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16 views

333

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Fakhere Alam
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Highway Bridge Structures

Terminology and Nomenclature USE AND FUNCTIONALITY 11


[1.1.1, Part 4]

of 14 ft (4.27 m) and a design clearance of 16 ft (4.88 m). The location of


the structure (i.e., urbanized area vs. expressway) has a great deal to do with
how this is enforced by the governing agency.

■ Load Rating. An analysis of a structure to compute the maximum


allowable loads that can be carried across a bridge is called a load rating. The
guidelines for load ratings are set forth in AASHTO’s Manual for Condition
Evaluation of Bridges. [Ref. 1.4] Two ratings are usually prepared: the
inventory rating corresponds to the customary design level of capacity,
while operating rating describes the maximum permissible live load to which
the structure may be subjected. Therefore, operating rating always yields a
higher load rating than inventory rating.

■ Dead Loads. Permanent loads placed on a structure before the


concrete slab hardens are called dead loads. For example, in a slab-on-stringer
bridge the stringers, diaphragms, connection plates, and concrete slab itself
(including stay-in-place forms) would be considered as dead loads.

■ Superimposed Dead Loads. Superimposed dead loads are permanent


loads placed on the structure after the concrete has hardened (e.g., bridge

v
railing, sidewalks, wearing surface, etc.). Superimposed dead loads are
generally considered part of total dead loads. ehicles used to com-
... pute live loads are not
■ Live Loads. Temporary loads placed on the structure, such as vehicles, duplicate models of a tractor
wind, pedestrians, etc., are called live loads. In Figure 1.2 the truck traveling trailer seen on the highway but
over the structure (Item 9) represents live load on the bridge. As we will see
rather hypothetical design ve-
later in Section 3.5.3, the vehicles used to compute live loads are not duplicate
models of a tractor trailer seen on the highway but rather hypothetical design hicles developed by AASHTO...
vehicles developed by AASHTO in the 1940’s and 1990’s.

■ Sheeted Pit. A temporary box structure with only four sides (i.e., no
top or bottom) which can be used as an earth support system in excavation
for substructure foundations is called a sheeted pit. The bracing elements used
inside a sheeted pit to keep all four sides rigid are called wales (which run
along the inside walls of the sheet piling) and struts (which run between the
walls). When this type of structure is used where the ground level is below
water, the sheeted pit is designed to be watertight (as much as possible) and
is called a cofferdam. In Figure 1.10 a sheeted pit used for excavation at the
center pier can be seen.

■ Staged Construction. Construction that occurs in phases, usually to


permit the flow of traffic through a construction site, is called staged
construction. An example would be a bridge replacement project where half
of the structure is removed and replaced while traffic continues over the
remaining portion of the structure. Once the first half has been removed
and reconstructed, traffic is then diverted over to the new side while
work begins on the rest of the structure. This is an aspect of rehabili-
tation design which offers some interesting challenges to engineers (see
also Section 5.1.2). A bridge rehabilitation under staged construction is
shown in Figure 1.10.

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