The virus is a novel strain of influenza. Existing vaccines against seasonal flu provide no protection. A study at the U.S.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published in May 2009 found that children had no preexisting immunity to the new strain but that adults, particularly those over 60, had some degree of immunity. Children showed no cross-reactive antibody reaction to the new strain, adults aged 18 to 64 had 6-9%, and older adults 33%. It was also determined that the strain contained genes from five different flu viruses: North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two swine influenza viruses typically found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis showed that several of the proteins of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans, leading virologist. Wendy Barclay to suggest on May 1 that the initial indications are that the virus was unlikely to cause severe symptoms for most people. The first complete genome sequence of the pandemic strain was deposited in public databases on April 27, 2009, by scientists from the U.S . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Scientists in Winnipeg later completed the full genetic sequencing of viruses from Mexico and Canada on 6 May.

Virus origins

On June 23, the New York Times reported that U.S. federal agriculture officials, "contrary to the popular assumption that the new swine flu pandemic arose on factory farms in Mexico," now believe that it "most likely emerged in pigs in Asia, but then traveled to North America in a human." They emphasized that there was no way to prove their theory, but stated that there is no evidence that this new virus, which combines Eurasian and North American genes, has ever circulated in North American pigs, "while there is tantalizing evidence that a closely related 'sister virus' has circulated in Asia." In early June 2009, using computational methods developed over the last ten years, an international team of researchers attempted to reconstruct the origins and timescale of the 2009 flu pandemic. Dr Oliver Pybus of Oxford University's Department of Zoology, and part of the research team, claims "Our results show that this strain has been circulating among pigs, possibly among multiple continents, for many years prior to its transmission to humans." The research team that worked on this report also believe that it was "derived from several viruses circulating in swine," and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. The team concluded that "despite widespread influenza surveillance in humans, the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years."

Structure of the influenza virion. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins are shown on the surface of the particle. The viral RNAs that make up the genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) According to the researchers, movement of live pigs between Eurasia and North America "seems to have facilitated the mixing of diverse swine influenza viruses, leading to the multiple reassortment events associated with the genesis of the (new H1N1) strain." They also stated that this new pandemic "provides further

evidence of the role of domestic pigs in the ecosystem of influenza A." Some experts also suspect that a leading cause of the new virus outbreak is insufficient surveillance by the pork industry and the fact that "animal husbandry now more closely resembles the petrochemical industry than the happy family farm"

Contagiousness
The virus is contagious and is believed to spread from human to human in much the same way as seasonal flu. The most common mechanisms by which it spreads are by droplets from coughs and sneezes of infected people, and touching a surface or the hand of a person contaminated with virus, and then touching one's mouth or nose. H1N1/09 is more contagious than seasonal flu[11], and infected people are contagious for longer than had been thought. The US CDC had recommended that people should wait at least a day after their fever subsides (usually 34 days after the onset of symptoms) before resuming normal activities, but it has been found that they can continue to shed virus for several days after that.The contagiousness of the virus may change as it mutates.

Virulence
The virulence of the virus may change as it mutates.In mid-2009 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) noted that most infections were mild, similar to seasonal flu, and that recovery tended to be fairly quick. [13] The number of deaths as of September 2009[update] is a tiny fraction of the annual number of deaths from seasonal flu. Research carried out at Imperial College London and reported in Nature Biotechnology has shown that, unlike seasonal flu, H1N1/09 can infect cells deep in the lungs. Seasonal flu can only infect cells with receptor type a2-6 which are typically located in the nose and throat but H1N1/09 can also infect cells with receptor type a2-3. This may explain why some patients experience severe respiratory symptoms. (The H5N1 virus is also able to infect cells deep in the lungs with receptor type a2-3 but cannot infect cells with receptor type a2-6 making it less contagious than H1N1/09.) As of September 2009[update] most people infected by this flu suffer a mild illness, but the small minority hospitalised are often severely ill. Arand Kumar,

intensive care expert at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, said "this pandemic is like two diseases; either you're off work for a few days or you go to hospital, often to the intensive-care unit (ICU). There's no middle ground." In the southern hemisphere 15 to 33% of hospitalised cases went to ICU in July and August 2009. Unlike H5N1 avian flu and SARS which provoke a runaway body-wide immune response, H1N1/09 destroys the lungs' alveoli, often causing acute respiratory distress syndrome, which usually kills in half of all cases. Preliminary research suggests that severity is linked to a genetic variation in immune systems. So far, in the US, 522 people have died of the H1N1 Novel virus, whereas 800 people per week die from the common flu. In fact, the death rate of people hospitalized with common influenza in the US is 18%, while the death rate of diagnosed H1N1 in the US is less than 5%. However, given that one figure relates to mortality rates among those so seriously ill as to require hospitalization and the other relates to all diagnosed cases (including very mild ones), no conclusion can be drawn from these figures.

1. NOUNS
Influenza Virus Human

1. VERB
Deposited Emphasized Circulated

1.

ADJECTIVES
Travelled Associated Linked

1. ADVERBS
According As So far

1. PREPOSITION
To For From

1. CONJUCTION
And That Then

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's nearsurface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the last century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.[1] The IPCC also concludes that

variations in natural phenomena such as solar radiation and volcanoes produced most of the warming from pre-industrial times to 1950 and had a small cooling effect afterward.[2][3] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science,[B] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.[4] A small number of scientists dispute the consensus view. Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the twenty-first century.[1] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Some other uncertainties include how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most studies focus on the period up to the year 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.[7] The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice is expected, with warming being strongest in the Arctic. Other likely effects include increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Political and public debate continues regarding climate change, and what actions (if any) to take in response. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Comparison of ground based (blue) and satellite based (red: UAH; green: RSS) records of temperature variations since 1979. Trends plotted since January 1982.

Global mean surface temperature difference from the average for 19611990

Mean surface temperature change for the period 1999 to 2008 relative to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980

1. NOUNS
Temperature Oceans Natural

1. VERBS

Projected Increased Related

1. ADJECTIVES
Industrialized Summarized Endorsed

1. ADVERBS
Since Other likely However

1. PREPOSITION
During Of By

1. CONJUCTION
Because Than And

VIRUS
The virus is a novel strain of influenza. It was also determined that the strain contained genes from five different flu viruses: North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and two swine influenza viruses typically found in Asia and Europe. Further analysis showed that several of the proteins of the virus are most similar to strains that cause mild symptoms in humans, leading virologist. They emphasized that there was no way to prove their theory, but

stated that there is no evidence that this new virus, which combines Eurasian and North American genes, has ever circulated in North American pigs, while there is tantalizing evidence that a closely related 'sister virus' has circulated in Asia.This strain has been circulating among pigs, possibly among multiple continents, for many years prior to its transmission to humans. The research team that worked on this report also believe that it was derived from several viruses circulating in swine, and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. The team concluded that "despite widespread influenza surveillance in humans, the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years. Some experts also suspect that a leading cause of the new virus outbreak is insufficient surveillance by the pork industry.However, one figure relates to mortality rates among those so seriously ill as to require hospitalization and the other relates to all diagnosed cases (including very mild ones), no conclusion can be drawn from these figures.

GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased during the last century. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation. Variations in natural phenomena such as and produced most of the warming from times to 1950 and had a small cooling effect afterward. The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Some other uncertainties include how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe.

Warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts. Political and public debate continues regarding climate change, and what actions (if any) to take in response. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming.

First I would like thank my English Language Proficiency lecturer Puan Mimmi Ikhwai Bt Khalid for his help and guideness to complete this task.Without his help I will not be able to complete this task because he cleared all my doubts throughout completion of this task. Next , I would like to thank all my friends who had helped me to finish my task.Without their cooperation I would have never been able to finish my task. Lastly I would like to thank my parents who supported me throughout I was doing this task.Their support made me to complete my task on time. Thank You.

I am LAXMI a/p PANNEER SELVAM from PPISMP unit BT / PJ / KS. First , I would like to thank my lecturer who guided me throughout this whole process of completion.Without it , I would have never be able to complete this on time.This assignment is about eight parts of speech that i have learned in this semester .While doing this assignment I have learned more about parts of speech and I understand better about it.

In part A , I was required to select two articles from any authentic material.Then I have to identify six different parts of speech that i have

learnt.While doing this part I was able to understand better about different parts of speech as I was able to identify them in both articles.

In part B , I learnt on how to write a summary from the selected articles.To write a summary , first i have to identify main ideas in each of the articles.I was able to differentiate between main ideas , explanation and examples as i reread the articles again.

In conclusion , this assignment has given me a chance to improve myself in different parts of speech as I have a better knowledge about it now.By reading articles I was able to see how different parts of speech is used in an essay or an article.Lastly this assignment has benefited me from the beginning.

1. TASK QUESTIONS 2. PART A * Article 1 * Article 2 3. PART B * Summary Of Article 1

* Summary Of Article 2 4. Reflection