Metals & Non Metals

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 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Metals Non-metals
1.Lustrous: have shining surface Non- Lustrous
(in pure state),
Metallic Lustre

1.Generally Hard Generally soft

7. Have High Melting Point Low Melting Point

8.Sonorous: Metals produce a Non-sonorous

sound on striking a hard surface.

9. Physical state: All metals except Solid → Carbon , Sulphur

mercury exist as solids at room Liquid → Bromine
temperature. Gases → Nitrogen Cl2 Oxygen F2

Q1
 Exceptions
Metals Non - Metals
1) Alkali Metals – Li Na K are so soft that they 1) Iodine & Graphite are Lustrous
can be cut with a Knife . (also Ga & Cs)
NaK Ce GaLi me Chaku chalaya Pencil me Iodex lagaya chamakne lagi

2) Gallium (Ga) & Cesium (Cs) very soft 1.Diamond (form of Carbon) is
& have very low Melting point. They melt if Hardest Natural Substance. It has
you keep them on your palm. high Melting & Boiling Point.
Chess Khelti Gal ko hath me Rakha , pighal gayi Majboot Heere ko hathode se toda tave pe
garam kiya , beasar rha
1.Mercury is Poor conductor
0f Heat (exist as liquid)
1.Graphite (form of Carbon) is
Mercury planet pe dhoop nahi aati Lustrous , Conducts Electricity
4) Lead (Pb) is a Poor Conductor of Electricity
Pub me light chali gayi
 Q2

1.Copper & Aluminium are used for making cooking Vessels They
are good conductor of heat and they do not melt
(have high melting point).

2) Carbon is a non-metal that can exist in different forms. Each

form
is called an allotrope. Eg : Graphite, Diamond, Coal.
Q3
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide
( Generally basic in nature )

K and Na react so
vigorously
with oxygen that
they catch fire
They are kept inside kerosene oil to (Burns in air) even if
kept in the open.
i. Protect them from burning in air
ii.Prevents accidental fires.

Q4
Metal + Oxygen Metal Oxide
 Text
Q. A student while burning a magnesium ribbon in air, collected the products in a wet
watch glass. The new product obtained was
(CBSE 2021-2022 term 1)
(a) magnesium oxide Q5
(b) magnesium carbonate
(c) magnesium hydroxide
(d) magnesium chloride.

Q6

Pplz
 Flame Test

YELLOW SUN
GREEN COP
LIQOUR
BLACK BIKE
CAR ORANGE
Metal Oxides are generally basic in nature . Turns Moist red litimus blue
eg- MgO, CuO, Na₂O, K₂O, Fe₂O₃
But ,Some metal oxides show both acidic and basic nature, called
Amphoteric oxide.
E.g.: Oxides of Al & Zn
 REACTION WITH WATER
Metal + Water Metal hydroxide / oxide + H2
Q. A metal ‘A’ reacts violently with cold water and the gas evolved
catches fire. Another metal ‘B' when dipped in water starts floating. The
metal ‘C’ does not react either with cold or hot water, but reacts with
steam. The metal ‘D’ does not react with water at all. Identify the metals
‘A’ ‘B, ‘C' and ‘D'.
(CBSE 2023)
Q10

Q11
 REACTION WITH ACIDS
Metal + Dil Acid → Salt + H₂ ↑
Mg + HCl →
dil
Al + HCl →
dil
• Bubbles of H₂(g) are formed . H₂(g)
Zn + HCl → Burns with a pop sound &
extinguishes a burning cand le.
dil • Rate of formation of bubble
• Mg > Al > Zn > Fe.
Cu + HCl → • Heat is evolved (Exothermic
Reaction) order is same.
dil
 Special Case of Nitric Acid
Metal + Dil Acid → Salt + H₂ ↑
H₂(g) not evolved when a metal reacts with dil HNO₃ (nitric acid).

HNO₃ is strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H₂(g) produced to water.

& itself gets reduced to (NO, NO₂, N₂O)

Only Magnesium (Mg) & Manganese (Mn) reacts

with very dil HNO₃ to give H₂(g).
Q. Assertion (A) : Hydrogen gas is not evolved when (CBSE 2024)
zinc reacts with nitric acid. Q12
Reason (R) : Nitric acid oxidises the hydrogen gas
produced to water and itself gets reduced.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.e
Q. Three metal samples of magnesium, aluminium and iron were taken
and rubbed with sand paper. These samples were then put separately in
test tube containing dilute hydrochloric acid. (CBSE 2024)
Q12

(a) which one of the test tubes was the rate of formation of bubbles the fastest and the thermometer
showed the highest temperature?
(b) Why is hydrogen gas not evolved when a metal reacts with dilute nitric acid? Name the ultimate
products formed in the reaction.
 Displacement Reaction
A + BC → AC + B A is more reactive than B

Zn + CuSO4 →

Fe + CuSO4 →

Cu + ZnSO4 →

Best way to check which metal is more reactive.

Q. Select the correct matching in the following table in connection with
the given chemical reaction. CuSO₄ +Fe FeSO₄+Cu
(CBSE 2021-2022 term 1)
Q13

H.W.
Q. The pair(s) which will show displacement reaction is/are

(i) NaCl solution and copper metal (CBSE 2021

2021-2022 term 1)
(i) AgNO3 solution and copper metal Q14
(iii) Al2(SO4)3 solution and magnesium metal
(iv) ZnSO4 solution and iron metal.

Metals & Non-Metals React

Ionic Compound Electrovalent Compounds
Element Atomic No. Electronic Configuration
Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Na(11) 2 8 1

Cl (17) 2 8 7

Na Na+ + e- Cl + e- Cl-
2, 8, 1 2, 8 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
Sodium chloride
Cation ion

▪ Na+ & Cl– ions (oppositely charged) attract each other.

▪ Na+ & Cl– are hold together by strong Electrostatic Forces of
attraction.
▪ Sodium chloride (NaCl) do not exist as molecule but as combination
of oppositely charged ions ⇒ Ionic Compound Electrolent Compound
Formation of Calcium Oxide (CaO)

2_
Ca O Ca2+ O
Formation of Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2)

Mg(12) 2 8 2
Mg

Cl (17) 2 8 7

Mg Mg+2 2e -
2, 8,2 2, 8 ( Cation)
Cl + e- Cl-
2, 8,7 2, 8, 8 (Anion)
Ionic / Electrovalent Compounds Properties
1. Hard, solid compounds because of strong force of attraction between +ve and –ve ions.
Brittle in nature, Breaks
s into pieces if pressure is applied

2.. Have High Melting & Boiling points because large amount of energy is required to break
strong inter-ionic attraction.

3. Generally soluble in water but insoluble in solvents like kerosene, petrol, alcohol etc.

4. In Solid State do not conduct electricity as ions cannot move because of strong
electrostatic forces of attraction.

In Molten State, Heat Energy weake

weakens
ens the strong electrostate forces of attraction and ions
can move freely, hence in molten state, conducts electricity.

In aqueous solution, conducts electricity

y as solution of ionic compound in water contains
ions. Ions move to opposite electrodes. ((Water
Water weakens the strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between ions).
).
Q. Why do ionic compounds in the solid state not conduct electricity?

(CBSE 2023)
Q15
Q. (i)Show the electron transfer in the formation of magnesium chloride.

(ii) List two properties of ionic compounds other than their high melting
and boiling points.

(iii) (A) While forming an ionic compound say sodium chloride how does
sodium atom attain its stable configuration?
(CBSE 2023)
Q16
Q. Assertion (A) : The solution of ionic compounds are
good conductors of electricity.

Reason (R) : Movement of atoms of elements take

place in solution.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A).
(b) Both(A)and(R)are true but (R)is not the correct
explanation of (A).
(c) (A)is true, but (R)is false.
(d) (A)is false, but (R)is true.
(CBSE 2021
2021-2022 term 1)
Q17
Q. (i) By the transfer of electrons, illustrate the formation of bond in
magnesium chloride and identify the ions present in this compound.

(ii) lonic compounds are solids. Give reason. (CBSE 2020)

Q18

Q19
Q. When two compounds namely sodium chloride and calcium
chloride are heated directly, one by one on the flame of a burner, they
impart different colours to the flame.

(i) Name the colour imparted by (1) sodium chloride and (2) calcium chloride.
(i) Are these compounds soluble in organic solvents such as kerosene or
petrol? Justify your answer.
(CBSE 2023)
Q20
 Extraction of Metals
1. Minerals → elements or compounds which occur
naturally in earth's crust

2. Ores → Those minerals which contain a very high % of

a particular metal & metal can be profitably extracted
from it, are called ores.

Q. What is Gangue?
Ans.. Impurities like soil, sand, etc present in metal Ore
 Top in Activity Series
K very reactive, so never found
Na in free state as free metal
5 Ca
Mg
Al
Middle of Activity Series
Zn moderately reactive. Found in
3
Fe
Earth's crust in form of Oxides, COS
Pb
H sulphides & Carbonates
Cu
Hg Least reactive, hence found in
5 Ag free state as free metals
Au Low in Activity Series
Pt

Free Comb ko Silver Cup

Note: Copper ,Silver, Mercury are found in me Mercury Liquid me
free state as well as in combined state as dubaya
oxides & sulphides
Q. Where is iron placed in the reactivity series of metals? Write the
form/forms in which its ores are found in nature.
(CBSE 2023)
Q21
Q. The metals which are found in both free state as well as combined
state are
(CBSE 2024)
(a) gold and platinum Q22

(b) platinum and silver

(c) copper and silver

(d) gold and silver.

 Extracting Metal → Middle of Activity Series

1. Present as oxides , sulphides or carbonates in nature.

2. Sulphides/Carbonates converted to oxide, as it's easy to extract

metal from oxide.

• Roasting: Heating sulphide ores strongly in presence of

excess air.
Heat
ZnS + O2 ZnO + SO2

• Calcination: Heating carbonate ores strongly in limited air .

Heat
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
Q. Assertion (A) : The extraction of metals from their sulphide ores
cannot take place without roasting of the ore.
Reason (R) : Roasting converts sulphide ores directly into metals.
(CBSE 2024)
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
Q23

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A)is true, but Reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

Q. Differentiate between roasting and calcination giving chemical
equation for each.
(CBSE 2023)
Q24

Q25
Extracting Metals Low in Activity Series

K
Na
Ca Cinnabar (Hgs)
Mg Heat
Al HgS + O2 HgO + SO2
Zn Heat
Fe HgO Hg + O2
Pb
H
Cu Cu2S
Hg }
Ag Cu2S + O2 Heat
Cu2O + SO2
Au Heat
Pt Cu2O + Cu2S Cu + SO2
Q. Name the ore of mercury and state the form in which it is found in
nature. Write the chemical equations along with the condition required
for the reactions involved in the extraction of mercury from its ore.

(CBSE 2024)
Q26
Q. Write balanced chemical equations to explain what happens, when

(i) Mercuric oxide is heated. (CBSE 2020)

Q27
(ii) Mixture of cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide is heated.
 Extracting Metals → Top of Activity Series

• Carbon cannot reduce their oxides, these metals are very reactive
& have More affinity (likeness) for oxy
oxygen
ygen than carbon.

• Such Metals are obtained by Electr

Electrolytic
rolyttic Reduction
Reductiion (Reduction
with help of electric current)

• Na, Ca, Mg → electrolysis of molten chlorides ; Al from Oxide

At Cathode: At Anode:
Q. Name the process of reduction used for a metal that gives vigorous
reaction with air and water both.

Carbon cannot be used as a reducing agent to obtain aluminium from

its oxide? Why?
(CBSE 2023)
Q28
 Refining of Metals
• Metal obtained after carbon reduction or electrolytic reduction is not
very
ery pure.
• The
he most common method for refining metal is Electr
Electrolytic
rolyttic Refining.
Refi
fiin
inin
inin
ing.
x: electrolytic refining of Copper using CuSO4 Solution
Ex:
Ex
x:
 At Anode: Pure copper enters solution
At Cathode: equivalent amount of pure copper from solution depo
deposits
at cathode.

Q. The metals produced by various reduction processes are not very

pure. They contain impurities, which must be removed to obtain pure
metals. The most widely used method for refining impure metals is
electrolytic refining. (CBSE 2024) Q29
(i) What is the cathode and anode made of in the refining of copper by
this process?

(i) Name the solution used in the above process and write its formula.

(iii) How copper gets refined when electric current is passed in the
electrolytic cell?
 Corrosion :

When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as

moisture ( water vapour + oxygen ) , acid etc., it is said to
corrode and this process is called corrosion .
Examples -

1) Rusting of Iron

Iron Hydrated (Reddish Brown)

4Fe + 3o2 +x.h2o----> 2fe2o3.xh2o Iron oxide (Rust)
.
2) Tarnishing of copper

3) Tarnishing of silver

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2Cu(s)+H2O(g)+CO2(g)+O2(g)→CuCO3(s)+Cu(OH)
 Prevention of Corrosion

Painting Oiling Greasing

Galvanising Anodising
 Galvanisation:
• Steel & Iron are coated with thin layer of Zinc.
• It is done through electrolysis.
• It does not change property of metal.
1 Pure Iron is very soft & stretches easily when hot
Pure Iron + Carbon (0.05%) → Hard & Strong Iron Carbon Alloy
2. Stainless steel → Iron + Nickel + Chromium
Hard & do not rust
3. Amalgam → Alloy in which one metal is mercury
4. Brass (BCoZ) → Alloy of Zn + Cu
5. Bronze ( CoaT) → Alloy of Copper & Tin (Cu + Sn)
6. Solder (SoTeLa)→ Alloy of Lead & Tin (Pb + Sn)
Brass (BCoZ)
BCoZ) → Alloy of Zn + Cu
Bronze ( CoaT) → Alloy of Copper & Tin (Cu + Sn)

Solder (SoTeLa)→
SoTeLa)→ Alloy of Lead & Tin (Pb + Sn)
Q. Assertion (A) : The metals and alloys are good conductors of
electricity.
Reason (R) : Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it
is not a good conductor of electricity.
(CBSE 2020)
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Q31
explanation of the assertion (A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of the assertion (A).

(c) (A)is true but (R) is false.

(d) (A)is false but (R) s true.

 Thermit Reaction/Welding:
Fe2O3 + Al → Al2O3 + Fe +Heat

• The
he above reaction is so highly exothermic, that heat given
out
ut produces metal in molten state. This molten metal is used
o join railway tracks or cracked machine parts. This reaction
to
is known as thermit reaction..

Q32