SCIENCE

Q3

VOLCANOES - Lava, huge rocks, cinders and ashes

explode high into the air forming a steep
cone up to 35 degrees.
- Are openings in the Earth’s crust through
- Mt. Paricutin in Mexico
which molten rock, gas, and other
materials are released from deep within
the Earth COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO
- Alternate solidification of lava and cinders
characterized by large and symmetrical
PARTS OF A VOLCANO slope
- Nearly perfect sloped structure
MAGMA CHAMBER – reservoir where magma is - Stickier (more viscous)
stored beneath the volcano - Explosive and dangerous eruption
ASH CLOUD – mass of tiny volcanic rock - Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. Mayon
fragment, dust, and gases that are released into
the air
TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
CONDUIT – a pipe-like structure that connects
the magma chamber
A. PHREATIC OR HYDROTHERMAL
SILL – flat rock formation that forms when
molten magma cools and solidifies in the crack • Stream-driven eruption
or fissure • Rising magma makes contact with
CRATER – funnel-shaped depression at the top ground or surface water
of the volcano • Generating explosion of steam,
CONE – steep, conical-shaped hill or mountain water, ash, blocks, and bombs
LAVA – molten rock that flows during an eruption • Short lived characterized by ash
SUMMIT – highest point columns but may be onset of a
SLOPE – sides or flanks of a volcano larger eruption
BASE – bottom part • Ex: Taal Volcano, 1965
CALDERA – formed when a part of the wall
collapses B. PHREATOMAGMATIC
MAGMA – molten rocks under the ground • Erupting magma reacts with
VENT – opening on the surface of a volcano external water with a violent
FISSURE – elongated fracture or crack eruption
• Pyroclastic called base surges
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES • Ex: Mt. Tarawera (New Zealand),
1886
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
- Record of eruption within the last 600 C. STROMBOLIAN
years or erupted 10,000 years ago based • Bursting gas bubbles within
on analysis of their materials magma
• periodic weak to violent eruption
INACTIVE VOLCANOES (fountain lava)
- Not erupted for the last 10,000 years • short-lived and explosive with
- Physical form changes by agents intermediate viscosity
• Mt. Etna (Italy), 1981, 1999, 2002,
2003, 2009
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
D. VULCANIAN ERUPTION
SHIELD VOLCANOES
• Small to moderate explosive
- Formed by accumulation of lava resulting
eruptions
in a broad, slightly domes structure that
• Lasting seconds to minutes
resembles a warrior’s shield
• Tall eruption columns (ash
- Less explosive
- Less sticky columns) 20km in high with
pyroclastic flow, ashfall tephra
- Mt. Kilauea, Mt. Mauna (Hawaii)
(volcanic rock)
CINDER CONE VOLCANOES • Ex: Paricutin (Mexico), 1952
- Narrow base and steep slope
- Ejected lava fragments E. PLINIAN ERUPTION
- Wide crater and most abundant • Suddenly and unexpectedly
- Explosive (eruptions)
SCIENCE
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• Enormous dark columns of tephra 3. DISTANCE OF OCEANS
and gas • Areas that are close to oceans and
• Most explosive and powerful other bodies of water tend to have
• Ex: Mt. Pinatubo, 1991 more moderate climate changes
between seasons
FACTORS AFFECTING VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS LEEWARD & WINDWARD

1. VISCOSITY LEEWARD
• Resistance to flow - receives less amount of precipitation
• Thickness and stickiness - no cloud formation
- high temp
• The more viscous and thicker the
- rain shadow
material is, the greater is its
resistance to flow
WINDWARD
• The more viscous the magma is,
- receives the most precipitation
the more violent
- wind blows
• Less silica, less viscous, quiet
- low temp
eruptions
- cloud formation
• More silica, more viscous,
explosive eruptions
CLIMATE CHANGE
2. TEMPERATURE OF MAGMA
• Higher the temperature, less - describes long-term significant change in
viscous the magma the average weather patterns or
• Lower temperature, more viscous conditions
• Viscosity of magma decreases the
temperature GREENHOUSE EFFECT

3. COMPOSITION OF MAGMA - greenhouse gas emissions – from cars,

• Higher the silica content the more power plants, and other human-made
explosive sources
• High silica, more viscous - emissions include carbon dioxide
• Less silica, fluid and travels far
before solidifying

CLIMATE

- Describes what the weather is like over a

long period of time in a specific area

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE

1. LATITUDE
• Specific north to south grid
position on earth ranging from 0 to
the equator to 90 at the poles
• The higher the latitude, the lower
the temperature gets

2. ALTITUDE
• Height of an area above sea level
• Less dense air cannot absorb
much heat making the air
temperature lower
• The higher the area, the lower the
temeperature
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IMPACT MOVEMENT

- plants, animals, and environment - We can tell what time of the day it is
- bloom earlier than it is expected, loss of - When it seems to move towards the west,
species and habitat degradation its afternoon
- At night, the stars are used to tell the time
EL NINO - Stars move from east to west

- abnormal and lengthy warming in the COMMON CONSTELLATIONS

eastern part of the Pacific Ocean
- end of the year or during Christmas ORION
season - “The Hunter”
- "Christ Child” - “Balatik” – for filipinos which is a trap for
- Bring severe drought hunting wild pigs
- Stronger thunderstorm disturbance and - Prominent all over the world during
massive storms winter
- “Tatlong Maria” or “Tres Marias” – Orion’s
LA NINA belt

- Opposite climatic disturbance

- Nine to twelve months
- Cooling of the eastern of the Eastern of
the Pacific Ocean
- “Cold Pacific”
- Increase of rainfall in some areas of the
Philippines

CONSTELLATIONS

- Group of stars

CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS

- Color and temperature

• Blue: hottest
• White: Ex. Sirius in Canis Major
• Yellow: medium stars, ex. Sun
• Red: coolest stars
- Brightness and magnitude of stars
- Sizes of stars
- Distance of stars
- Composition of stars

BRIGHTNESS AND MAGNITUDE

- Seen from earth – “apparent brightness”

- Depends on how far a star is from the
earth
- “absolute brightness” – would have if all
stars were the same standard distance
from earth
- “parallax” – apparent change in the
position of an object caused by a change
in position of the observer