.

REVISION QUESTIONS CH: 11, 12, 13

Class 12 - Physics
Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 150

Section A
1. a. Name the factors on which photoelectric emission from a surface depends.
b. Define the term threshold frequency for a photosensitive material.
2. Derive de-Broglie wave equation for material particles.
3. Show the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for different frequencies but same intensity of
incident radiation.
4. What is the: (a) momentum, (b) speed, and (c) de-Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy of 120 eV?
5. Write Einstein's photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in photoelectric effect which can
be explained on the basis of above equation.
6. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength 1nm. Find
a. their momenta
b. the energy of the photon
c. the kinetic energy of electron
7. a. Define the terms, (i) threshold frequency, and (ii) stopping potential in the context of photoelectric effect.
b. Draw a graph showing the variation of stopping potential (V0) with frequency (ν ) of incident radiation for a given

photosensitive material.
8. In case of photo electric effect expeiment, explain the following facts, giving reasons.
a. The wave theory of light could not explain the existence of the threshold frequency.
b. The photo electric current increases with increase of intensity of incident light.
9. Determine the de-Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal to rest mass energy of an electron. Mass
of a proton is 1836 times that of electron.
10. Find the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron moving with a velocity 0.5 c and rest mass = 9.1 × 10-31 kg.
11. Explain, in brief, why Rutherford's model cannot account for the stability of an atom.

12. Obtain Bohr’s quantisation condition for angular momentum of electron orbiting in nth orbit in hydrogen atom on the
basis of the wave picture of an electron using de Broglie hypothesis.
13. In a head-on collision between an a-particle and a gold nucleus, the distance of closest approach is 41.3 fermi. Calculate
the energy of the particle.

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14. Figure shows energy level diagram of hydrogen atom,

i. Find out the transition which results in the emission of a photon of wavelength 496 nm.
ii. Which transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum wavelength? Justify your answer.

15. a. Use Bohr's postulate to prove that the radius of nth orbit in a hydrogen atom is proportional to n2.
b. How will the energy of a hydrogen atom change if n increases from 1 to ∞?
∘

16. The wavelength of Hα - line of the Balmer series is 6553 A Calculate the value of Rydberg constant.

17. Calculate the shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom. In which region (infrared, visible, ultraviolet)
of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength lie?
18. i. State three postulates of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom.
ii. Find the angular momentum of an electron revolving in the second orbit in Bohr's hydrogen atom.
19. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV . What are the kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this
state?
20. The electron, in a hydrogen atom, initially in a state of quantum number n1 makes a transition to a state whose excitation

energy, with respect to the ground state, is 10.2 eV. If the wavelength, associated with the photon emitted in this
transition, is 487.5 nm, find the (i) energy in eV and (ii) value of the quantum number, n1 of the electron in its initial
state.
21. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of 56
26
Fe nucleus. Given that
mass of 56
26
Fe = 55.934939 amu
mass of a neutron = 1.008665 amu
mass of a proton = 1.007825 amu
22. Draw a plot of the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number for a large number of nuclei 20 < A < 240.
How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the range of 30 < A < 170 using the property that
nuclear force is short-ranged?
23. a. The figure shows the plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon as a function of mass number A. The letters A, B, C, D
and E represent the positions of typical nuclei on the curve. Point out, giving reasons, the two processes (in terms of
A, B, C, D and E), one of which can occur due to nuclear fission and the other due to nuclear fusion.

b. Identify the nature of the radioactive radiations emitted in each step of the decay process given below:
A A−4 A−4
X ⟶ Y ⟶ W
A Z−2 Z−1

24. Find nuclear mass density of 238

92
U . Given R0 = 1.5 fermi and mass of each nucleon = 1.67 × 10-27 kg.

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25. Determine from the given data, whether the following reaction is exothermic or endothermic:
1 3 2 2
H + H ⟶ H + H
1 1 1 1

Atomic masses: m( H) = 2.014102 u

2
1

m( H) = 3.016049 u
3
1

m( H) = 1.007825 u
1
1

26. Explain the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion by using the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A)versus
the mass number A.

27. From the relation R = R0A1/3 where R0 is a constant and A is the mass number of a nucleus, show that the nuclear matter
density is nearly constant (i.e. independent of A).
28. Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for different nuclei and mention
its two features. Why do lighter nuclei usually undergo nuclear fusion?
29. Define electron volt and atomic mass unit. Calculate the energy in joule equivalent to the mass of one proton.
30. Distinguish between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Give one example for each.
Section B
31. In the study of a photoelectric effect, the graph between the stopping potential V and frequency ν of the incident
radiation on two different metals P and Q is shown below.

i. Which one of the two metals has higher threshold frequency?

ii. Determine the work function of the metal which has greater value.
32. The work function of caesium is 2.14 eV. Find
a. the threshold frequency for caesium, and
b. the wavelength of the incident light if the photocurrent is brought to zero by a stopping potential of 0.60 V.
33. A proton is accelerated through a potential difference V. After acceleration, the de Broglie wavelength associated with it
is λ . If the proton is replaced by an alpha particle, then find the de Broglie wavelength associated with it if it were
accelerated through the same potential difference V. What will be the momentum of the alpha particle?
34. i. Describe briefly three experimentally observed features in the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
ii. Discuss briefly how wave theory of light cannot explain these features.
35. Write the basic features of the photon picture of electromagnetic radiation on which Einstein's photoelectric equation is
based.
36. The wavelength of light in the visible region is about 390 nm for violet colour, about 550 nm (average wavelength) for
yellow-green colour and about 760 nm for red colour. What are the energies of photons in (eV) at the
i. violet and
ii. average wavelength, yellow-green colour, and
iii. red end of the visible spectrum? (Take h = 6.63 × 10 −34
Js and 1eV = 1.6 × 10
19
J )
37. a. Use Einstein photoelectric equation to depict the variation of the maximum kinetic energy (Ek) of electrons emitted,

with the frequency (v) of the incident radiation.

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 b. A photosensitive surface is illuminated with a beam of (i) yellow light, and (ii) red light, both of the same intensity.
In which case will
I. photoelectrons have more Ek?

II. more numbers of electrons be emitted?

Justify your answer in each case.
38. A metal has a work function of 2.0 eV and is illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm. Calculate
i. the threshold wavelength.
ii. the maximum energy of photoelectrons.
iii. the stopping potential.

39. a. Calculate the frequency of a photon of energy 6.5 × 10-19 J.

b. Can this photon cause emission of an electron from the surface of Cs of work function 2.14 eV? If yes, what will be
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron?
40. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron is 0.30 nm. Calculate:
a. the speed, and
b. the kinetic energy (in eV), of the electron.
41. i. State Bohr's quantization condition for defining stationary orbits. How does de-Broglie hypothesis explain the
stationary orbits?
ii. Find the relation between the three wavelengths λ 1, λ2 and λ from the energy level diagram shown below:
3

42. Draw a graph showing the variation of number of particles scattered (N) with the scattering angle θ in Geiger-Marsden

experiment. Why only a small fraction of the particles are scattered at θ > 90o? Mention two limitations of Rutherford
nuclear model of an atom.
43. i. State Bohr's postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de-Broglie's hypothesis explain stability of
these orbits?
ii. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4 level. Estimate the
frequency of the photon.
44. The ground state energy of an atom is - 13.6 eV. The photon emitted during the transition of an electron from n - 3 to n =
1 state, is incident on a photosensitive material of unknown work function. The photoelectrons are emitted from the
materials with a maximum kinetic energy of 9 eV. Calculate the threshold wavelength of the material used.
45. What do you mean by wave nature of an electron? How was quantisation of angular momentum of the orbiting electron
in Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom explained by de Broglie hypothesis?
46. It is found experimentally that 13.6 eV energy is required to separate a hydrogen atom into a proton and an electron.
Compute the orbital radius and the velocity of the electron in a hydrogen atom.
47. A narrow beam of protons, each having 4.1 MeV energy is approaching a sheet of lead (Z = 82). Calculate:
a. the speed of a proton in the beam, and
b. the distance of its closest approach
48. a. Using the Bohr's model, calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n = 1, 2 and 3 levels.

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 b. Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.
49. The spectrum of a star in the visible and the ultraviolet region was observed and the wavelength of some of the lines that
could be identified were found to be:
o o o o o o
824 A, 970A, 1120A, 250 A 5173 A 6100A

Which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen atom spectrum 1 (Given Rydberg's constant R = 1.03 × 107m-1 and
o
1

R
= 970 A . Support your answer with suitable calculations.
50. i. Using Bohr's second postulate of quantisation of orbital angular momentum show that the circumference of the
electron in the nth orbital state in hydrogen atom is n-times the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it.
ii. The electron in hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state. What is the maximum number of spectral lines
which can be emitted when it finally moves to the ground state?
51. i. Draw a plot showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Mark the
regions where the nuclear force is
a. attractive and
b. repulsive.
ii. In the nuclear reaction 0n
1
+
235
92
U →
a
54
94
Xe +
b
Sr + 20 n
1
determine the values of a and b.
52. What is the power output of 235
92
U reactor if it takes 30 days to use up 2 kg of fuel and if each fission gives 185 MeV of
usable energy?
53. We are given the following atomic masses:
238
92
U = 238.05079 u
4
2
He = 4.00260 u
234
90
Th = 234.04363 u
1
1
H = 1.00783 u
237
91
Pa = 237.05121 u
Here the symbol Pa is for the element protactinium (Z = 91).
i. Calculate the energy released during the alpha decay of 238
92
U .
ii. Calculate the kinetic energy of the emitted α-particles.
iii. Show that 238
92
U can not spontaneously emit a proton.
54. Draw the curve showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with the mass number of nuclei. Using it explain the
fusion of nuclei lying on ascending part and fission of nuclei lying on descending part of this curve.
55. How the size of a nucleus is experimentally determined? Write the relation between the radius and mass number of the
nucleus. Show that the density of the nucleus is independent of its mass number.
56. Describe how Chadwick discovered neutrons. Is neutron a stable particle when isolated?
57. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. Show how in both these processes energy is released. Calculate the
3 4
energy release in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction: 2
1
H +
1
H →
2
1
He +0 n

Using the data:

m ( H)
2
1
= 2.014102 u
m ( H)
3
1
= 3.016049 u
m ( He)
4
2
= = 4.002603 u
mn = 1.008665 u

1amu = 931.5
MeV

2
c

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58. i. Write three characteristic properties of nuclear force.
ii. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Write two important
conclusions that can be drawn from the graph.
59. a. Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
b. Deuterium undergoes fusion as per the reaction:
2
1
H + H ⟶ He + n + 3.27M eV
2
1
3
2
1
0

Find the duration for which an electric bulb of 500 W can be kept glowing by the fusion of 100 g of deuterium.
60. Define the terms (i) mass defect (ii) binding energy for a nucleus and state the relation between the two for a given
nuclear reaction for which the B.E. / nucleon of the product nucleus/nuclei is more than that for the original
nucleus/nuclei. Is this nuclear reaction exothermic or endothermic in nature? Justify your choice.

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 Solution

REVISION QUESTIONS CH: 11, 12, 13

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. a. Factors
i. Frequency of incident radiation
ii. Work function of the surface
b. The minimum frequency of the incident radiation below which photoelectric emission does not take place.
2. De Broglie wave length:

The momentum of photon of frequency ν is given by

P=
hν
=
c
since c = νλ
h

The wavelength of a photon in terms of its momentum is

λ = ...(i)
h

According to de Broglie, the above equation is completely a general one and this is applicable to material particles as well.
Therefore, for a particle of mass m travelling with speed v , the wavelength is given by
h h
λ = =
mν p

This wavelength of the matter waves is known as de Broglie wavelength. This equation relates the wave character (the wave
length λ ) and the particle character (the momentum ρ ) through Planck’s constant.
3. The variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential for different plate frequencies is shown below:

We obtain different values of stopping potential but the same value of the saturation current for incident radiation of different
frequencies. The energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of the incident radiations. The stopping potential is
more negative for higher frequencies of incident radiation. Note from Fig. that the stopping potentials are in the order V03 > V02 >
V01, if the frequencies are in the order ν 3 > ν 2 > ν 1. This implies that greater the frequency of incident light, greater is the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. Consequently, we need greater retarding potential to stop them completely.
−−−−
4. a. p = √2mE
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−31 −19
⇒ p = √2 × (9 × 10 ) × (120 × 1.6 × 10 )

−24 −1
= 5.88 × 10 kg ms

b. p = mv
p
v= m
−24
5.88×10
=
−31
9.1×10

or v = 6.46 × 10 6
m/s
−34

c. λ = h

p
=
6.63×10

−24
= 1.13 × 10
−10
m
5.88×10

o
= 1.13 A
5. Einstein's photoelectric equation is given as,
(K.E.)max = hν - hν 0.
The three salient features which can be explained on the basis this equation are as follows:
i. If ν 0 < ν , K.E.max is negative since K.E. can never be negative, ν 0 can never be less than ν during photoelectric emission.
This brings forward the concept of threshold frequency.

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 ii. There is a linear dependency of K.Emax and ν .
iii. K.Emax is independent of the intensity of incident radiation.

6. a. For electron and photon,

−34

momentum, p = h

λ
=
6.63×10

−9
= 6.63 × 10
−25
m
10

b. We know that, energy of photon is given by ,

−34 8
(6.63× 10 )×(3× 10 )
hc
E = = = 1243eV
λ −9 −19
10 ×(1.6× 10 )

2
2 −25
p (6.63 × 10 )
c. As, kinetic energy is given by , E = = = 1.52ev
−31 −19
2m 2 × 9 × 10 × 1.6 × 10

7. a. i. The threshold frequency (for a given photosensitive surface), is the minimum frequency of the incident radiation that can
cause photoemission (from that surface)
ii. Stopping Potential It is the (least) value of the (negative) potential difference between the cathode and the plate that stops
the most energetic photoelectrons (getting emitted in a given set up) from just reaching the plate.
b. The required graph is shown below

8. a) According to wave theory photoelectrons can be emitted using high intensity incident light of any frequency.Hence, there need
not be any threshold frequency for any given photosensitive surface.
b) Increase in intensity of light increases the number of incident photons. therefore, the photoelectric current increases.
9. Rest mass energy of an electron is
E = m0c2 = 9.1 × 10-31 × (3 × 108)2 J

= 81.9 × 10-15 J
∴ K.E. of proton = 1

2
mv2 = 81.9 × 10-15
or 1

2
× 1836 × 9.1 × 10-31 × v2 = 81.9 × 10-15
1/2
16 −1
2×81.9×10
or v = [ 1836×9.1
] ms

h
∴ de-Broglie wavelength, λ = mv

−34 1/2
6.63×10 1836×9.1
= × [ ]
−31 16
1836×9.1×10 2×81.9×10

=4× 10-14 m.
10. Here m0 = 9.1 × 10-31 kg,

ν= 0.5 c = 0.5 × 3 × 108 = 1.5 × 108 ms-1

Mass of electron in motion (relativistic mass) is
m0 m0 m0 m0
m = = = =
v2 2 √1−0.25 √0.75
(0.5c)
√1−
2 √1−
c 2
c

−34 −34
h 6.6× 10 × √0.75 6.6× 10 × √0.75
∴ λ = = =
mv m0 v −31 8
9.1× 10 ×1.5× 10

= 4.2 × 10-12 m.
11. When an electron revolves around the nucleus radiates electromagnetic energy and hence radius of orbit of electron decreases
gradually. Thus, electron will finally on spiral path of decreasing radius and at the end, it will fall into nucleus, but this does not
happen. Also, according to it we should obtain radiation of all possible wavelength but in actual practice atomic spectrum is a line
spectrum.Thus, Rutherford atomic model cannot account for stability of atom.
12. Let λ be the deBroglie wavelength associated with electron orbiting (with speed v) in the with nth orbit (of radius r) in hydrogen
atom.
∴ λ =
h

mv

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 Now, 2 π r = nλ = nh

mv

Or mvr = nh

mv

∴ L = mvr = nh

2π

13. Here r0 = 41.3 fm = 41.3 × 10-15m, Z = 79

2
1 2Z e
K = ⋅
4πε0 r0

9 −19 2
9× 10 ×2×79× (1.6× 10 )

= ]
−15
41.3×10

−13
−13 8.814×10
= 8.814 × 10 J = MeV = 5.51MeV
−13
1.6×10

14. i. The energy levels of a hydrogen atom are:

E1 = -13.6 eV, & E2 = -3.4 eV
E3 = -1.51 eV, & E4 = -0.85 eV

Also, h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js, c = 3 × 108 ms-1

Energy of a photon of wavelength 496 nm,
−34 8
hc 6.63× 10 ×3× 10
E = = eV ≃ 2.5eV
λ −9 −19
496× 10 ×1.6× 10

Now, E4 - E2 = -0.85 + 3.4 = 2.55 ≃ E

Hence, the transition from n = 4 to n = 2 level results in the emission of a photon of wavelength 496 nm.
ii. The transition n = 4 to n = 3 level corresponds to the emission of maximum wavelength because this transition gives out a
photon of minimum energy
15. a. according to Bohr's second postulate
nh
mvr =
2π
nh
v =
2πmr

So, if electron rotates in orbit of a hydrogen

Centripetal for a = electrostatic force of attraction
2
mv kze⋅e
=
r 2
r
2
kze
r =
2
mv
2
2 (2π)
kze 2 2
r = × m r
m 2
n2 h

[r ∝ n2]
2 2
n h
r =
2 2
4π kz e
−13.6
b. E = 2
ev
v

So, if n increases magnitude of energy decreases but due to -ve sign energy increase
at ∞ E = 0
16. v̄ = 1

λ
= R[
1

2
−
1

2
]
2 n
∘

For H line, n = 3 and λ = 6553 A, therefore,

α

1 1 1 5
= R[ − ] = R
−10 2 2 36
6553×10 2 3

10980000 m-1
10
36×10
∴ R= =
5×6553

17. We know that for Balmer series,

1 1 1
= R( − ) , n2 = 3, 4, 5...
λ 2 2
2 n
2

For shortest wavelength, the spectral series is given by n1 = 2 and n2 = ∞

1 1 1
⇒ = R( − )
λ 2 2
2 ∞

1 1 1 R 4
⇒ = R× ⇒ = ⇒ λ =
λ 4 λ 4 R
4 7 −1
λ = [∵ R = 1.097 × 10 m ]
7
1.097×10

−7
⇒ λ = 3.64 × 10 m

This wavelength lies in visible region.

18. i. a. An electron in an atom revolves in certain stable orbit without the emission of radiant energy.
b. The electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is integral multiple of h

2π

where h is the Planck’s constant.

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Page
 c. When an electron makes a transition from one of its specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy orbit a
photon is emitted having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states.
ii. Angular momentum = nh

2π

For n = 2
Angular momentum = 2h

2π
−34
6.63×10
=
π

= 2.1 × 10-34 kg m2 s-1

Hence, the required angular momentum will be 2.1 × 10-34 kg m2 s-1.
19. Here, ground state energy, E = -13.6 eV
2

Kinetic energy, E k =
4πε0
1
⋅
e

2r

and Potential energy, E p

= −
4πε0
1 e

r
[∵ Ep = −2Ek ]

Total energy, E = Ek + Ep
2 2
1 e 1 e
= ⋅ − ⋅
4πε0 2r 4πε0 r

2
1 1 e
E = − ( ⋅ )
2 4πε0 r

2
1 1 e
−13.6 = − ( ⋅ )
2 4πε0 r

2
1 e
∴ = 27.2
4πε0 r

2
1 e 27.2
∴ Ek = = eV = 13.6eV
4πε0 2r 2

2
1 e
Ep = − ⋅ = −27.2 eV
4πε0 r

13.6
20. Energy of an electron in the nth orbit of H-atom E n = −
2
eV
n

∴ E1 = -13.6 eV, E2 = -3.4 eV, E3 = -1.51 eV ....

Clearly, E2 - E1 = -3.4 - (-13.6) = 10.2 eV
Thus the energy state n = 2 has an excitation energy of 10.2 eV with respect to the ground state. Hence-the electron is making a
transition from state n = n1 to the state n = 2, where n1> 2.
21. Given: Mass of proton = 1.007825 amu
ass of neutron = 1.008665 amu
Mass of Fe = 55.934932 amu
Mass of 26 protons = 26 × 1.007825 amu = 26.20345
Number of neutrons = -56 - 26 - 30, Mass of neutron -30 × 1.008665 amu
= -30.25995
Total mass of 56 nucleaons = 56.4634
Mass defect of Fe = 55.934932 amu Mass of defect, Δm = 56.4634 - 55.934932 = 0.528468 amu
56
23

Total binding energy = Δm × 931.5 MeV

= 0.528468 × 931.5
= 492.267942 MeV
BE per nucleon = 492.267942

56
= 8.790 MeV
22. The binding energy per nucleon curve is shown below:

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 The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is the binding energy divided by the total number of nucleons. Larger the binding
energy per nucleon, the greater the work that must be done to remove the nucleon from the nucleus, the more stable the nucleus.
The binding energy in the range of 30 < A < 170 has average binding energy per nucleon = 8.5 MeV. So, the nucleus belongs to
this region is highly stable and does not show radioactivity. This higher stability is attributed to the fact the neutron-proton ration
in these elements which makes the nuclear force attractive enough to overcome the coulombian repulsive force of the positively
charged protons.
23. a. If a heavy nuclei of low BE

A
splits up into two fragments, then BE

A
of the product nuclei increases and becomes stable. So, E
→ C+D
If two nuclei of low BE

A
of the product nuclei increases and become stable. So, A + B → C
α

b. If atomic number decreases by 2 and mass number decreases by 4 an alpha particle is emitted out. So, A
Z
X →
A−4

Z−2
Y
−
B

If a β is emitted out, the atomic number increases by 1, while mass number remains unchanged. So,
− A−4

Z−2
Y −
−→
A−4

Z−1
W

nuclear mass
24. ρ =
nuclear volume
mA
=
3
1
4
π ( R0 A 3 )
3

−27
3m 3×1.67×10
ρ = =
3 −15 3
4πR 4×3.14(1.5× 10 )
0

17 3
= 1.18 × 10 kg/m

25. Q = [m(( H) + m( H) - m( H) - m( H)] × 931.5 MeV

1
1
3
1
2
1
2
1

= [1.007825 + 3.016049 - 2 × 2.014102] × 931.5 MeV

= -4.033395
-Ve Q value represents endothermic reaction.
26. The plot of (B.E. / nucleon) verses mass number is as shown.

i. During nuclear fission:

B.E
A heavy nucleus in the larger mass region (A > 200) breaks into two middle level nuclei, resulting in an increase in nucleon
.
This results in a release of energy.
ii. During nuclear fusion:
Lighter nuclei in the lower mass region (A < 20) fuse to form a nucleus having higher B.E

nucleon
. Hence, energy gets released.

27. The relation between radius and mass number of the nucleus is R =R0 A1/3
Where, R0 = 1.2 fmR = radius of nucleus and A = mass number
Nuclear density,
Mass of nucleus mA
ρ = =
Volume of nucleus 4
π ( R0 A
1/3
3
)
3

mA m
ρ = ⇒ ρ =
4 3 4 3
πR A πR
3 0 3 0

So as per above formula, density of nucleus does not depend on mass number of nucleus rather it is same for all the atoms and it is
roughly in the order of 1017 kg/m3 which is very large as compared to our everyday observed densities.

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Page
28.

Features of diagram
i. Binding energy per nucleon is practically independent of atomic number for nuclei of middle mass number (30 < A < 170)
ii. The curve has maximum of about 8.75 MeV for A= 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A = 238
iii. Binding energy per nucleon is lower for both light nuclei (A > 170)
Two lighter nuclei fuse together to form heavier nuclei as the binding energy per nucleon of fused heavier nuclei is more than the
binding energy per nucleon of the lighter nuclei. Thus the final system is more tightly bound than initial system in order to acheive
more stability.
29. Electron volt: It is defined as the energy gained by an electron when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt.
Atomic mass unit: It is defined as one-twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

The mass of a proton is 1.67 × 10-27 kg. Therefore, the energy equivalent of this mass is,
E = mc2 = 1.67 × 10-27 × (3 × 108)2
= 1.5 × 10-10 J

30. Nuclear Fission Nuclear fusion

A heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei with the Two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus with
release of energy. release of energy.
Example for Nuclear fusion
1 235 236 144 89 1
n + U→ U→ Ba + Kr + 3 n
0 92 92 56 36 0

Example for Nuclear fission

1 4 −
4 H→ He + 2v + 6γ + 26.7MeV + 2e
1 2

Section B
31. i. Einstein's photoelectric equation is given by,
hν = ϕ + eV
hν ϕ
V =
e
−
e
........(i)
ϕ
Eq. (1) represents a straight line given by line P and Q, e
represents negative intercept on the Y-axis. Since Q has greater
negative intercept, it will have greater ϕ (work function) and hence higher threshold frequency.
ii. To know work function of Q, we put V = 0 in (i),
hν ϕ
0 = − ⇒ ϕ = hν
e e

−34 14
∴ ϕ = 6.6 × 10 × 6 × 10 J
−20
6.6×6×10
= eV = 25eV
−19
1.6×10

32. a. For the cut-off or threshold frequency, the energy hν of the incident radiation must be equal to a work function ϕ . So that
0 0

ϕ0 2.14eV
ν0 = =
h −34
6.63× 10 Js
−19
2.14×1.6× 10 J 14
= = 5.16 × 10 Hz
−34
6.63× 10 Js

Thus, for frequencies less than this threshold frequency, no photoelectrons are ejected.
b. Photocurrent reduces to zero when the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons equals the potential energy eV0
by the retarding potential V0. Einstein's Photoelectric equation is
hc
eV0 = hν − ϕ0 = − ϕ0
λ

or, λ = hc/ (eV 0 + ϕ0 )

−34 8
(6.63× 10 Js)×(3× 10 m/s)
=
−19 −19
(0.60×1.6× 10 +2.14×1.6× 10 )

−26
19.89× 10 Jm
=
(2.74eV)

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 Thus the wavelength is given by:-
−26
19.89× 10 Jm
λ = = 454nm
−19
2.74×1.6× 10 J

33. λ =
p
h
,
√2qp mp V

λα = h

√2⋅2qp ⋅4mp V

λα

λp
= 1

2√2

h h
λα = p
,λ = α p
p α
pα

pp
= 1
,
2√2

–
pα = 2√2 pp

34. i. The three experimentally observed features in the phenomenon of photoelectric effect are -
a) Threshold frequency: The photoelectric effect will occur when the incident frequency is greater or equal to the threshold
frequency for a given metal i.e ν ≥ ν 0​.
b) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron: When the incident frequency is greater than the threshold frequency, the
maximum kinetic energy is proportional to ν − ν . 0

c) No time lag: When energy of incident photon is greater than the work function, the photoelectron is immediately ejected.
Thus, there is no time lag between the incidence of light and emission of photoelectron.
ii. We can not explain these by using wave theory of light because there are following reasons-
a) The instantaneous ejection of photoelectrons.
b) The existence of threshold frequency for a metal surface.
c) The kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of light and depends on its frequency.
35. The basic features of the photon picture of e.m. radiation are as follows:
i. Light is composed of discrete packets of energy called quanta or photons.
ii. Each photon carries an energy E (= hν ) and momentum p (= h / λ ), which depend on the frequency ν of the incident
radiation and not on its intensity.
iii. During the collision of a photon with an electron, the total energy of the photon gets absorbed by the electron.
iv. Photoelectric emission from the metal surface occurs due to the absorption of a photon by an electron.
36. Energy of the incident photon,
hc
E = hν =
λ
−34 8 −1
(6.63× 10 Js) (3× 10 m s )
⇒ E =
λ
−25
1.989×10
= J
λ

i. For violet light, λ = 390 nm (lower wavelength end)

1

Incident photon energy,

−25
1.989×10 −19
E1 = = 5.10 × 10 J
−9
390×10
−19
5.10×10
= = 3.19eV
−19
1.6×10

ii. For yellow-green light, λ 2 = 550nm (average wavelength)

Incident photon energy,
−25
1.989×10
E2 =
−9
550×10

−19
⇒ E2 = 3.62 × 10 J = 2.26 eV

iii. For red light, λ = 760 nm (higher wavelength end)

3

−25
1.989×10
Incident photon energy, E 3 =
−9
760×10
−19
E3 = 2.62 × 10 J = 1.64 eV

37. a.

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 b. I. EK = hv - ϕ 0

as v > v Y R

(EK)y > (EK)R

For a given photosensitive surface, K.E. of photo-electrons will be more for yellow light.
II. Since the number of photons incident on unit area per unit time for same intensity of two lights will be more in Red light
(NR > NY) hence more number of photoelectrons will be ejected for Red light.
hc
38. i. W 0 = hv0 =
λ0
−34 8
hc 6.6× 10 ×3× 10
∴ λ0 = =
W0 −19
2.0×1.6×10

o
= 6.1875 × 10-7 m = 6187.5 A
hc
ii. K max =
λ
− W0
−34 8
6.6× 10 ×3× 10
= − 2.0
−9 −19
500× 10 ×1.6× 10

= 2.475 - 2.0 = 0.475 eV.

Kmax
iii. V 0 =
e
= 0.475 V.
39. a. E = hv
−19
E 6.5×10
v= h
= −34
6.63×10

= 9.8 × Hz 1014
b. Energy of photon in eV
E = 6.5 × 10-19 J = 4.06 eV
∵ E > ∅ There will be photoelectric emission.
0

K.E of photoelectron Ek = E - ∅ 0

= 4.06 - 2.14
= 1.92 eV
40. a. λ = mv
h

−34

v= mλ
h
= 6.63×10

−31 −9
9.1× 10 ×0.30× 10

= 2.41 × 106 m/s

b. K.E. = 1

2
mv2
= 1

2
× 9.1 × 10-31 × (2.41 × 106)2 J
= 26.42 × 10-19 J
K.E. in eV
−19

= 26.42×10

19
= 16.5 eV
1.6×10

41. i. Only those orbits are stable for which the angular momentum, of revolving electron, is an integral multiple of h/2π. L = nh

2π

i.e., angular momentum of orbiting electron is quantized.

According to de-Broglie hypothesis
Linear momentum
h
p =
λ

And for a circular orbit, L = rnp where 'rn‘ is the radius of nth orbit
rn h
=
λ
nh
Also, L = 2π
rn h nh
∴ =
λ 2π

⇒ 2πrn = nλ

∴Circumference of permitted orbits are integral multiples of the wave-length λ

ii. E − E =
C ...(i) B
hc

λ1

EB − EA =
ℏc

λ2
...(ii)
EC − EA =
hc

λ3
...(iii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
hc hc
EC − EA =
λ1
+
λ2
...(iv)

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 Using equation (iii) and (iv)
hc hc hc
= +
λ3 λ1 λ2

1 1 1
⇒ = +
λ3 λ1 λ2

42.

Only a small fraction of the particles are scattered at θ > 90o as most of the space within the atom was empty and nucleus was at a
very small space, so there were only few particles which were able to come near to the nucleus. As there impact parameter was
reduced they undergoes more deflecting angle.

b1 < b2
So deflection is more for λ than λ 1 2

Limitation of Rutherford model of atom:

i. He concluded that the electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits I. If so, then electron must be accelerating around
the nucleus and that should cause the electron to radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves and loosing energy
which would in result must make electron fall in the nucleus. This was not explained by him.
ii. He mentioned electron revolves in any energy orbit around the nucleus. But later it was found that they form discrete atomic
spectra. He was not able to answer this too.
43. i. An atom has a number of stable orbits in which an electron can reside without the emission of radiant energy. Each orbit
corresponds, to a certain energy level. Bohr’s postulate, for stable orbits, states "The electron, in an atom, revolves around the
h
nucleus only in those orbits for which its angular h momentum is an integral multiple of (h = Planck's constant),''
2π
h
[Also accept mvr = n ⋅ 2π
(n = 1, 2, 3, .....) ........(1)
As per de-Broglie’s hypothesis, λ = h

p
=
h

mv
........(2)
For a stable orbit, we must have a circumference of the orbit = nλ (n = 1, 2, 3, ....)
∴ 2πr = nλ
nh
from 1 and 2 equation we get ; L= mvr = 2π

Thus de-Broglie showed that formation of stationary pattern for integral 'n' gives rise to the stability of the atom.
This is nothing but the Bohr's postulate.
−E0 E0
ii. Energy in the n = 4 level = 2
= −
16
4

Energy required to take the electron from the ground state, to the
E0
n = 4 level = (− 16
) − (− E0 )

−1+16
=
16
E0 =
15

16
E0 = 15

16
× 13.6 × 1.6 × 10
−19
J

Let the frequency of the photon be v, we have

15 −19
hν = × 13.6 × 1.6 × 10
16
−19

ν =
15×13.6×1.6×10

−34
Hz
16×6.63×10

= 3.1 × 1015 Hz (Also accept 3 × 1015 Hz)

44. For a transition from n = 3 to n = 1 state, the energy of the emitted photon,
hv = E2 - E1
1 1
= 13.6 [ − ] eV = 12.1eV
2 2
1 3

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 From Einstein's photoelectric equation,
hv = Kmax + W0
∴ W0 = hv - Kmax = 12.1 - 9 = 3.1 eV
hc
Threshold wavelength, λ 0 =
W0

−34 8
6.62× 10 ×3× 10 −7
= = 4 × 10 m
−19
3.1×1.6×10

45. Electrons can exhibit wavelike behavior by showing an interference pattern for electrons travelling through a regular atomic
pattern in a crystal.
The de Broglie's wavelength
h
λ = ...(i)
mV

For stationary orbit

2πr = nλ ...(ii)

Substituting the value of λ from (i) and (ii)

nh
2πr =
mV
nh
mV r =
2π

mVr = L (Orbital angular momentum)

nh
L=
2π

46. Total energy of the electron in hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV = –13.6 × 1.6 × 10–19 J = –2.2 × 10–18 J.
Thus from Eq., we have
2

−
e

8π ε0 r
=E
This gives the orbital radius
2 2
9 2 −19
(9× 10 Nm /C ) (1.6× 10 C)
2
e
r = − = −
8π ε0 E −18
(2)(−2.2× 10 J)

= 5.3 × 10–11 m
The velocity of the revolving electron can be computed from Eq. with m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg,
2
1 e

2
mv
2
=
2
thus velocity of electron is given by :-
4πϵ0 r

e 6
v = = 2.2 × 10 m/s
2
√4π ε0 m r

47. a. KE of proton = 4.1 Mev = 4.1 × 106 × 1.6 × 10-19 J

= 6.56 × 10-13 J
Mass of proton = 1.67 × 10-21 kg
1 2
KE = mv
2
−−−− −−−−−−−−−
−13
2KE 2×6.56×10
v = √ = √
m −27
1.67×10

= 2.8 × 107 J
b. For the distance of closest approach
KE of proton = PE of system
6.56 × 10-13 =
ke×82e

9 −19 2
9× 10 ×82× (1.6× 10 )
r =
−13
6.56×10

= 288 × 10-16
= 2.88 × 10-14 m
48. a. Now, v = c

n
α ,
2

where α = 2πKe

ch
= 0.0073
8
3×10 6
v1 = × 0.0073 = 2.19 × 10 m/s
1
8
3×10 6
v2 = × 0.0073 = 1.095 × 10 m/s
3
8
3×10 5
v3 = × 0.0073 = 7.3 × 10 m/s
3

b. Orbital period, T =
2πr

As r 1 = 0.53 × 10
−10
m

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 −10
2π×0.53×10 −16
T1 = = 1.52 × 10 s
6
2.19×10

As r2 = 4 r1 and υ 2 =
1

2
υ1

−16 −15
T2 = 8 T1 = 8 × 1.52 × 10 s = 1.216 × 10 s

As r3 = 9r1 and υ 3 =
1

3
υ1

−16 −15
∴ T3 = 27 T1 = 27 × 1.52 × 10 s = 4.1 × 10 s

49. The wavelengths of the spectral lines of hydrogen atom are given by the Rydberg formula,
1 1 1
= v̄ = R [ − ]
λ 2 2
n n
f i

o
o
1/R 970 A
or λ = 1 1
= [∵
R
1
= 970 A]
− ⎤
2 2 2 1
n n n −
f i f 2
n ⎦
f

For Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum in the ultraviolet region, nf = 1. Putting ni = 2, 3 ,..., ∞ ; we get different lines as follows:
o o o o
970 A 970 A 970 A 970 A
λ = , , ,…..
(3/4) (8/9) (15/16) 1

o o o o
= 1293.3 A, 1091A, 1034.6A, … … , 970A
For Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum in the visible region, nf = 2. Putting n = 3, 4, 5, ......... ∞ : we get different lines as
follows:
˙ ˙ ^ ^
970A 970A 970A 970A
λ = , , ,⋯,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
[ − ] [ − ] [ − ] [ − ]
32 22 42 22 52 22 ∞02 22

o o o o
970 A 970 A 970 A 970 A
= , , ,
5 3 21 1

36 16 100 4

o o o o
= 6984 A, 5173.3A, 4619A, … , 3880A
On comparing the wavelengths given in the question with the above-determined wavelengths, we find that the following
wavelengths cannot belong to the hydrogen atom spectrum:
o o o o
834 A, 1120A, 2504A, 6100A
h
50. i. Only those orbits are stable for which the angular momentum of revolving electron is an integral multiple of ( 2π
) where h is
the planck's constant.
According to Bohr's second postulate
mvrn = n ⇒ 2π rn =
2π
h nh

mv

But mv
h
= h

p
= λ (By de Broglie hypothesis)
∴ 2π rn = nλ
ii. For third excited state, n = 4
For ground state, n = 1
Hence possible transitions are
ni= 4 to nf = 3, 2, 1
ni = 3 to nf = 2, 1
ni = 2 to nf = 1

Total number of transitions = 6

EC - EB = ...(i) hc

λ1

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 EB - EA = hc

λ2
...(ii)
EC - EA = hc

λ3
...(iii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
hc hc
EC - EA = λ1
+ λ2
...(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we have
hc

λ3
= +
hc

λ1
⇒ =
hc

λ2
+
1

λ3
1

λ1
1

λ2

λ1 λ2
λ3 = λ1 + λ2

51. i.

For r > r0, the force is attractive

For r < r0, the force is repulsive
ii. We have, In nuclear reactions , mass no .is conserved Hence ,
1 + 235 =a + 94 + 2 × 1
∴ a = 2 3 6 - 9 6 = 140
In nuclear reactions , charge no. is conserved .so 0 + 92 = 54 + b + 2 × 0
∴ b = 92 - 54 = 38

52. Mass used in 30 days = 2 kg = 2000 g

Mass used up per second (m)
2000 1
= =
30×24×60×60 36×36

No. of atoms in 235 g of 235

92
U = 6.023 × 10
23

1
No. of atoms in 36×36
g of 235
92
U
23
6.023×10 18
= = 1.977 × 10
235×36×36

This is the number of nuclei undergoing fission per second. Now energy released per fission = l85 MeV
Total energy released per second
= 1.977 × 1018 × 185 MeV
= 1.977 × 1018 × 185 × 1.6 × 10-13 J = 5.85 × 107 J
Power output
= 5.85 × 107 Js-1 = 5.85 × 107W = 58.5 MW
53. i. The alpha decay of 238

92
U . The energy released in this process is given by:-
Q = (MU – MTh – MHe) c2

Q = (238.05079 – 234.04363 – 4.00260)u × c2

= (0.00456 u) c2
= (0.00456 u) (931.5 MeV/u)
= 4.25 MeV
ii. The kinetic energy of the α -particle
A−4 238−4
Eα ≈ ( )Q = × 4.25MeV
A 238

= 4.18 MeV

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 iii. If U spontaneously emits a proton, the decay process would be
238
92
238
92
U →
237
91
Pa + 1
1
H

The Q for this process to happen is

= (MU – MPa – MH) c2

= (238.05079 – 237.05121 – 1.00783) u × c2

= (– 0.00825 u) c2
= – (0.00825 u)(931.5 MeV/u)
= – 7.68 MeV
Thus, the Q of the process is negative and therefore it cannot proceed spontaneously. We will have to supply an energy of 7.68
MeV to a U nucleus to make it emit a proton.
238
92

54.

Explanation for fusion

On the ascending part of the curve B.E./A increases with mass number (A). So, B.E. of the resultant will be greater than that of
the nuclei which are fused together. Hence the fusion of the nuclei on the ascending part, results in an increase in binding energy
i.e. a more stable nucleus is obtained on fusing two nuclei.
Explanation for fission
On the descending part of the curve, the B.E. of the heavier nuclei is lower . Hence the fission of the heavier nuclei, on the
descending part, will again cause an increase in B.E. and, therefore, more stable nucleus.
55. Radius of nucleus is determined by Rutherford α−particle scattering experiment by using the concept of distance of closest
approach.
The relation between radius and mass number of the nucleus is R = R0 A1/3

where, R0 = 1.1× 10-15 is the range of nuclear force, R = radius of nucleus and A = mass number
The expression for radius of nucleus can be used to compute the density of the nucleus. Let us find the density of the nucleus of an
atom, whose mass number is A.
Mass of nucleus
Now, Density of the nucleus, ρ = =
mA

Volume of nucleus 4
π ( R0 A
1/3
3
)
3

mA m
ρ = ⇒ ρ =
4 3 4 3
πR A πR
3 0 3 0

So as per above formula, density of nucleus does not depend on mass number of nucleus rather it is same for all the atoms and it is
roughly in the order of 1017 kg/m3 which is very large as compared to our everyday observed densities.
56. The neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. He was awarded the 1935 Nobel prize for physics for this discovery.

In 1932, Chadwick performed an experiment in which α -particles from a radioactive Polonium source were used to bombard
beryllium nuclei. Highly penetrating rays were found to come out of the beryllium metal, which could not be deflected by electric
and magnetic fields. These radiations were used to bombard hydrocarbons like paraffin wax. High energy protons were knocked
out from the paraffin wax. The energy of the ejected protons was found to be too high to be accounted for y-ray photons By using
the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, Chadwick concluded that the penetrating radiation consisted of neutral

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 particles, each having a mass nearly that of a proton. These particles were called neutrons.
A free or isolated neutron is unstable because A free neutron spontaneously decays into a proton, electron and antineutron.
57. Nuclear fission is a process of splitting of a heavier nucleus into two lighter nuclei. It generally occurs in elements of high atomic
mass.
Nuclear fusion is a process of a combination of two light nuclei to form heavier nuclei. It generally occurs in elements of low
atomic mass. This process releases a tremendous amount of energy because some mass is converted into energy.
In both processes, the total mass of the products is slightly less than the mass of the original nuclei. This difference in mass is
converted to energy.
In the given problem, mass defect is
Δm = 2.014102 + 3.016049 - 4.002603 - 1.008665

Δm = 0.018883 u

Energy released, ΔE = Δmc2

ΔE = 0.018883 × 931.5 = 17.589 MeV

58. i. The nuclear force binds nucleons into atomic nuclei. Characteristics properties of nuclear force are:
a. Nuclear forces act between a pair of neutrons, a pair of protons and also between a neutron-proton pair, with the same
strength. This shows that nuclear forces are independent of charge.
b. The nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular momentum of nuclei.
c. Nuclear forces are non-central forces. This shows that the distribution of nucleons in a nucleus is not spherically
symmetric.
ii. A plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation is shown below:

From the plot, it is concluded that

i. The potential energy is minimum at a distance r 0 (≈ 0.8f m) which means that the force is attractive for distances larger
than 0.8 fm and repulsive for the distance less than 0.8 fm between the nucleons
ii. Nuclear forces are negligible when the distances between the nucleons is more than 10 fm.

59. a. Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

It is the process of disintegration of a heavy nuclei into smaller It is the process of combining two lighter nuclei to
daughter nuclei of comparable masses with a release of huge amount of form a heavy nuclei with the release of huge
energy. energy.

It can be possible in nuclear reactors. It can be possible on the surface of sun.

Example 235
92
U →
142
56
Ba +
91
36
1
kr + 3 n
0
+ heat Example 2
1
H +
2
1
H →
3
2
He +
1
0
n + heat

It is a controllable process. It is uncontrollable process.

b. 2
1
H +
2
1
H →
3
2
He +
1
0
n + 3.27 M ev
when 2 atoms of deuterium ( 2
1
H) combine energy released = 3.27 M ev
= 3.27 × 106 × 1.6 × 10-19J
= 5.232 × 10-15J
So, No. of atoms in 2g of deuterium = 6.022 × 1023 atoms
23

No. of atoms in 100g of deuterium = 6.022× 10

2
×100

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 = 3.011 × 1025 atoms
So total energy released by fusion of 100g of deuterium
= 3.011 × 1025 × 5.232 × 10-15 J
= 15.75 × 1010 J
Power of bulb = 500 W
Energy consumed by bulb in 1 second = 500 × 1
500 J
10
15.75×10
So, time required to consume released energy = 500

= 0.0315 × 1010 sec

= 9.989 years
60. i. Mass defect (ΔM), of any nucleus A
Z
X is the difference in the mass of the nucleus (= M) and the sum of masses of its
constituent nucleons (= M').
ΔM = M' - M

= [Zmp + (A - Z)mn] - M
where mp and mn denote the mass of the proton and the neutron respectively.
ii. Binding energy is the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent nucleons. Or Nuclear binding energy is the
minimum energy that would be required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts. These component
parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons. The relation between the two is
B.E. = ΔMc2
iii. There is a release of energy, i.e., the reaction is exothermic.
Reason: Increase in B.E/nucleon implies that mass has been converted into energy. This would result in the release of energy.

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