02 jk mdvu

ikaksfõokfha moku
2'1' ikaksfõokh y÷kd.ekSu

ikaksfõokh hkafkys ir,u w¾:h jkafka f;dr;=re yqjudrej hkakhs' ñksid fukau
i;=ka o ikaksfõokfha fhfok kuq;a fuu wOHhkh ;=< wjOdkh fhduq lrkqfha udkj
ikaksfõokh flfrysh' udkj ikaksfõokh ñksia iudcfha iïNjh ;rïu mer‚h' È.=ld,Skj
isÿ jQ úldYkfha m%;sM,hla f,i j;auka ikakf
s õok iajNdjh wmg Wreuj we;' ikaksfõokh
udkjhdf.a ffoksl Ôú;h yd ne£ mj;S' ñksfil= f,i wm úiska isÿlrk is;u
S " iam¾Yh"
wd>%dKh" oelSu" l;dlsÍu" lshùu" ,sùu" úfkdao ùu wd§ jQ iEu ld¾hhlau ikaksfõokh iuÕ
Rcqj fyda jl%j iïnkaO fõ' ikaksfõokh hk jpkfhys —w¾:h oek.;a foa oek.ekSug
ie,eiaùu˜ hkakhs' ikaksfõokh hkakg bx.%Sis NdIdfõ wkqrEm moh jkafka C o m m u n ic a tio n
hkakhs' fuu moh ,;ska ydIdfõ —fmdÿ njg m;alsÍu˜ hk wre; we;s C o m m u n is hk mofhka

ì|S wdjls' isxy,fha ikaksfõokh hk moh ilia ù we;af;a ika ¬ ks ¬ úoa ¬ √fõokh hk

f,isks' tys w¾:h jkafka —w¾:h uekúka oek .ekSu˜ hkakhs'

ix - ukdj

ks - ixfhdackh

úoa - oek.ekSï

fõokh - iïfm%aIKh

fï wkqj" ikaksfõokh hk mofhys iuia; w¾:h f,i —oek.;a foa" oel .;a foa"
ú|.;a foa" w;aÿgq foa" ;j flfkl=g oek.ekSug ie,eiaùu˜ f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'

fou< niska ikaksfõokh y÷kajkafka —f;dv¾mdv,a˜ f,isks' tys uq,a uQ,sl woyia jkqfha
—in|;d meje;aùfï l%shdj,sh˜ hkakhs'

uq,a hqq,a hq.fha§ f;dr;=re yqjudrej i|yd mxfÉkaøsh fhdod .kq ,eìK' NdIdjla
fkdue;s j isá hq.fha mgka ikaksfõokh i|yd wx. p,k" bÕs" ixfla; wdÈ Wml%u udkjhd úiska
Ndú; lr we;' tys§ u;=jQ úúO .eg¨ iy m%dKj;a njla fkdue;s ùu;a" meyeÈ,sj woyia
yqjudre lr .ekSfï wmyiqj;a ksid NdIdjl wjYH;dj jeä jYfhka oefkkakg úh' ñksid úiska
NdIdjla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu udkj ikaksfõokfha ft;sydisl mßKduh ;=< ñksid ;enQ È.=
mshjrla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' tA iuÕ jvd ixlS¾K woyia yd ixl,am ms<sn| oekqu mq¿,a lr
.ekSug;a tu oekqu M,odhsj yqjudre lr .ekSug;a yelshdj Wodúh'

NdIdj l:d lsÍfuka fkdkej;S f,aLkh wdrïN lsÍu;a iuÕ f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;nd
.ekSug;a" f;dr;=re l,a ;nd .ekSug yd kej; mßyrKhg;a wjia:dj Wodúh' ;jÿrg;a
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha j¾Okh iuÕ ÿrl:kh" .=jkaúÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" wka;¾cd,h" pkaøsld

1 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

;dlaIKh weiqfrys jvd fõ.j;aj iy tljr úYd, msßila fj; f;dr;=re fnod yeÍug wjldY
,eìK'

fuf,i f.dvke.=Kq ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh mqoa., yd iudc iïnkaO;djkaf.a mokuhs'

hï fya;=jla u; ikaksfõokh ì| jegqKfyd;a tA yd ne÷Kq iuia; moaO;shu jHdl+, fõ' tksid
ikaksfõokfha moku b;du;a Yla;su;a úh hq;=h' Yla;su;a ikaksfõok mokula f.dvkÕd.ekSu
i|yd tys uQ,sl iajNdjh y÷kd.; hq;=h's

ñksiqka w;r woyia" yeÕSï yd f;dr;=re yqjudrelr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh ikaksfõokh

f,i ir,j w¾: olajhs' f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu hk wjYH;djfhka Tíng .sh
ikaksfõokh udkj in|;d mj;ajdf.k hdug" is;=ï me;=ï" woyia" wdl,am fjkia lsÍug"
ixialD;sh m%j¾Okh lsÍug fukau iudc ixj¾Okh Wfoid o fhdod .kakd WmlrKhla njg
m;aj we;'

udkj wjYH;d u; isÿ isÿ lrkakd jQ ikaksfõokh iajNdúl l%shdj,shls' wjia:dfjka

wjia:djgjg fhda.H f,i fjkia fjñka wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk wjia:dkql+, l%shdj,shls'
tfukau mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg ikaksfõokh lrk wdldrh o fjkiah' fï ksid ikaksfõok
rgdj mqoa.,noaO hehs lshhs' mqoa.,hka is;k m;k wdldrh fjkia lsÍug fukau iuia;
iudchl yeisÍu yd u;jdohka fjkia lsÍug o ikaksfõokh fhdod .efka'

ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh" wjYH;djfha iajNdjh yd iajrEmh u; ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï

Ndú;hg .; yels jk w;r ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ;=< jvd jeo.;a jkafka tys .=Kd;aulNdjh
wdrlaId lr .ekSuhs' ikaksfõolhd fukau .%dylhd o ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ;=< w;HjYH md¾Yaj
fõ' ikaksfõokh .,d hk w;r;=r u;=úh yels ;dlaI‚l .eg¨" mdßißl ;;ajhka yd NdId
.eg¿ uq,a lr .ksñka ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg ndOl we;súh yelsh' fuksid ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh
wid¾:l ùug o bv we;'

iudc - ixialD;sl - foaYmd,ksl yd kS;suh ;;a;ajhka u; ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh hï

hï md,khkag ,laúh yelsh' is;du;d ixfoaY úlD;s lsÍug fukau úúO fya;= u; ixfoaY fjkia
ùug ,lajk wjia:do fõ' ;j;a wfhl=f.a fyda iuia; iudcfha wNsjDoaêh ms<n
s | ie,ls,u
s ;a
fjñka ikaksfõokh md,kh lrk wjia:d o oelsh yelsh'

fuu ;;ajhka u; ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh iudch ;=< mj;ajd f.k hk w;r f;dr;=re
iïmdokh" wOHdmkh" úfkdaodiajdoh yd fm<Uùu wd§ uQ,l
s ikaksfõok ld¾hhka mokï
lr.ksñka ñksia wjYH;d bgq lrñka w;S;fha isg wo olajdu ikaksfõokh iudch ;=< wLKavj
mj;S' tod isg wo olajd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ;=< fndfyda fjkialï isÿ ù we;s w;r tA Tiafia
ÈhqKq jQ ikaksfõokh m%dfoaYSh - cd;sl yd f.da,Sh iSud blaujd hñka pkaøsld ;dlaIKh"
wNHjldY uOHia:dk yd wNHjldY hdkd iuÕ isÿlrk úYaj ikaks ikaksfõokhla olajd jHdma;
ù we;'

2 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

2'1' ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh

mqoa.,hd yd iudc iïnkaO;djkays moku ikaks ikaksfõokhhs' tys iajNdjh y÷kd

.ekSu i|yd ikaksfõokhg wod< uQ,sl .;s ,laIK y÷kd .; hq;=h' ikaksfõokhg wdfõKsl
.=Kdx. ke;fyd;a fmdÿ .;s ,laIK rdYshls' tA w;ßka uQ,sl jk ,laIK lsysmhla flfrys
fuys§ wjOdkh wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

1. ikaksfõokh wruqKq iy.;h'

2. ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aulh'
3. ikaksfõokh ikao¾Ndkq.;h'
4. ikaksfõokh l%shdmámdáhls'
5. ikaksfõokh tAl ud¾.sl fukau oaúud¾.sl jQjls'
6. ikaksfõokh n,h fõ'
7. ikaksfõokh úúOdldr fõ'

1' ikaksfõokh wruqKq iy.;h'

ikaksfõokfha fhfokqfha hï wruqKla" wfmalaIdjla bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i h' f;dr;=rla

,nd .ekSu fyda ,nd §u fndfyda úg ikaksfõokfha wruqKq fõ' úfkdaohla úkaokhla ,nd .ekSu"
l=;=y,h iukh lr.ekSu fukau wOHdmkh ,eîu fyda iudc in|;d f.dvke.Su wd§ úúO
wruqKq ikaksfõokh ;=< ;sìh yelsh' wruqK ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd fok ikaksfõok ikaksfõol
md¾Yajh fukau f;dr;=r ,nd .kakd .%dyl md¾Yajh o wruqK ms<n
s |j ukdj oek isáh hq;=h'
th ikakf
s õokhfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd bjy,a fõ' kuq;a wfmalI
a s; wruqK ms<sn|j ksjerÈ yd
meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla fkdue;sùu ikaksfõokh wid¾:l ùug fukau .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhka Woa.;
ùug o fya;= fõ' hï fyhlska ikaksfõolhdf.a yd .%dylhdf.a wruqKq w;r hï mriamr;djla
mj;S kï th o ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mEï we;s lrhs'

Wod -

 mka;s ldur b.ekaùuloS .=rejrhd fukau isik

q a o wOHdmksl wruqKq u; msysghs kï
ikaksfõokh id¾:l jk w;r isiqkaf.a wruqKq bka neyer fõ kï ikaks ikaksfõokh
wid¾:l fjhs'
 rEmjdyskh
s keröfï § fm%alaIlhdf.a wruqK jkafka úfkdaodiajdohhs'

3 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 2' ikaksfõokh ixfla;d;aulhs'

ikaksfõokh ;=< we;af;a ixfla;uh l%shdldß;ajhls' ikaksfõokh ;=<k

s a yqjudre jk
ikafoaYhla ixfla; moaO;shlska iukaú; f.dvkef.a'

Wod - mqoa.,hka fofofkl= w;r jpk fhdod.ksñka ikaksfõokhla isÿ ùu

by; ksoiqkg wkqj Ndú; ixfla; jkafka NdIdfõ jpkhs' tmuKla fkdj wl=re" Yío"
ix{d" i,l=Kq" uqød" is;shï" is;=jï wd§ foa o ixfla; f,i oelaúh yelsh' ixlS¾K jQ f;dr;=re
woyia yeÕSï myiqfjka yqjudre lr .ekSug yelshdj ,eî we;af;a ixfla; mdol lr.;a
ikaksfõok .kqfokqj ;=<k
s s'

Wod - mqoa.,hl=f.a isf;a we;sjk wdorh ffjrh fldamh jeks ixlS¾K yeÕSï jpk njg m;afldg
mejiSu

 wdmq ;ryg .fÕa ud¿ wefÕa kgkjd jf.a oeka oekqkd

 hflla lkak ;rïg nv.sks
 ;E.a. ,enqku ug bfya u,la msmqKd jf.a

fï wd§ fhÿï ixlS¾K yeÕSï ixfla; weiqßka bÈßm;a lsÍï i|yd ksoiqka fõ'

ixfla; mokï lr.;a ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh jvd M,odhS yd id¾:l ùug kï

ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd hk fomd¾Yjhu fyd¢ka okakd fmdÿ ixfla; moaO;shla Ndú; l<
hq;=h' ikaksfõolhd muKla okakd ixfla; Ndú; lsÍu ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wid¾:l ùug
fya;=jls' tu ksid yels iEu úgu .%dylhdg f;areï .; yels ixfla; moaO;shla Ndú; lsÍu
w;sYh jeo.;a fõ'

Wod -

 .%dylhd isxy, NdIdj muKla okafka kï Bg wod, ixfla; muKla ikaksfõokhh fhdod
.; hq;=h'
 ikaksfõolhdg .%dylhd g fmdÿ NdIdjla fkdue;s úg wx.p,k wdÈh ixfla; f,i fhdod
.; yelsh'

ixfla; Ndú;fha§ fhda.H yd ksjerÈ ixfla; f;dard .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfukau
ixfla; f;dard.ekSu m%fõYfuka l< hq;= ld¾hhls' jerÈ ixfla; Ndú;h jerÈ woyia yd w¾:hka
kexùug fya;=jk w;r tu.ska ikaksfõokh jHdl+, ù wruqK bgqlr .ekSug fkdyelsj
ikaksfõokh wid¾:l úh yelsh' wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§ï" úrdu ,laIK" fukau jHdlrK Í;s
ms<sn|j NdId;aul ixfla; Ndú;fha§ ie,ls,u
s ;a úh hq;=h'

4 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 3' ikaksfõokh ikao¾Ndkq.;h

ikao¾Nh hkafkka woyia jkafka ikaksfõokh ikaksfõokh isÿjk mßirh ke;fyd;a

jgmsgdjhs' ´kEu ikaksfõokhla isÿ jkafka hï ikao¾Nhla ;=<h' ´kEu wdldrhlg
ikaksfõokhla th isÿ jk ikao¾Nh fyj;a mßirh iuÕ Rcq iïnkaO;djla mj;S' tlS
ikao¾Nhg fhda.H jk whqßka ikaksfõokh ld¾hh ilia l< hq;=h'

Wod - wjux., wjia:djl isÿjk ikaksfõokh iy ux., wjia:djl isÿjk ikaksfõokh tu

wjia:djkag wdfõ‚l iajNdjhla .kS'

wod, ikao¾Nhg fkd.e<fmk f,i ikaksfõokh isÿ fõ kï .eg¿ we;sùug mjd th

fya;= úh yelsh' tksid iEuúgu ixfoaYh iy ikakf
s õok l%shdj,sh ikao¾Nhg .e,fmk f,i
ilia úh hq;=h'

ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO jk mßirh muKla fkdj" ikaksfõokh iu.

iïnkaO jk ´kEu ;;a;ajhla ikao¾Nh hk ixl,amh hg;g .; yelsh' th mqoa.,hka" ia:dk"
jD;a;Ska" ixialD;Ska wd§ ´kEu ;;a;ajhla úh yelsh' th b;d mq¿,a jQ ixl,amhla f,i
ye¢kaúh yels w;r ikao¾Nh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu ikaksfõokfha id¾:l;ajhg
w;HjYH fõ'

4' ikaksfõokh l%shd mámdáhls

ikaksfõokh yqol,dj isÿjk l%shdjla fkdfõ' tfukau ia:djrj mj;skk

a ;a o fkdfõ'
idOl .Kkdjla tlsfkl yd iïnkaO fjñka isÿjk l%shdj,shla f,i th y÷kd.; yelsh'
´kEu ikaks ikaksfõok wjia:djla mshjr lsysmhlska hq;a l%shdj,shla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh'
ikaksfõolhdf.a isf;ys kef.k is;=ú,a,lska werfUk ikaksfõokh È.= mshjr .Kkdjla miq
lrñka wjidkfha ixfoaYh .%dylhd fj; ,nd §u isÿfjhs'

Wod -

 ,sÅ; ikaksfõok wjia:djl§ ,shk foa is;Su" ie,iqï lsÍu" ,sùu" ixialrKh" kej; ,sùu
wd§ mshjr .Kkdjla miq lsÍfuka wjika f,aLkh bÈßm;a lsÍu
 Y%jH - oDYH ikakf
s õok wjia:djl§"
o ikaksfõolhd ixfoaYh ms<sn| uQ,sl is;=ú,s f.dvke.Su
o ixfoaYh ie,iqï lsÍu
o msgm;a iïmdokh
o msgm; ixialrKh
o wjYH Ys,amSka iu. idlÉPd lsÍu
o má.; lsÍu
o ixialrKh
o ksudj - wjika ikafoaYh

5 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 mshjr .Kkdjla miq lrñka wjidk ixfoaYh fj; <Õd jk fuu ;;ajh ´kEu
ikaksfõok wjia:djl oelsh yelsh' tfukau" iEu ikaksfõok wjia:djlu Bg wkqrEm jQ
l%shdj,shla mj;S' ikaksfõokh ia:djr fkdùu ksid tys iajNdjh ksrka;rfhka fjkia ùï j,g
Ndckh fõ' fï ksid ikaksfõokh l%shdmámdáh o fjkiaùï iuÕ ne£ mj;sk w;r
ikaksfõokfha mshjr fjkia ùu flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ'

5' ikaksfõokh tAl ud¾.sl fukau oaù ud¾.sl fõ'

ikaksfõokh ;=< isÿjkafka f;dr;=re yqjudrej ke;fyd;a f;dr;=re .kqfokqjls' tkï

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSula yd ,nd§ula hk ld¾hhka folu tys§ isÿ fõ' f;dr;=re .kqfokqjg
iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj folu tkï" ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd hk fomd¾Yajhu ikaksfõok
l%shdj,shg il%Shj odhl ùfuka ikaksfõokfha by< m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsh'

ikaksfõok wjia:d nyq;rhla oaú ud¾.sl ikaksfõok wjia:d fmkakqï lrhs' tkï tla
md¾Yajhla f;dr;=re ,nd fok w;r wfkla md¾Yjh f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu yd ,nd.;a
f;dr;=re u; mokïj f;dr;=re ,ndÿka md¾Yajh fj; fmr<d ;ukaf.af.a woyia mejiSula
isÿlrhs' .%dyl md¾Yjh fj;ska ikaksfõol md¾Yjh fj; f;dr;=re .,dhdu m%;sfmdaIK
l%shdj,sh f,i o y÷kajhs' m%;sfmdaIKh ,nd§u;a iuÕ ikaksfõokh oaúud¾.sl njg m;a fõ'

tfy;a tfy;a we;eï wjia:djkays§ fuhska fjkia jQ tAl ud¾.sl ikaksfõokhka isÿjk
wjia:do fõ' fndfyda úg ck ikaksfõokh ;=< isÿjk ikaksfõokh tAl ud¾.sl iajNdjhla oelsh
yelsh' tkï ikaksfõolhdf.a isg .%dylhd olajd ixfoaYh .,d hk kuq;a ikaksfõolhd fj;
m%;sfmdaIK .,dhdula isÿ fkdfõ'

iudch ;=< ffokslj isÿjk ikaksfõok wjia:djkays § by; lS fohdldrfhau

ikaksfõokh wjia:djka oelsh yelsh'

6' ikaksfõokh úúOdldr fõ'

lsiÿ
s úfgl tlu wdldrfhka ikaksfõokh isÿ fkdfõ' ikaksfõok j¾." iajrEm"
Ndú; ;dlaIKh wd§ úúO idOl ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq l< l,ays o ikaksfõokfha we;s
úúOdldr jQ iajNdjh y÷kd .; yelsh' fï ish¨ ikakf
s õok j¾. yd iajrEm ikao¾Nfha
úúO;ajh u; kej;;a úúOdldr fõ'

Wod -

 ikaksfõok j¾.h wkqj ikaksfõokh úúO fõ'

o u.f;dfܧ kd÷kk mqoa.,hka fofokl= w;r isÿjk l;dny iy ñ;rka fofofkl=
w;r isÿjk l;dny úúO;ajfhka hqla;h'
o ñ;=rka fofofkl= w;r yuqjla iy ffjoHjrfhl= yd frda.shl= yuq jQ úg

6 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 o mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokhg jvd iuQy ikaksfõokh úúOdldr fõ
o WoEik mdi,a /iaùu iy md¾,sfïka;= /iaùu
 ikaksfõok iajrEmh wkqj o ikaksfõokh úúO fõ'
o jdÑl ikaksfõok wjia:djg jvd ,sÅ; yd wjdÑl ikaksfõokh fjkia fjhs'
 fï yd iudkju ikaksfõok ikao¾Nh wkqj o ikaksfõokh fjkia fõ' fï i|yd
wjia:dj" mßirh" ixialD;sh yd iyNd.S jk mqoa.,hd wd§ idOl u; fya;= fõ'
o ux., wjia:djl yd wjux., wjia:djl isÿ lrk l:d
o úúO foaYmd,k l:d iy m,a,sfha mQcl;=ud f.a foaYKh
 ;dlaIKh uqiq ùu o ikaksfõokfha úúO;ajhg fya;= ù we;' ikaksfõok úêl%u yd
fuj,ï ;dlaIKh iu. m%n, f,i fjkia ù we;' fï iu. ikaksfõokh úúOdldr ù
we;'
o idudkH ÿrl:khla u.ska fmr isÿl< ikaksfõokhg jvd j¾;udkfha iaud¾Ü
cx.u ÿrl:kh Tiafia isÿlrk ikaksfõokh úúOh'
o idudkH ;emE,g jvd úoHq;a ;emE, fjkia fõ'

7' ikaksfõokh n,h fõ'

—oekqu n,h fõ˜ hkak m%lg lshukls' oekqu hkq f;dr;=rls' oekqï W;amdokhg
f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh uQ,sl fõ' tkï" ñksid oekqu /ia lrkafka ;ud úiska u úúO wdldrfhka
,nd .kakd f;dr;=re mokï lr.ksñks' tA wkqj oekqu f.dvkefÕkafka f;dr;=re u; mokïj h'
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd ikaksfõokh mokï fõ' tneúka oekqu f.dvkef.k n,fha moku
jkafka ikaksfõokh hs' fï ksid ikaksfõokh n,h jk nj lsj yelsh'

wfkla w;g n,h yd kdhl;ajh w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh in|;djls' iuQyhl

kdhlhd ish kdhl;ajh /l .kqfha ikaksfõokh Wmfhda.s lr.ksñks' t;=<ska ish iuQyfha
idudðlhka iuÕ in|;d f.dvkÕd.ksñka yd iyfhda.h ,nd.ksñka n,h ;yjqre lr.kS'
kdhlhdg ish lKavdhfï iyfhda.h wysñ jQ Èk kdhl;ajh o ysñfõ' tksid kdhl;ajh /l
.ekSu i|yd ikaksfõokh ;=<k
s a n,h f.dvkÕd .ekSu w;HjYH lreKla f,i y÷kd.; yelsh'
fï ksid kdhl;ajh ,eîug fukau /l .ekSug o" fiiq whf.a mlaImd;S;ajh ,nd ,nd .ekSug o
ikaksfõokh wjYH fõ' wka whf.a tlaÕ;dj wkque;sh yd leue;a; Èkd .ekSu i|yd o
ikaksfõokh wjYHfjhs' fï ish,a, i|yd kdhlhd fyd| ikaksfõolfhla úh hq;=h'
ikaksfõokh n,h jkafka tfyhsk's

tfukau wdOHd;añl" wd.ñl" foaYmd,k" jd‚c wd§ lafIa;%hkays o fuu ;;a;ajh oelsh
yelsh' ish¨ wdldrfha ikaksfõok j¾. n,h W;amdokhg wjYH miqìu ieliSug Woõ fjhs'
fï ksid ikaksfõokh n,h fõ hehs lsj yelsh'

7 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

2'3' ikaksfõok uQ,sldx.

ikaksfõokh l%shd;aul jkafka w;HjYH wx. lsysmhla tla ùfuks' tu wx.

ikaksfõokh mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH jkakd fiau ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha iajNdjh wjfndaO lr
.ekSu i|yd o w;HjYHh' tfukau" jvd;a id¾:lj ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd
o uQ,sldx. ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeo.;a fõ'
m%Odk;u ikaksfõok uQ,sldx. lsysmhla fuf,i oelaúh yelsh'
1. ikaksfõolhd
2. wdfla;lrKh
3. ixfoaYh
4. kd,sldj
5. .%dylhd
6. úfla;lrKh
7. m%;sfmdaIKh
8. f>daId
9. w;aoelSï miq;,h
10. ikao¾Nh
11. n,mEu

fulS tla tla ikaksfõok uQ,sldx.h fjka fjkaj úuid ne,Su ikaksfõok wOHhkfha§
w;HjYHh' ukao" ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh ksjerÈj jgyd .ekSug uQ,sldx.
Ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOh w;HjYH jk neúks'

1' ikaksfõolhd
;j;a md¾Yajhla iuÕ f;dr;=re" woyia" u;" wdl,am wdÈh yqjudre lr .kakd
;eke;a;d ikaksfõolhd hs' ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha wdrïNlhd f,i o ye|skú
a h yels h'
ikaksfõolhd wjia:dkql+, j mqoa.,fhl=" lKavdhula" ixúOdkhla fyda wdh;khla jqj o úh
yels h'
Wod -
 mka;sldur b.ekaùï wjia:djl oS .=rejrhd ikakfs õolhd fõ'

m%jD;a;s idlÉPdjl oS thg iïnkaO jk lKavdhu fyda we;eïúfgl wod<
wdh;kh ikaksfõolhd f,i fmkS isáhs'

ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= uÜgul md,khla lsÍfï yelshdj

ikaksfõolhd i;= fõ' ixfoaYh ks¾udKh lsrSu" wruqKq ;SrKh lsrSu" udOH f;dard .ekSu" .%dyl
lKavdhu f;dard .ekSu wdoS idOl md,kh lsrSug ikaksfõolhdg yelshdj we;' tfukau"
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdfï úi,a j.lSula o ikaksfõolhd i;= fõ' ikaksfõokfha
wruqKq idlaId;a lr .; yels whqßka M,odhSj ikaksfõokfha fh§ug ikaksfõolhd j.n,d .;

8 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

hq;=h' tfukau" .%dyl wjOdkh Èkd.ksñka" Èkd.;a wjOdkh r|jd .ksñka ikaksfõok
l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu ikaksfõolhd i;= ld¾hh ls' ;jo" .%dyl m%;sfmdaIK flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lr .ekSfï j.lSu o ikaksfõolhd i;=h'

2' wdfla;lrKh
wm ikaksfõokh lrkqfha ixfla; weiqrsks' NdIdfõ jpk" úúO ix{d" j¾K" Oc wdosh
ixfla; f,i Ndú; l< yelsh' mKsúvhla ke;fyd;a woyila uq,skau yg .kafka wmf.a isf;ys
h' tf,i wmf.a isf;a we;s jk woyia" yeÕSï ;j wfhl= yd ikaksfõokh lsÍu i|yd ixfla;
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ikafoaY njg mßj¾;kh l< hq;= h' tysoS woyia ixfla; njg m;a flf¾'
woyia ixfla; njg mrsj¾;kh lsrSfï l%shdj,sh wdfla;lrKh f,i yÿkajhs' fuh iEu
ikaksfõok l%shdj,shl oSu isÿ fõ' fuu l%shdj,sfhys fhfokqfha ikaksfõolhd úisks'
ikaksfõolhd wdfla;lrh f,i o yÿkajhs'
Wod -
 mqoa.,fhl= isf;ys yg.kakd is;=ú,s jpk njg fmr<d m%ldY lsÍu
 .=jkaúÿ,s jevigykla ix{d njg mßj¾;kh fldg úiqrejd yeÍu

3' ixfoaYh
ikaksfõolhd wfkla md¾Yajh iuÕ yqjudre lr .kakd f;dr;=r ikafoaYh hs'
ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd w;r iïnkaOh f.dvk.kafka o ixfoaYh u.sks' th woyila" u;hla"
wdl,amhla jeks úúO iajrEmhka .ekSug bv ;sfí'
Wod -
 .=re;=ud W.kajk mdvula
 ÿrl:k ixjdohla
 fmd;l ,shd we;s foa
 ,smshla
mKsúvhla yeuúg u ixfla; weiqßka f.dv kef.a' ixfla; hkak jpk" Yío" j¾K"
yev rej wdÈ jYfhka úúOdldr úh yels h' tAjd f;dard .ekSu mßiaifuka isÿ l< hq;= fjhs' uka
o" ixfla; jerÿKfyd;a mKsúvh o jeroSug bv we;s fyhsks' tfukau" ikaksfõolhdg yd
.%dylhdg fmdÿ jQ ixfla; moaO;shla Ndú; lsrSu o ikaksfõokfha M,odhs;dj by< kexùug fya;=
fõ'

4' kd,sldj $ udOHh

ikaksfõol ia:dkfha isg wfmalaIs; md¾Yajh fj; ikafoaYh f.k hkq ,nkafka kd,sldj
u.sks' idudkHfhka tÈfkod ikaksfõokfhaoS Ndú; lrk kd,sld jkafka mxfÉkaøshhs'
wei oelSu
lk weiSu
kdih .kaOh
osj ri
YrSrh iam¾Yh

9 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 fï yereKqfldg jdÑl" wjdÑl" Y%jH" oDYH wdoS ikaksfõok iajrEm fukau" ckudOH"
kjudOH wdosh o udOH f,i Ndú; flf¾' kd,sld$udOHj, fulS mßj¾;khka isÿ j we;af;a
;dlaIKfha wd.ukh;a iu. nj yÿkd .; hq;=h'

5' .%dylhd
ixfoaY ,nd .kakd ;eke;a;d .%dylhd f,i ye|skafõ' ikaksfõolhd úiska ish
ikafoaYh yqjudre lr .ekSfï wfmalaIdj we;s j th bÈßm;a lrkq ,nkafka ljrl= fj; o fya
.%dylhd hs' .%dylhka úYd, m%udKhla we;s úg tA yeu fokd .d%yl lafIa;%h f,i yÿkajkq
,efí' ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sfhys oS .%dylhd o ikaksfõolhd yd iudk jeo.;a njla Wiq,hs'
ixfoaY ,nd .ekSu muKla fkdj" tu ixfoaY wjfndaO lr .ksñka wod< m%;spdr yd m%;sfmdaIK
,nd oSu isÿ lsrSfï j.lSu o .%dylhd i;= h'
Wod -
 mka;sldur b.ekaùï wjia:djl isiqka .%dylhd fõ'
 foaYmd,k /iaùul§ Bg iyNd.s jk mdlaIslhka msßi .%dylhka fõ'

6' úfla;lrKh
wm fj; ,efnk ikafoaYhla iukaú; j we;af;a ixfla;j,sk's tu ixfla;j,ska
lshfjk foa wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd ixfla; w¾:l:kh lr .; hq;= h' tfia bÈßm;a jk
ixfoaYfhys wka;¾.; ixfla; w¾:l:kh lr tu.ska bÈßm;a flfrk w¾:h wjfndaO lr.ekSfï
l%shdj,sh úfla;lrKh f,i ye|skafõ' fuysoS ixfoaYh ilia ù we;s ixfla; woyia njg
mrsj¾;kh lsrSu isÿ flf¾' fuu l%shdj,sh iEu ikaksfõok l%shdj,shloSu isÿ fõ' fuu
úfla;lrK l%shdj,sfhys fhfokqfha .%dylhd úisks' .%dylhd úfla;lrh f,i o yÿkajhs'

7' m%;sfmdaIKh
ikaksfõolhd ikafoaYhla ,nd ÿka miq .%dylhd tA iïnkaOfhka ikaksfõolhd fj; ,nd
fok ksÍlaIKh l< yels wdldrfha m%;spdrh yÿkajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh hkqfjks' ikaksfõok
l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh iïnkaOfhka m%;sfmdaIKh jeo.;afõ' ,efnk m%;sfmdaIKhg wkqj
ikaksfõokh id¾:l o ke;ao hkak oek .ekSug yelshdj ,efí' ;jo" ixfoaYfha fjkia úh hq;=
wx. fjkia lsrSug fyda ikaksfõofha .=Kd;aul nj ;jÿrg;a by< kxjd,Sug fyda wjYH jk
mshjr .; yels jkafka m%;sfmdaIK u; mokïj h' ;j o m%;sfmdaIKh Okd;aul fyda
RKd;aul úh yelsh'
Wod -
 iShd l;kaorhla lshdfok úg yQñá ;nñka wid isàu
 mdvu kSri jk úg fjk;a jevj, ksr; ùu
tfukau" m%;sfmdaIKh ,eîug .; jk ld,h wkqj th laIKsl fyda m%udo m%;sfmdaIKhla
f,i o yÿkd .ekSug mq¿jk'
Wod -
 mka;sfhaoS .=re;=ñh wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd oSu
 .=jkaúÿ,s jevigyklg m%;spdr ,nd oSu

10 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 8' f>daId $ ndOl
ikaksfõol ia:dkfha isg .%dyl ia:dkh olajd ikafoaYh iïfm%aIKh ùfïoS Bg wjysr
jk f,i ueosy;a jk TskE u ;;a;ajhla f>daIdjla fyj;a ndOdjla f,i ye¢kafõ' m%Odk ndOl
j¾. folls'
1. udOH ndOl - kd,sldfõ fyj;a udOHfha u;= jk fodaI iy.; ;;a;ajhka
ksid we;s fõ' ixfoaYh f.k hk kd,sldfõ ÿ¾j,;d" ix{d úlD;sùï ksid fukau
;dlaIKsl fodaI ksid udOH ndOl yg .kS'
Wod -
o .=jkaúÿ,s ix× ÿ¾j, ùu ksid y`v emeyeÈ,s ùu
o rEmjdyskS hka;%fha fodaI ksid rEm fkdfmkS hdu

2. w¾: ndOl - ikafoaYfha w¾:h yß yeá .%yKh lr .ekSug fkdyels jk

úg Woa.; fõ' ikaksfõolhd m%ldY lrk foh f;areï .ekSug .%dylhdg fkdyels
ùfuka" ixfoaYh wmeyeÈ,s ùfuka" NdId .eg¿ fyda wdfla;lrK ÿ¾j,;d fya;=fjka
w¾: ndOl yg .kS'
Wod -
o m%dfoaYSh NdId Ndú;h
o w¾:h fkdokakd jpk Ndú;h

by; i|yka m%Odk ndOl$f>daId j¾. folg w;sf¾l j ;j;a ndOl lsysmhla iuyr
fm< fmd;aj, we;=<;a j ;sfí'
tAjd kï"
 mdßißl ndOl
 ;dlaIKsl ndOl
 YdÍßl ndOl
 udkisl ndOl
fuu ndOl o fndfyda úg by; i|yka m%Odk ndOl j¾.j,ska tllg wh;a fõ'
Wod - ;dlaIKsl ndOd" mdrsirsl ndOd wdosh o udOH yd iïnkaO ndOl fõ'

9' w;aoelSï miq;,h

mqoa.,hd i;= mQ¾j w;aoelSï iuQyh fuuÕska woyia flf¾' mqoa.,h dish ikaksfõok
ld¾hh i|yd njy,a lr .kq ,nkafka ;ud mQ¾jfhka /ia lrf.k we;s oekqu yd f;dr;=re
iïNdrh hs' mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg ;ud i;= w;aoelSï lafIa;%h fjkia jk w;r th mqoa., noaO
fõ' fï ksid ikaksfõolhd iy .%dylhd i;= w;aoelSï miq;,hka lisÿ jdfgl iudk jkafka
ke;'
kuq;a" ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd I;= w;aoelSï lafIa;%hkays iudk;ajhla" fmdÿnjla
;sfí kï fmdÿ w;aoelSï lafIa;%h fhdod .ksñka myiqfjka ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hd
yelsh' ikaksfõol - .%dyl md¾Yaj w;r iudk wdldrfha mQ¾j w;aoelSï jeä m%udKhla we;s úg"
tkï" fomd¾Yajh w;r fmdÿ w;aoelSï lafIa;%h mq¿,a jQ úg ikaksfõok ld¾h myiq fõ' tfukau"
fomd¾Yajh w;r fmdÿ w;aoelSï lafIa;%h mgq kï ikakf
s õok ld¾hh wmyiq yd t;rï id¾:l
fkdúh yelsh'

11 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 Wod -
 úfoaYslfhl= l%Svd ms<sn| úia;r lshk l, ysu l%Svdjkays lsisÿ Èfkl fh§
fkdue;s Tng tu úia;r ksisf,i wjfndaO lr .ekSug fyda w
w;aoelSu ksis f,i
ú|.ekSug yelshdjla fkdue;af;a fmdÿ w;aoelSï miq;,fha iudk;ajh wju
neúks'
 kuq;a uqyqÿ fjrf<a je,s fi,a,ï lsÍu ms<sn| úia;rhla fjk;a wfhl= mjik
úg th fyd¢ka f;areï .ekSug yd ú|.ekSug yels jkafka uqyqo yd fjr<
iïnkaO fmdÿ w;aoelSï lafIa;%h mq¿,a jk neúks'

10' ikao¾Nh
fuuÕska woyia flfrkafka wod< ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh isÿ jkakd jQ jgmsgdj hs'
ikaksfõokh th isÿjk jgmsgdjg wkql+, jk f,i isÿúh hq;=h' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a ikaksfõokfha
id¾:l;ajh lrd <.dùu wmyiq úh yelsh' tksid ikaksfõokh iEu úgu ikao¾Nhg wkql+,
úh hq;=h' ikao¾Nh meyeÈ,s f,i u ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh u; n,mEï we;s lrhs'
Wod -
 ux., W;aij wjia:djl isÿ lrk ikaksfõokh wjux., wjia:djlg fhda.H
fkdfõ'
 ñ;=rka iu. ikaksfõokfha fhfofk wdldrhgu me
meúos W;ful= iu.
ikaksfoõkfha fh
fhÈh fkdyelsh'
fyd| ikaksfõolfhla yeu úg u ish ikaksfõokh Bg mdol jk ikao¾Nhg WÑ; f,i
ilia lr .kshs' fufia
ia Bg wkq.; fkdùu úúO ikaksfõok .eg¿j,g fya;= úh yels h'

11' n,mEu
ixfoaYh u.ska .%dylhd ;=< we;s lsrSug wfmalaId lrk fjki n,mEu f,i ye|skaúh
yelsh' wjia:dkql+,j ikaksfõok n,mEu fjkia hú yels kuqÿ iEu ikaksfõokhla u lsih
s ï
n,mEula we;s lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjka isÿ flf¾'
n,mEfï iajNdjh ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka ikakf
s õolhd úiska ikaksfõok wruqKqj,g
wod<jh' tlS n,mEfï iajNdjh úúOdldr jkakg mq¿jk' tu n,mEu wdl,amuh fyda
p¾hd;aul úh yelsh' th wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh fyda fjkila tkï" mqoa., is;=ïme;=ïj, fyda
mqoa., yeisrSïj, fjkila" we;s lsÍu b,lal lr isÿ lrk ikaksfõokhla úh yels w;r ;j;a
úfgl ,dNh jeks uq,H m%;s,dNhla wruqKq lr .; yels h'
Wod -
 b.ekaùï wjia:djla - wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh fyda fjkila
 fj<| oekaùï - uq,H m%;s,dNhla wrNhd fm<Uùula

12 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 flfia kuq;a ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh ;SrKh jkafka wfmaCIs; n,mEu
idlaId;a lr .;af;a o hkak u; hs' ukao h;a" wfmaCIs; n,mEu iEu úgu ta whqrskau bgq fkdúh
yels neúks'
wfmalI
a s; n,mEu ta whqßkau bgqùug" wfmalaIs; n,mEug m%;súreoaO n,mEula we;s
ùug fyda wkfmalI
a s; n,mEula we;sùug bv we;'
Wod -
 mdi,a mßY%h ;=< mqmrk øjH md¾I,hla we;s neúka ish¨u isiqkag mdi,a
N+ñfhka neyerj hk f,i úoqy,am;s;=ud Yío úldYk hka;% Tiafia mKsúvhla
,nd ÿks' tys wfmalaIs; n,mEu jkafka isiqka mdi,a N+ñfhka msg lrùuhs'
o isiqka mdi,a N+ñfhka msg ùu - wfmalaIs; n,mEu ta whqßkau bgq ùuls'
o isiqka lsysmfofkla mqmqrk øjH md¾I,h ne,Sug hdu - wfmalaIs;
n,mEug m%;súreoaO n,mEula we;s ùuls'
o isiqka lsysmfofkl= mka;sldurh ;=<gu ù isxÿ lshñka úfkdao ùu -
wkfmalaIs; n,mEuls'

we.hSu

1. ikaksfõokh hk jpkfha w¾:h myokak'

2. ikaksfõokfha iajNdjhka y;rla ksoiqka olajkña ú.%y lrkak'
3. ikaksfoõk uQ,sldx. y;rla ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4. Tn keu;s ckudOHhla ;=< ikaksfoõk uQ,sldx. l%shd;aul jk wdldrh ir,j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

13 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

2'4' ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ks¾jpk

ikaksfõokh hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kd .ekSug úúO ld,jljdkqj,§ úúO úoaj;=ka úiska
isÿlrkk ,o m¾fhaIK weiqßka ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ks¾jpk f.dvkÕd we;' ikaksfõok
úIfhys f.dvke.=k ks¾jpk rdYshls' ta w;ßka ks¾jpk lsysmhla flfrys fuys§ wjOdkh fhduq
flf¾'

1. yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a

2. laf,daâ Iefkdka yd fjdrka ùj¾
3. ú,an¾ Y%dï
4. pd,aia l=,S

fuu úoaj;=kaf.a ks¾jpkj,g wu;rj Tlai*

a ¾â úYajúoHd,h u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq
,nk Tlaia*¾â Yío YíofldaIfhys ikaksfõokh i|yd ,nd we;s ks¾jpkh flfrys o
fuyswjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,efí'

1' yer,aâ ã ,eiafj,a

foaYmd,k úoHd{hl= jQ yer,aâ ã' ,eiafj,a f,dal hqoaO iufha oS ckudOH úiska
iudchg n,mEï lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,enQ Wml%u ms<sn| j isÿ lrkq ,enQ wdpd¾h Wmdê
m¾fhaIKh weiqßka ikaksfõok úIhh flfrys fhduqúh' úúO m¾fhaIK Tiafia ikaksfõokh
ms<sn| wkdjrK isÿlrñka ikaksfõok úIfha ÈhqKqjg uy;a fiajhla l< úfYaI{fhla f,i o
,eiafj,a oelaúh yelsh' ,eiafj,a úiska ish m¾fhaIK weiqßka f.dv k.d .kakd ,o wkdjrK
Tiafia bÈßm;a lrk ,o fuu ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ks¾jpkh ikaksfõok wOHhkh yodrk ish¨u
úoHd¾Óka úiska wOHhkh l< hq;= uq,sl ks¾jpkhla f,i o ye¢kaúh yelsh'

,eiafj,a ks¾jpkh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa m%Yak myla uQ,sl lr lr.ksñks'

ljqo@ hï lsisfjl= ikaksfõolhd

lshkafka l=ula o@ hï lsisjla ixfoaYh

l=uk kd,shlska o@ hï kd,sldjlska udOH $ kd,sh

ld yg o@ hï lsisfjl=g .%dylhd

l=uk n,mEula i|yd o@ lsih

s ï n,mEula lsÍu i|yd n,mEu

fuu m%Yak my weiqre lr.ksñka ,eiafj,af.a ks¾jpkhh f.dvke.S we;'

zzhï lsisfjl=" hï lsisjla" lsishï kd,sldjlska hï lsisfjl=g lsishï

n,mEula lsÍu i|yd m%ldY lrkq ,nk foh ikaksfõokh hs'ZZ

Source: Harold D. Lasswell, 'The Structure and Function of Communicationin Society',

Lyman Bryson, ed., The Communication of Ideas
New York,Harper & Row, 1948

14 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj hï wfhla m‚úvhla ks¾udKh lrhs' ‘ljqo’ hkafkka tu
mKsúvh ks¾udKh lrk ikaksfõolhd o" ‘l=ulao’ hkafkka m‚úvh o woyia lrhs' m‚úv
heùu i|yd fhdod .kakd udOH fyj;a kd,sldj ‘kd,sh’ hkafkka woyia lrhs' ixfoaYh
hjkafkafka ‘ldyg o’ tu mqoa.,hd .%dylhd fjhs' mKsúvh heùu u.ska hï n,mEula we;s lsÍug
a d lrk w;r th ‘n,mEu’ f,i y÷kajhs'
wfmalI

fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh m‚úvh ,ndfok ;eke;a;df.ka werô

m‚úvh ,nk ;eke;a;d ;=< isÿlrk n,mEfuka wjika jk nj wjOdrkhlrhs'

Wod -

 .=rejrhd ^hï lsisfjl=& ,eiafj,af.a ks¾jpkh ms<sn| mdvu ^hï lsisjla& ish
lgy~ fhdodf.k meyeÈ,s lrk w;ru iqÿ ,E,a, u; we¢ rEm igyka ^lsishï
kd,shlska& o fhdod .ksñka úia;r lrhs' m‚úvh ,nd .kafka .%dylhd jk
isiqka ^hï lsisfjl=g& úisks' m‚úvh ,nd .kakd isikq a ;=< ,eiafj,a ks¾jpkh
ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla we;s lr §ug ^hï n,mEula i|yd& wfmalaId lrk w;r th
wfmalI a s; n,mEu fõ'

2' laf,daâ Iefkdka yd fjdrka ùj¾

úÿ,s bxðfkarejrfhl= yd .‚;{fhl= jk Iekka yd ùj¾ tla ;ekl we;s m‚úvhla

tA whqßkau ;j;a ;ekl m%;sk¾
s udKh lsÍu ms<sn|j ;dlaIKh iy .‚;uh iQ;% fhdod .ksñka
m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lrkq ,eìK' id¾:l;ajhg m;a jQ tu m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfõ tla mßÉfþohla
fjka jkafka wod< ;dlaI‚l l%shdj,sh ú.%y lsÍughs' tu m¾fhaIK jd¾;dfõ u ikaksfõokh
ms<sn| ish ks¾jpkh o Tjqka fofokd bÈßm;a lrhs'

zzikaksfõokh hkq hï ;ekl § ks¾udKh lr .;a fyda f;dard.;a

mKsúvhla tA wdldrfhka u fyda Bg iudk f,i fjk;a ;ekl § m%;sks¾udKh
lsÍuhsZZ

Source: Shannon & Weaver, W. The Mathematical Theory ofCommunication.

Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press,1949

fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj hï ;ekl f.dvk.k ,o m‚úvhla tu ia:dkfhka ndysr jQ

;j;a ;ekl kej; ks¾udKh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ikaksfõokh hs' ixfoaY m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd
;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu iu. ne÷Kq l%shdj,sh fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqrEm jQ ikaksfõok wdlD;sh
u.ska ú.%y flf¾'

fuu ks¾jpkh u.ska ú.%y flfrk ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh isÿ jk wjia:djla f,i
ÿrl:k ikaksfõokh" úoHq;a udOH ikaksfõokh wdÈh oelaúh yelsh'

15 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 Wod -

 rEmjdyskS ixia:dj úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk m‚úvhla ksjfia isg keröug
wmg yelshdj ,eîu
 fjk;a ;ekl isák ñ;=frl= iu. wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ixjdofha fhou

fuu iEu ksoiqka wjia:djl o u tla ;ekl ks¾udKh l< m‚úvhla ;j;a ;ekl
m%;sks¾udKh ùfï l%shdj,sh isÿ fõ'

3' ú,an¾ Y%dï

iudc úoHd{fhl= ú,an¾ Y%dï iudch ;=< ikaks ikaksfõokh isÿjk wdldrh iudc
úoHd úoHd;aul oDIaáfldaKhlska wOHhkh l< úoajf;ls' iudc úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK ld¾hh
w;r;=r t;=<ska wkdjrKh lr.kakg fhÿKq ikaksfõokh ms<sn| f;dr;=rq iu.ska ikaksfõok
úIh flfrys we,aula we;s lr .kq ,enQ Y%dï miqld,Skj ikaksfõok úIhh lafIa;%fha úYdrofhl=
njg m;a úh' ;u m¾fhaIK weiqßka ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j Y%dï bÈßm;a lrk ,o ks¾jpk fufia
oelaúh yelsh'

zzf;dr;=re .eí jQ ix×jla lrK fldg f.k fomd¾Yajhla w;r tl yd

iudk Ñ;a; iajNdjhla we;s lrùu ikaksfõokh hsZZ

Source: Bittner,John R., Mass Communication: An Introduction, U.S.A.,1986

Y%dïf.a fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj hïlsis f;dr;=rla we;=<;a jQ ix{d iuqodhla fya;= lr
.ksñka fofokl= w;r fyda fomd¾Yjhla w;r tlu lreK ms<sn|j is;Sug fm<Uùu
ikaksfõokfha § isÿ fõ' tlsfklg fjkia is;=ú,s iys; jQ fomd¾Yjhla jqjo tlu is;=ú,s
iuqodhla ;=<g f.k tAug ix{d u; f.dvke.=Kq m‚úvh WmldÍ jk nj fuu ks¾jpkfhka
lshefõ'

udkjhdf.a ffoksl l%shdldrlï w;r fuu ks¾jpkh m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul jk wdldrh

oel .; yelsh' fofofkl= w;r iqyo l;dnyloS" bf.kqï wjia:djl wdoS ´kEu ikaksfõok
wjia:djla ;=< fulS ;;ajh oel .; yelsh'

Wod - 01

 bf.kqï wjia:djla
 mdvug wod, f;dr;=re Yío jpk rEm igyka weiqßka ,ndoSu - f;dr;=re
.eí jQ ix{dj
 .=rejrhd iy isiqka - ikaksfõok wjia:djh iyNd.s jk fomd¾Yajh
 .=rejrhd yd isiqka fomd¾Yajhu mdvu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu - iudk
Ñ;a; iajNdjhla we;s lsÍu

16 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 Wod - 02

 l=i.skakla oekqkq iq,dYa ^m<uq md¾Yajh& lekaáug hdug is;+ w;r tu .ukg
iy iyNd.S jk f,i wls,g ^fojk md¾Yajh& l;d lf<ah' ^f;dr;=re .eí jQ
ix{dj& l=i.skakla fkdjqKq kuqÿ iq,dYa lS foh Tiafia l=i.skak iy wdydr
.eko" lekaáug hdu .ek o is;Sug ^iudk Ñ;a; ;;ajh& wls, fm,ôK'

4' pd,aia l+,s

ikaksfõokh ms<sn| wOHhkh l< úoajf;l= jk pd,aia l+,s ikakf

s õokh ms<n
s |j
bÈßm;a lr we;s ks¾jpkh iudc úoHd;aul mokula iys;j f.dvke.S we;'

zzudkj iïnkaO;d r|jd isákakd jQ;a" j¾Okh lrkakd jQ;a" ish¨ ixfla;
fuka u" tajd foaYfhka foaYhg m%jdykh lsÍug;a" ld,fha ne÷ïj,ska Tíng f.dia
iqrlaIs; lr .ekSug;a WmldÍ jk Wml%u ikaksfõokh hs'ZZ

uQ,dY%h : osidkdhl" úu,a" udkj ikaksfõokh"

fld<U" iSudiys; f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia iud.u" 1977

ñksiqka w;r iïnkaO;d we;s lsÍug yd tu iïnkaO;d jeä jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug Wmldr
lrk ixfla; weiqßka f.dvke.=kq m‚úv ráka rgg" m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg f.k hdug Wmldr
lrk ish¨u Wml%u ikaksfõokh f,i pd,aia l=,s y÷kajhs' tfukau ikaksfõokhg iSud mk jk
ld,h kue;s ne£u blaujd hkakg iy f;dr;=re iy oekqu wkd.;h fjkqfjka iqrlaIs; lsÍug
Wmldr lrk ish¨ l%ufõo o ikaksfõokhg wh;a jk nj fuu ks¾jpkh mils lrhs'

fuu ks¾jpkh ikaksfõokfha iudc l%shdldß;ajh ú.%y lr jkakla f,i o ye¢kaúh

yelsh'

Wod - f,dj mqrd fõ.fhka me;sfrk kj oekqu wka;¾cd,h Tiafia .%yKh lr .ekSu

5' Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIfha ks¾jpkh

zzwoyia" ±kqu hkdÈh NdIKh fyda f,aLkh fyda ix{d u`.ska m%odkh
lsÍu" m%ldY lsÍu fyda yqjudre lr .ekSu ikaksfõokh hs'ZZ

Source: The Oxford Dictionary, Eighth Edition, Oxford University, 1990

fuys§ b;du;a ir, f,i ikaksfõok l%shdldß;ajh ú.%y lsÍula isÿ fõ' úfYaIfhka
woyia oekqu wd§ ´kEu fohla ikaksfõokh Tiafia yqjudre jk nj;a" tA i|yd l;d lsÍu u.ska
tkï" NdIKfhka fyda ,shd oelaùu u.ska tkï" f,aLkfhka fyda úúO ix{d ixfla; weiqre
lr.ksñka ikaksfõokfha fhÈh yels nj fuu ks¾jpkfhka bÈßm;a flf¾' tmuKlao fkdj

17 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

f;dr;=re m%odkh lsÍu tkï" ;ud i;= f;dr;=re fjk;a wh=g ,nd §ug" m%ldY lsÍug fukau
fjk;a wh úiska ,nd fok f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu flfrys o fuu ks¾jpkh uÕska wjOdkhg fhduq
fldg we;' tA wkqj woyia oekqu wd§ ´kEu f;dr;=rla ix{d" ixfla;" NdIdj jeks ´kEu
l%ufõohla u.ska ;j;a md¾Yjhla iu. yqjudre lr.ekSu ikaksfõokh f,i ye¢kaúh yels nj
fuu ks¾jpkhg ;=<ska .uH fõ'

fuu iEu ks¾jpkhla ;=<skau ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh" l%shdldÍ;ajh ú.%y lsÍula oelsh
yelsh' úfYaIfhka ikaksfõok wOHhkfha fhfok isik
q a f,i ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh wjfndaO lr
.ekSu i|yd fuu ks¾jpk wOHhkh uyÕ= msájy,la imhhs'

18 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

2'5' ikaksfõok ld¾hhka
ikaksfõokfha fhoSu u.ska wms úúO ld¾hhka bgq lr .ksuq' f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug"
yeÕSï m%ldYkhg" ñ;=rka iu. iqyo;dj j¾Okh lr .ekSug wdoS jYfhka úúO ld¾hhka i|yd
wm úiska ikaksfõokh Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nkafkuq'

uQ,sl ikaksfõok ld¾hhka

úIh úfYaI{hka úiska lrk ,o wOHhkhkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,i ikaksfõokh uÕska

uQ,sl ld¾h 04la bgq flfrk nj y÷kdf.k we;' th Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i j¾Okh ùu wdrïN
jQ uq,a hq.fha isg u ms<s.kq ,eìK' tu uQ,sl ikaksfõok ld¾hhka kï"

1. f;dr;=re iïmdokh
2. Wmfoia iïmdokh $ wOHdmkh
3. fm<Uùu
4. úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh

1' f;dr;=re iïmdokh

iudcfha isÿjk" isÿ jQ yd isÿ ùug kshñ; úúO ixisoaëka ms<sn|j" úúO iudc .eg¨
ms<sn|j yd iudc ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re oek.ekSu f;dr;=re iïmdokh hs' ish meje;au
;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd;a" ;SrK .ekSu i|yd;a f;dr;=re w;HjYH fõ' ish ffoksl Ôú;h ;=<
wjia:dkql+,j ;SrK .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=rej,ska ikakoaO ùug" iajYla;sh j¾Okh lr .ekSug
f;dr;=re iïmdokh wjYHh' ish iudc meje;au ;=< mqoa.,hd úúO udOH Tiafia f;dr;=re ,nd
.kS' ,sm"s jd¾;d wdÈ úêu;a l%u Tiafia o" rEmjdysksh" .=jkaúÿ,sh" mqj;am;a jeks ck udOH
Tiafia o" lgl;d" ´m¥m jeks wúêu;a udOH Tiafia o mqoa.,hd f;dr;=re iïmdokh lr.kS'
zzYÍr j¾Okhg wdydr wjYH jkakd fiau mqoa.,hdf.a uki j¾Okh Wfoid f;dr;=re w;HjYH
fõ'˜ fï ksid f;dr;=re iïmdokh ikaksfõokfha m%Odk;u ld¾hhla njg m;aj we;'

Wod -
 ÿrneyer .ukla hdug ksjiska msgùug fmr tÈk ld,.=‚l ;;a;aj ms<sn|
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu
 Wiia fm< i|yd úIhkahka f;dard .ekSug fmr tA ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s
jeäysá isiqkaf.ka yd .=rejrekaf.ka úYajh ms<sn| f;dr;=re wid oek .ekSu
wm w;r yqjudre jk ish¨u m‚úv f;dr;=re iïmdokhla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'
tys§ jvd;a ksjerÈ;djfhka hq;= f;dr;=re ,nd§u;a" idjoH f;dr;=re ,ndoSfuka je<lSu;a
f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hfha .=Kd;aul nj by< kexùug fya;= fõ' f;dr;=rla idjoH ùu ksid
tu f;dr;=r u; mokïj wm úiska .kq ,nk ;SrK jerÈ ùug;a" tu.ska wys;lr m%;sM,
,eîug;a fya;= úh yelsh'

wo jk úg f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hfha iajNdjh jd‚clrKh ù we;' tkï f;dr;=re

uqo,a njg m;a l< yels iïm;la njg m;aj we;' foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka ixúOdkh ù

19 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

we;s frdhsg¾" tA t*a mS" tA mS" îîiS (Reuters, Asian France Press- AFP, Associated Press – AP,
British Broadcasting Cooperation – BBC) jeks m%jD;a;s tackais fï i|yd fyd|u ksoiqkls'
f;dr;=re iïmdokh úúO wdldrfhka isÿ úh yelsh'

Wod -
 ,smskhla ,nd §u
 NdKavhl ñ, .Kka mejiSu
 /lshdjlg b,a¨ï lsÍfï § Ôj o;a; m;%sldjla ,nd§u
 ud¾. ix{d yd wdf,dal ix{d
 ÿrl:k kdudj,s
 mka;s kï ,ehsia;=
 is;shï
 ldgqka
fujeks ish¨u wdldrfha f;dr;=re u; wm f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh bgq lr
.ekSug W;aiyd orhs

2' Wmfoia iïmdokh $wOHdmkh

Wmfoia iïmdokh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha yqÿ lreKq oelaùïlg iSud fkdù lsishï
ixúOdkd;aul fukau w¾: l:kd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍula isÿ lsÍuhs' uQ,sl jYfhka f;dr;=re
iïmdokhla isÿjqj o Wmfoia iïmdokh kï ld¾hh ;=< jvd mq¿,a jev fldgila isÿ fõ'
Wmfoia iïmdokh" wOHdmk ld¾hh f,i o ye¢kaúh yelsh' bka woyia lrkqfha Wmfoia
iïmdokh yryd mqoa.,hd fj; hï oekqula w;am;a lr §u o isÿ lrk njhs' foaYk" jevuq¨"
iïuka;%K" fm<fmd;a" úIhdkqnoaO lshùï fmd;a wdÈh Wmfoia iïmdokh ;=<ska wOHdmk
ld¾hhla isÿ lsÍu i|yd ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h'

f;dr;=re iïmdokfhka Tíng .sh Wmfoia iïmdokh hï lghq;a;la isÿ lr.kakd

wdldrh" hul l%shdldÍ;ajh" lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh wdÈh ms<sn|j iúia;rd;aul meyeÈ,s
lsÍula ,nd fohs'

Wod -
 mß.Klh weiqre lr.ksñka ,smshla ilia lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j mshjfrka
mshjr oekqj;a lsÍu
 cx.u ÿrl:kh Ndú; lrñka weu;=ula ,nd .kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu
 fjí wvúhlg f.dia tys we;s w;sf¾l lshùï f;dr;=re nd.; lr.kakd
wdldrh .=re;=ñh úiska mshjfrka mshjr meyeÈ,s lsÍu
Ôj;aùfï§ Wmfoia iïmdokh w;HjYH ld¾hhla fõ' foudmsh" jeäysáhka úiska fuka
u ck udOH yd kj udOH Tiafia o j¾;udkh jk úg Wmfoia iïmdok ld¾hh isÿ lrñka mj;S'

20 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 3' fm<Uùu

ixfoaYhla u.ska hful= is;k m;k wdldrh fyda lghq;= lrk wdldrh fjkia lrhs kï
th fm<Uùu f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuh wdl,amuh fyda p¾hduh fjkila we;s lsÍu f,i o
ye¢kaúh yelsh' hï ld¾hhla lsÍfï § ;j;a md¾Yajhl iyfhda.h wjYH jk wjia:djl§
fm<Uùu w;HjYH fõ'

Wod -
 mdi, msßisÿ lsÍu i|yd isiqka iyNd.S lrjd .ekSu i|yd Tjqka fm<fUk
whqßka m‚úvh bÈßm;a lsÍug YsIH kdhlhkag isÿfjhs'

fm<Uùu wruqKq lr.;a ixfoaYhla ilia lr .ekSfï§ jvd jeä ie,ls,,

a la oelaúh
hq;=h' jvd úêu;aj yd ie,iqï iy.;j fm<Uùï isÿ lsÍu i|yd ixfoaYh ilia l< hq;=h' is;d
u;d" ie,iqïiy.;j wfmalaIs; fm<Uùu isÿ lr.; yels l%ufõo yd Wmdh ud¾. f;dard .;
hq;=h' l:kh" f,aLkh" rEmuh bÈßm;a lsÍï fukau Èß.kajk iq¿ fhÿï wdÈh u.ska fm,Uùï
Wml%u ks¾udKh lr.; yelsh'

fm<Uùu i|yd ixfoaY ieliSfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= ;j;a wx. Lsysmhls' fhdod
.kakd fm<Uqï Wml%u yd ixfoaY wjYH;djhg .e,msh hq;=h' tkï wod< wjYH;dj bgqlr.;
yels whqßka ixfoaYh ilia l< hq;= h' tfukau fhdod .kakd fm<Uqï Wml%u wjia:djg .e,msh
hq;=h' tkï wod< ;;ajh" ikao¾Nh ljrdldr o Bg wkql+, jk f,i ixfoaYh ilia l< hq;=h'
fï wd§ idol ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ixfoaYh ieliSu fm<Uùï ld¾hh jvd M,odhS
f,i bgq lr.ekSug myiqlï imhhs' wjYH;d" wjia:d wd§ idOl ixfoaY ks¾udKfha§
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= wdkqYx.sl wx. o f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' ;jo" ixfoaY bÈßm;a lsÍfï
id¾:l;ajh u; fm<Uùu o id¾:l fõ'

idudkH Ôú;fha fm<Uùu i|yd ikaksfõokfha fh§u wm ish¨ fokd úiska isÿ isÿlrkq
,nhs'

Wod -
 Wiia fm<g ;uka f;dard.;a úIhka f;dard .ekSug ñ;=rd fm<Uùu
 mjqf,a ish¨ fokd tlaj úfkdao pdßldjla hdu i|yd foudmshka fmd<Ujd
.ekSu

kQ;k iudc mßirh ;=< ckudOH m%n, f,i fm<Uùï ld¾hfha ksr; jkq oelsh yelsh'

Wod -
 fj<| oekaùï u.ska isÿlrk úúO fm,Uùï
 úfkdao úfkdaodiajdoh imhk fg,skdgH yd fjk;a jevigyka flfrys
fm<Uùu

21 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 4' úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh

fjfyilr yd wúfõlS Ôjk rgdjla ;=< úfkdaodiajdoh w;HjYh' úfkdaodiajdoh ,nd

.ekSu i|yd ikaksfõokh bjy,a lr.; yelsh' tksidu th ikaksfõok ld¾hhla f,i y÷kajd
Èh yelsh' úfkdaoh Wfoid ikaksfõokh Ndú; lsÍu w;S;fha isgu oelsh yels ikaksfõok
Ndú;djls'

Wod -
 m%d.a udkjhd ;u f.da;%h bosrsfha rx.kfha fhoSu" .=yd is;=jï we|Su

úfkdaodiajdoh uqiq lrñka jvd;a is;a .kakd whqßka ikakf

s õokfhys ksr; ùug yelshdj
we;' wdl¾YkS h f,i ikaksfõok wjia:dj mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd úfkdaodiajdoh uqiq l<
yelsh' tfukau wdhdihlska f;drj tAldldÍ núka ñ§ug o th jeo.;a fõ' kuq;a fhda.H f,i
úfkdaodiajdoh uqiq lr .ekSu flfrys jvd;a ie,ls,u
s ;a úh hq;=h' ukao h;a" wjia:djg
jgmsgdjg WÑ; f,i ydiHh yd úfkdaoh uqiq lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a ùu iuia; ikakf
s õok
ld¾hh u wid¾:l ùug fya;= úh yels neúks' ydiH uqiq lr .ekSu ikaksfõolhd i;= ld¾hhla
fukau j.lSula o fõ' tfukau" th id¾:l ikaksfõolhl= i;= úh hq;= l=i,;djla f,i o
ye¢kaúh yelsh' úfkdaodiajdoh yd ydiH Ndú;h wjia:djg" f;audjg" .%dylhdg fukau
ikaksfõok iajrEm yd ixo¾Nhg wod< úh hq;= w;r .%dylhdg ikaksfõok wjia:dj flfrys weo
ne| ;nd .ekSug tu.ska yelshdj ,nd.; yelsh' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § fukau iuQy
ikaksfõok wjia:djkays§ o jdÑl" wjdÑl fukau ,sÅ; ikaksfõok iajrEmhka ;=<§ ;a
úfkdaodiajdoh .eí lrñka ikaksfõokfha fhÈh yelsh'

j¾;udk ck Ôú;h w;sYh ixlS¾K yd ld¾hnyq, iajrEmhla .kS' tn÷ ;;ajhl§

YdÍßl fjfyi fukau udkisl úvdj ksjd .ekSu i|yd o úfkdaodiajdoh iïmdokh bjy,a
lr.; yelsh' uki ,sys,a ùula yd ieye,a¨ ùula f.k §ug úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh iu;a ùu
Bg fya;=jhs'

úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh ;=< hï hï iSudjka mj;S' iodpdrd;aul iSud" tkï iudch

;=< fmdÿfõ ms<s.kakd wdpdrO¾u yd iodpdrd;aul jákdlïlï flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu uQ,sl fõ'
tfuka u ksjerÈ yd wYaYS, fkdjk NdId Ndú;h o" wka wh ysßyerhg iuÉp,hg ,la fkdlrñka
yd udkùh .+K wdrlaId lrñka úfkdao iïmdokh l< hq;=h' ikaksfõolhd fulS ishÆ iSudjka
ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhlska hq;=j" hym;a whqßka úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh lsÍu id¾:l yd hym;a
ikaksfõolhl= ùug;a" id¾:l ikaksfõok wjia:djla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug;a" hmy;a
úfkdaodiajdohla iïmdokh lsrSug;a bjy,a jk nj lsj yelsh'

tfukau úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh by< .=Kd;aul njlska hq;=j isÿlsrSu" .%dylhdf.a

udkisl ix;Dma;sh by< kexùug fukau Ôú;djfndaOh by<kxjd .ekSug o yels iqúfYaIS
wjia:djla njg m;a lr .; yelsh'

22 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 ck ikaksfõok ld¾hhka

f;dr;=re iïmdokh" Wmfoia iïmdokh" fm<Uùu yd úfkdaodiajdo iïmdokh hk

uQ,sl ld¾hhka y;r ikaksfõok úIhh Ydia;%Sh úIhhla f,i j¾Okh jkakg jQ uq,a hq.fha isgu
y÷kd.;a uQ,sl ikaksfõok ld¾hhka fõ' kuq;a ckudOHhkaf.a wd.ukh;a iu. ;j;a;a
ikaksfõok ld¾hhka lSmhla fulS uQ,sl ikaksfõok ld¾hkag w;sf¾lj y÷kd.; yelsh' tu
ld¾hhka bgqlr .ekSu i|yd ck ikaksfõok udOH uQ,l
s jk fyhska tAjd ck ikaksfõokhg
iqúfYaIS jQ ld¾hhka f,i y÷kd .efka' tu ld¾hhka kï"

1. iudcdkqfhdackh
2. iyiïnkaOh
3. w¾:l:kh
4. iqmÍlaIKh

1' iqmÍlaIKh

ikaksfõokfha uQ,sl ld¾hhla jkafka uyckhd fj; f;dr;=re <Õd lrùuhs'

iqmrSlaIKh yqÿ f;dr;=re iïmdokfhka Tíng f.dia ck;djg ish wjg mrsirh iy iudch
ms<sn|j úuiqï iy.;j lghq;= lsrSug wjYH f;dr;=re ,ndoSu isÿ lrhs' idudch ;=< cSj;ajk
mqoa.,hd oek .; hq;= f;dr;=re tla /ia lsrSu fuka u wdrCIK f;dr;=re ms<sn| oekqj;a lsrSu"
iudcSh wjYH;d" wdmod f;dr;=re tla/ia lsrSu iy läkñka tajd ms<sn| iudch oekqj;a lsrSu
wdosh iqmrSlaIKh hk ck ikaksfõok ld¾hhg we;=<;a fõ'

úúO ckudOH Tiafia iudch fj; f;dr;=re .,dtk w;r ck;djf.a ffoksl lghq;=
i|yd wjYH m%jD;a;s" ld,.=‚l f;dr;=re;=re" j¾;udk iudc .eg¨" l%Svd f;dr;=re fukau
ld,Sk ckm%sh ´m¥m jeks f;dr;=re tu.ska ,ndfoa' iudcfha idudðl m%cdjg wjYH úúO
f;dr;=rej,ska ikakoaO lrùu f,io fuh ye¢kaúh yelsh' ck;dj fj; ,ndÈh hq;= w;HjYH
f;dr;=re ,nd foñka iudch ms<sn|j o mßirh ms<sn|j o iqmÍlaIKfhka lghq;= lsÍug ck;dj
fm<Uùu iqmÍlaIK ld¾hh uÕska isÿ flf¾'

Wod -
 iajNdúl jHikhka" iqkdñ" iq<s iq<x" .xj;=r fukau hqoaO" wdl%uK" jix.;
frda. me;srSï wdÈ wjia:d j,§ mQ¾j oekqj;a lsÍï iy ck;djg f;dr;=re
,nd§u
 úfoaYhkays f;dr;=re" f,dal fj<|fmd< mqj;a ,nd§u u.ska ;u lghq;= i|yd
wjYH f;dr;=re ,ndoSu
 NdKav ñ, .Kka wd§ fj<|fmd< f;dr;=re ,ndoSu u.ska mdrsfNda.slhd $
.%dylhd /jàug we;s wjia:d wjysr lsrSu

w;S;fha yqjudre jQjdg jvd jeä m%jD;a;s m%Njhka /ila kQ;k iudch ;=< l%shd;aul
jk w;r mqj;am;a" rEmjdyskh
s " .=jkaúÿ,sh fukau wka;¾cd,h o tu f;dr;=re fnod yeÍfï

23 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

ld¾fhys ksr; jkq oelsh yelsh' tfukau ckudOH wNsnjd hdug kj udOH iu;aj we;s kQ;k
hq.fha iudch fj; f;dr;=re ,nd oSu wka ljrodg;a jvd by< ;;ajhl mj;S' fï ksidu
iqmrSlI
a K ld¾hh jvd id¾:l f,I bgq lsrSug yelsù we;s njo lsj hq;=h'

2' w¾:l:kh

ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ;=< úfYaIfhka ckudOH ;=< ldf.a;a wjOdkh ,nd.kafka m%jD;a;s
we;=¿ ld,Skj jeo.;alulska hq;= f;dr;=re wdÈhhs' tys§ tu f;dr f;dr;=re muKla fkdj tu
f;dr;=re .eUqrska úuid n,d bÈßm;a lsÍu;a" tAjdfha w¾:h úúO oDIaáfldaKhka Tiafia ú.%y
lrñka iuia;h leáfldg oelaùu;a w¾:l:k ld¾hfha§ isÿlrhs' fuh f;dr;=re iïmdok
ld¾hfhka fjkia jkafka fuysoS w¾:l:kd;aul ú.%yhla wod< f;dr;=rg tla lrñka ,nd fok
neúks'

w¾:l:kh kï ck ikaksfõok ld¾hh ;=< úúO isoaêka iy f;dr;=rej, w¾: meyeos,s

lsrSu" újrKh lsrSu iy wod< iudcsh m%;spdr ,nd .ksñka f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lr bÈßm;a
lsÍu hkdÈh we;=<;a fõ'

Wod -
 l;= jelsh u.ska iudc ixisoaê újrKh lsÍu
 .=jka úÿ,s yd rEmjdyskS jd¾;dj jevigyka
 mqj;am;a ldgqka ^iudc ixisoaëka úúO oDIaá fldaK Tiafia bÈßm;a lsÍu&

3' iyiïnkaOh

ckudOH u.ska ljr wdldrfhka iudc ixisoaëka w;r in|;d fy<slrhs o" úúO iudc
wdh;k" mqoa.,hka yd rch w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;djh fld;frd;rï ÿrg ú.%y lrhso" ÿria:
iïnkaOhla iys; mqoa.,hka yd wdh;k w;r iïnkaëlrKh yd iïnkaO;d f.dvkeÕSug
ckudOH fld;rï ÿrg ueosy;a fõo hkdosh iyiïnkaO;d ld¾hh u.ska woyia fõ' ckudOH
ikafoaY u`.ska mqoa.,hka iy wdh;k w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaO;dj f.dvke`.Sug;a" iudc
ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k
hdug;a ckudOHfha iyiïnkaO;d ld¾hh Wmldr fõ'

Wod -
 ckm;sf.ka wykak jeks jevigykaj,oS iDcqju ckm;s uqK.eiSug fkdyels
m%cdjg ;u .eg¿ ckm;s fj; iDcqj bosrsm;a lsrSug udOH ueosy;alrefjl= f,I
lghq;= lsrSu
 .ïueoao ^Wmldr wjYH wdka;sl iudchkays ck;dj iy Wmldr l< yels m%cdj
iy wdh;k w;r iïnkaO;dj f.dvkexùug ckudOH ueosy;aùu&

24 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

 4' iudcdkqfhdackh

mqoa.,hd iudchg fhda.H f,i yev.eiaùu iudcdkqfhdackhhs' tfia;a ke;fyd;a

mqoa.,hdg ;ud wh;a jk iudch wfmalaId lrk wdldrhg yeisÍug b.ekaùu iudcdkqfhdackh
hs' mqoa.,hd iudchg wkq.; j yeisrSu ms<sn| bf.kqu" iudch ms<sn| oekqu iy jákdlï
bÈßm;a lsrSu" tajd ck;dj fj; ,nd §u yd iudcfha fmdÿ .eg¨ yd wNsfhda. y÷kd .ekSug
ie,eiaùu ckudOHfha iudc ld¾h hs' fulS ld¾hh bgq lsrSu iudcdkqfhdackh hs'
Wod -
 wjqreÿ isrs;a úrs;a rEmjdyskS jevigyka u.ska bosrsm;a lsrSu
 úúO wd.ñl W;aij" ixialD;sl W;aij wdosh ms<sn| jevigyka udOH u.ska
m%pdrh lsrSu
 udkqISh .=KO¾u biau;= flfrk fg,skdgH

w;S;fha isgu isÿ jQ fuu ld¾hh i|yd ikaksfõokh bjy,a lr .kq ,enQ w;r
j¾;udkfha §;a tu ld¾hh jvd;a úêu;a yd fjkia whqßka isÿjkq oelsh yelsh' mqoa.,fhl=f.a
iudcdkqfhdackh i|yd n,mEï lrk m%Odk ldrl jQfha" mjq," mdi, " wd.ñl uOHia:dk"
iujhia lKavdhï wdosh hs' foudmshka iy orejka tlg Ôj;a jk mjq, ;=<ska orejd m<uqj
iudcdkqfhdackhg ,lafõ' kuq;a mjqf,a iajNdjh wkqj tu l%shdj,sh fjkia fõ' ksoiqkla f,i"
úia;D; mjq, u.ska yd kHIaál mjq, u.ska isÿlrk iudcdkqfhdackh fjkaiaùu oelsúh yelsh'
mjq, u.ska isÿlrk iudcdkqfhdackh j.lSï iy.;j isÿ jk w;r j¾;udkh jk úg mjq,a úiska
isÿ isÿ lrkakd jQ fulS iudcdkqfhdack ld¾hh mjq, ;=<ska .s,syS hk wdldrhla oelsh yelsh'
mdi," j.lSï iy.;j orejd iudcdkqfhdackh lrk m%Odk;u wdh;kh hs' úIhdkqnoaO oekqu
,nd§u fukau úIh ndysr l%shdldrlï yd úúO w;aoelSï ,nd §uo mdi, u.ska isÿ isÿlrhs'
iduQyslj lghq;= lsÍug iudc wdh;k iy mqoa.,hka iu. .kqfokq lsÍug mqoa.,hdg wjYHh
l=i,;d ,nd foñka iudchg .e<fmk mqoa.,hl= f,i orejd iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu mdi, u.ska
isÿlrkq ,nhs' kuq;a kQ;k ;r.ldrS wOHdmk rgdj ;=< úIh oekqug muKla uq,;
a ek ,ndoSu ksid
mdi, úiska bgq l< hq;= iudcdkqfhdack j.lSu ksis f,i bgq jkafka o hkak .eg¿ iy.;h'
wd.ñl uOHia:dk tkï" mkai, m,a,sh jeks wd.ñl ia:dk uÕska mqoa.,hdf.a wdOHd;añl
ixj¾Okh isÿ lrhs' úfYaIfhka úkh yd ixhufhka hq;= mqrjeisfhl= ìyslÍ
s u i|yd wd.ñl
uOHia:dk iqúYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrhs' iu jhia lKavdhï ysoS iudk jhiaj, miqjk
ñ;=relï lKavdhï weiqfrys mqoa.,hd iudc p¾hdjka bf.kSï isÿ lrhs' j.lSï iyiy.;
fkdjQj;a iduQysl;ajh" ñ;%;ajh" fmdÿ jev lsÍfï§ j.lSï oeÍu iy j.ùu jeks l=i,;d
ixj¾Okh lr .ekSug iu jhia lKavdhï u.ska isÿjk iudcdkqfhdackh bjy,a fõ' kuq;a
j.lSï iy.; fkd jQ nj fukau iu jhia lKavdhï ;=< iudk w;aoelSï iys; msßila muKla
isàu;a" oekqj;a Ndjfhka wvq msßila ùu;a ksid fuys§ isÿjk iudcdkqfhdackh hï wdldrhl
whym;a ;;a;ajhka we;s lsÍug o" whym;a iudcdkqfhdackhla lsÍug o we;eï wjia:djkays§
fya;= úh yelsh'

idñm%odhslj mej; wd iudcdkqfhdack ldrl ish j.lSu ksis f,i bgq fkdlrk l,ays
we;s jQ ysvi msrùug bosrsm;a jQfha ckudOH hs' j¾;udkh jk úg iudcdkqfhdackfha m%n,
ld¾hhla bgqlsÍug ckudOH iu;aù we;' wka ish¨ iudcdkqfhdack ldrl wNsnjñka rEmjdysksh

25 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication

we;=¿ ckudOH N+ñldj m%n, ù we;' úfYaIfhka f.da,h
S iudchl mqrjeisfhl= f,i mqoa.,hd
iudcdkqfhdackh lsrSfï j.lSu ckudOH ish Wr u;g f.k we;' kuq;a" ,dNh u;u muKla
lghq;= lrk ckudOH lsisÿ úfgl iudcdkqfhdackfha§ j.lSï iy.;j lghq;= fkdlrhs' fï ksid
úfYaIfhka <ud mrmqr oekaùï yd ldgqka wd§ jevigyka Tiafia fkd.e,fmk iudcdkqfhdackhlg
fmd<Ujhs' tfukau NdIdj Ndú;h" yeisÍï rgdjka" wdydr mqreÿ" isß;a úß;a wd§ iEu
wxYhlskau fjkia jQ;a kùk;ajfhka hq;= jQ;a wdldrfhka mqoa.,hd iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu
ckudOH u.ska isÿlrhs' fndfyda wjia:dj,§ fuu iudcdkqfhdackh mj;akd idïm%odhsl iudc
ixialD;shg mgyeks jk nj kQ;k iudch foi ne,Sfuka y÷kd.;a yelsh'

Wod -
 ukqiailu m%lg flfrk jevigyka" O¾u foaYkd wdosh - hym;a
iudcdkqfhdackh
 fj<| oekaùï u.ska jeros wdydr mqreÿ yqre lrùu - whym;a iudcdkqfhdackh

fulS m%Odk ldrl yereKq úg ixialD;sh" ckY%e;sh" idïm%odhsl udOH wdÈho

iudcdkqfhdackh flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'

mqoa.,fhl= iudcdkqfhdackh jk uQ,l

s l%u ;=kla y÷kd.; yelsh' wkqlrKh tA w;r
uQ,sl fõ' úúO pß; iajNdjhka i;= ,laIK wkqrEmKh lsrSu wkqlrKh hs' úúO pß; i;=
,laIK ;uka i;= lr.ekSu wkqlrKfha § isÿ flf¾' úfYaIfhka ckm%sh pß; i;= ú,dis;d"
yeisÍï rgd wdÈh wkqlrKh lsÍu fuys§ isÿfõ' fuysoS ndysr wx. muKla wkqlrKh lsrSu
isÿfõ' ;od;aólrKh ;j;a iudcdkqfhdackh jk wdldrhls' fuys§ mqoa.,hl= iómj weiqre
lrñka tu mqoa., pß;h i;= hym;a ,laIK ;ud ;=<g we;=¿ lr .ekSu isÿ flf¾' úfYaIfhka
mqoa.,hdf.a ndysr iajrEmh wkqlrKh lsÍfuka neyerj mqoa., wNHka;ßl .;s.=K wkqlrKh
lsÍu iy tAjd ;ud ;=<g we;=¨ lr .ekSu ;od;aólrKfha § isÿ flfrhs' N+ñld ksrEmKh o ;j;a
iudcdkqfhdack l%uhls' N+ñld ksrEmKfha § isÿ flfrkqfha úúO N+ñldjka" ;uka m%sh lrk úúO
pß; rÕ oelaùuhs' úfYaIfhka fuf,i N+ñld ksrEmKfha§ rÕ olajk pß;hkays pß; ,laIK
yd .=Kdx. miqld,Skj ;ukaf.a Ôú;h yev .iajd.ekSu i|yd fhdod .ekSu isÿfõ' .eyekq
orejl= fi,a,ï f.or § wïudf.a pß;h rÕ oelaùu u.ska wkd.; ujl" ìrs|l f,i yeisrsh hq;=
wdldrh bf.kSu fuhg ksoiqkls'

we.hSu

1' ikaksfõok hkak ks¾jpk weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2' ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úúO úIh lafIa;%j, úoaj;=ka úiska bÈßm;a lr we;s kj ks¾jpk 05la tla/ia lrkak' tajd u`.ska ikaksfõokh
hkak ms<sn| úúO me;slv Tiafia lr we;s újrK meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' ikaksfõokh i;= ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| flá igykla iïmdokh lrkak'

26 Created by : Gayani Perera | Unit 02 – Foundation of Communication