LECTURE 1

Knowledge Representation : AI 303

By
Dr.Ashraf Hendam
 OUTLINE
• Course Content
• Academic calender
• Textbooks
• Grading
• Introduction
• What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
• Data, Information, Knowledge
• Representation
• Knowledge representation
• Why knowledge representation
• Reasoning
• What is Knowledge - Based System (KBS)?
• Knowledge Base (KB)
• What is a language?
• Declarative and Imperative programming languages
Week No. Topic
1 Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.
2 Types of Knowledge representation and contents of knowledge, and
relationships of AI, ES, And KBS.
3 Expert system and its Life Cycle, players of knowledge based systems and
Characteristics of KBS, .
4 Knowledge Representation Requirements and Techniques

5 Introduction to the aims and purpose of the Semantic Web

6 Exam (1)
7 Fundamentals of knowledge representation for the Semantic Web
8 XML with Document Type Definitions and Schemas
9 RDF—The Basis of the Semantic Web
10 The ontology language OWL
11 Exam (2)
12 Semantic web languages - syntax and semantics of SPARQL
13 Revision
Academic calendar

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 Textbooks
• Gerardus Blokdyk, "Knowledge Representation And
Reasoning A Complete Guide," ISBN 978-1867335252,
2020
• Dean Allemang, Jim Hendler, Fabien Gandon, "Semantic
Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective Modeling for
Linked Data, Rdfs, and Owl," ACM Books, 3rd Edition,
ISBN 978-1450376143, 2020

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Grading
Lecture Attendance 7
Lab. Attendance 3
Exam1 25
Exam2 25
Practical 30
Final Exam 60
Total 150

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 Introduction
• What is Intelligent ?
1. Someone’s intelligence is their ability to
understand and learn things.
2 Intelligence is the ability to think and understand
instead of doing things by instinct or automatically.
(Essential English Dictionary, Collins, London, 1990)

Thinking is the activity of using your brain to consider

a problem or to create an idea.
(Essential English Dictionary, Collins, London, 1990)
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Introduction(Cont..)
• in order to think, someone or something has to have a brain,
or in other words, an organ that enables someone or
something to learn and understand things, to solve
problems and to make decisions.
• So we can define intelligence as ‘the ability to learn and
understand, to solve problems and to make decisions’.
• The goal of artificial intelligence (AI) as a science is to make
machines do things that would require intelligence if done by
humans (Boden, 1977).
Introduction(Cont..)
Can machines think?
• The answer is not a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’
• Some people are smarter in some ways than others.
• Sometimes we make very intelligent decisions but
sometimes we also make very silly mistakes.
• Some of us deal with complex mathematical and
engineering problems but are moronic in philosophy and
history.
• Accordingly we should expect that if machines can think,
some of them might be smarter than others in some ways.
 What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
• Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans
and mimic their actions.
• The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits
associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-
solving.
• The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence is its ability to
rationalize and take actions that have the best chance of achieving
a specific goal.
 What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
• Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial
intelligence, which refers to the concept that
computer programs can automatically learn
from and adapt to new data without being
assisted by humans.
• Deep learning is a techniques that enables
automatic learning through the absorption of
huge amounts of unstructured data such as
text, images, or video.
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Data, Information, Knowledge
Data = facts of the world.
• Data represents a fact or statement of an event without relation to
other things.
• Data comes in many forms, such as web pages, sensors, devices,
audio, video, networks, log files, social media, transactional
applications, and much more.
• Most of these data are generated in real time and on a very large-
scale. Although it is generally alphanumeric (text, numbers, and
symbols), it can consist of images or sound.
• Examples, financial transactions, age, temperature, and the number of
steps from my house to my office are simply numbers.

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Data, Information, Knowledge
Information is manipulated data.
• Information can be considered as an aggregation of data.
• has usually got some meaning and purpose.
• The information can help us to make decisions easier.
• After processing the data, we can get the information within a context
in order to give proper meaning. In computer jargon, a relational
database makes information from the data stored within it.

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Data, Information, Knowledge
Knowledge is a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or
a domain.
• We make decisions about what to do based on what we know (or
believe) about the world
• Knowledge is information with meaning.
• Knowledge happens only when human experience and insight is
applied to data and information.
• We can talk about knowledge when the data and the information
turn into a set of rules to assist the decisions.
• The ultimate purpose of knowledge is for value creation.
Data, Information, Knowledge
Representation
• Representation is a relationship between two domains,
where the first is meant to “stand for” or take the place of the
second.
• The first domain, the representor, is more concrete,
immediate, or accessible in some way than the second.
• Drawing of a milkshake and a hamburger on a sign might
stand for a less immediately visible fast food restaurant
Representation
• The type of representor that we will be most concerned with
is the formal symbol, that is, a character or group of
characters taken from some predetermined alphabet.
• The digit “7,” for example, stands for the number 7
• As with all representation, it is assumed to be easier to deal
with symbols (recognize them, distinguish them from each
other, display them, etc.) than with what the symbols
represent.
Knowledge representation
• Knowledge representation is the field of study concerned
with using formal symbols to represent a collection of
propositions believed by some putative agent.
• The used symbols must represent all the propositions
believed by the agent.
 Why knowledge representation
• It is sometimes useful to describe the behavior of
sufficiently complex systems (human or otherwise) using a
vocabulary involving terms like “beliefs,” “desires,” “goals,”
“intentions,” “hopes,”
• Constructing systems for which the intentional stance is
grounded by design in symbolic representations these
systems are called knowledge-based systems and the
symbolic representations involved their knowledge bases
(KBs).
Reasoning
• what is reasoning? In general, it is the formal manipulation
of the symbols representing a collection of believed
propositions to produce representations of new ones.
• Binary addition is formal manipulation done on binary
numbers.
• We start with symbols like “1011” and “10,” for instance, and
end up with “1101.”
Reasoning
John loves Mary
Mary is coming to the party
after a certain amount of manipulation produce the sentence,
“Someone John loves is coming to the party.”
this form of reasoning is called logical inference because the
final sentence represents a logical conclusion of the
propositions represented by the initial ones
What is Knowledge - Based System (KBS)?

• A Knowledge - Based System (KBS) is a computer program

that uses knowledge and problem solving techniques.

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 Knowledge Base (KB)
Knowledge Base (KB):
is a repository of special heuristics or rules that direct the use of
knowledge, facts (productions). It contains the knowledge necessary for
understanding, formulating, & problem solving.

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 What is a language?
Is a set of words or a set of symbols of some sort, what
more is needed?
1. syntax:
specify which groups of symbols, arranged in what way, are
to be considered properly formed.
In English:
the cat my mother loves -> wellformed noun phrase
the my loves mother cat-> not wellformed noun phrase
For knowledge representation, we need to be especially
clear about which of the well-formed strings are the
sentences of the language.
 What is a language?
2. Semantics:
we need to specify what the well-formed
expressions are supposed to mean.
Some well-formed expressions may not mean
anything
The hardnosed decimal holiday
For sentences, we need to be clear about
what idea about the world is being
expressed.
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 What is a language?
3. Pragmatics:
we need to specify how the meaningful expressions in
the language are to be used.
English
There is someone right behind you
Warning to be careful in
Or a request to move in others.
For knowledge representation, this involves how we use
the meaningful sentences of a representation language
as part of a knowledge base from which inferences will be
drawn.
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 Declarative and Imperative programming languages
• Programming paradigms are approaches used to
categorize or classify programming languages
based on techniques and features they support.
• Imperative and declarative programming are two
of the most popular programming paradigms in
software development.

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 Declarative and Imperative languages
• Declarative programming is a paradigm
describing WHAT the program does, without
explicitly specifying its control flow.
• Developers are more concerned with the answer
that is received.
• It declares what kind of results we want and leave
programming language aside focusing on simply
figuring out how to produce them.
• In simple words, it mainly focuses on end result.
It expresses the logic of computation.
• Miranda, Erlang, Haskell, Prolog, SQL are a few
popular examples of declarative programming.
 Declarative and procedural languages
• Imperative programming is a paradigm
describing HOW the program should do something
by explicitly specifying each instruction (or
statement) step by step, which mutate the
program's state.
• Developers are more concerned with how to get
an answer step by step.
• It comprises the sequence of command
imperatives.
• The order of execution is very important.
• Fortran, Java, C, C++ programming languages
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are examples of imperative programming.
Declarative and procedural languages
 Declarative and procedural languages
Imperative Declarative
Programs specify how it is to be Programs specify what is to be
done. done.
The user is allowed to make A compiler is allowed to make
decisions and commands to the decisions.
compiler.
Includes mutable variables Does not include any mutable
variables
Gives full control to developers Automate repetitive flow along
with simplifying code structure.
Programmer is responsible for The system optimizes the code
optimizing the code for based on the rules and constraints
performance specified by the programmer.