more solute at the same temperature and observe
changes if any.

7. Now heat the solutions and add more solute to the solutions.
Observations:
Adding more solute at the same temperature to the saturated
solutions yielded no significant changes in NaCl and Epsom salt.
However at all temperatures the saturation point of sucrose could
not be obtained exactly as due to the large size of the molecule
the solution became thick and refraction was more prominent.
Neglecting this observation in the room for error, the experiments
agreed with the theory.
Adding more solute to heated solutions increased the solubility in
all the 3 cases. The largest increase was shown by NaCl,
followed by Epsom salt and sucrose. These facts too agreed with
the theory as at high temperatures the kinetic energy of molecules
increases and the collisions are more effective.
Conclusions:

The solubility of NaCl is the highest as it is an ionic salt and easily


dissociates in water. Also since the size of both the cation and
anion are small, the collisions are more and hence probability of
dissociation is high. The solubility of MgSO4 is also high as it is
also an ionic salt, but due to a larger anion, collisions are not very
effective. The solubility of C12H22O11 is the least as it is a very
large molecule due to which hydrogen bonding with the water
molecules is not very effective. Also due to the large number of
carbon and oxygen atoms, intermolecular H-bonding is more
dominant than intramolecular H-bonding.

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