LEARNING MODULE 8T’s

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

(PPG - Grade 12)

QUARTER 1- WEEK 1
LESSON 1: Basic Concepts of Politics and Governance

YOUR TOPIC
Topic: Meaning of Governance
Materials: textbooks, ball point pen, notebooks,

YOUR TARGET COMPETENCIES

By the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
 differentiate politics, governance and government from one another; and
 explain the relationship among the three concepts:

YOUR INITIAL TASK

Situational Analysis: Write T if the statement is true. Write F is the statement is
false. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. Political science is the study of power and government system. _
2. Power is not a central concept in political science. _
3. The study of politics involves a complex process of quantitative and
qualitative interpretations based on available data. _
4. Aristotle defines political science as the study of people. _
5. Only government official have the right to study politics.

YOUR TEXT
In today’s digital generations we can really see the involvement of every citizen in
politics regardless of gender, age, race and even social-economic status, everyone
wants their opinion to be heard and seen by the people in government, so they
maximize any platform to be recognized. This is the era where young people are really
exercising their right to be informed. But the very question is how knowledgeable we are
as a Filipino about politics, Government and most of all about our constitutional rights?
For us to be more aware of all these things we must first look into the history and origin
of Politics.
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 A Definition of Politics
According to Greek philosopher Aristotle the word politics comes from a Greek
word polis it means state (Miller, 2012). In America they define politics as “authoritative
allocation of values for the society” (Easton, 2012). Easton (2012) described politics as
human activity concerned with the authoritative decision making and action by the
government. And another widely used definition of politics today came from American
political scientist Harold Lasswell (1958) who sees politics as “who gets what, when,
and how.” It simply describes as who in the political society receives how much of what
benefits, rewards, and advantages.
In order for us to understand politics more we will look into the following:
1. What politics involves (Ranney, 1999).
Politics includes the decision-making and decision enforcing process in
any group that makes enforces rules for its members. It is the process by which
policy-makers choose which action they will not take these actions often lead to
misunderstanding and disagreements. What is good for A may not be good for B
and vice versa. Politics is viewed differently by people, depending on the factors
involve, including economic status, educational attainment, and social milieu.
In summary, politics involves:
a. Allocation of things, activities, ideas, and other phenomenon which society
gives importance to;
b. A determination by the government of who should get what benefits, when,
and how; and
c. An analysis of public issues giving rise to conflict which requires solution.

2. Governance
Governance is the process of decision making and the process by which
decisions are implemented and also to make and enforce rule and deliver
service. It is important to emphasize that the decision and actions that
government do should not only dwell on what people need at the moment, but
what they will need in the future. And its decision should not be influenced by
interest of the few, values, preference; it should go against particular interest for
balance (Calilung, 2017).

B Eight characteristics of good governance

In general, good governance is perceived as a normative principle of
administrative law, which obliges the state to perform, is function in a matter that
promotes efficiency, transparency, and to avoid corruption. And it also requires urgent
response to present and future needs of the society. Below are the 8 characteristics that
a particular state government should possessed to be considered competent and
trustworthy. (United Nation Development Programme, 1997)

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 1. PARTICIPATION

By both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. it

could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or
representative. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not
necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in the society would
be taken into consideration in decision making (Ruiz & Laya, 2017)

2. RULE OF LAW
It requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. And full
protection of Human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement
of law requires an independent judiciary and impartial and incorruptible police
force ((Ruiz & Laya, 2017)
3. TRANSPARENCY
The decision taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that
follows rules and regulation. It also means that information is freely available and
directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decision and their
enforcement (Ruiz & Laya, 2017).
4. RESPONSIVENESS
Good governance requires that institution and processes try to serve all
stakeholders within reasonable time frame (Ruiz & Laya, 2017).

5. CONSENSUS-ORIENTED
Good governance requires mediation of different interest in the society to
reach broad consensus on what is in the best interest of the whole community
and how can this be achieved (Ruiz & Laya, 2017).
6. EQUITY and INCLUSIVENESS
A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that that all members feel that
they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from mainstream of society. This
requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable to have opportunities to
improve or maintain their well-being (Ruiz & Laya, 2017).
A picture below shows an example of inclusiveness during the Marcos
administration by building Mindanao State University (MSU) all over Mindanao
with the help of late senator Domocao Alonto through R.A 1387 and R.A 1893 to
address the so called “Mindanao problem”(Mindanao State University, n.d.)

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 SEPTEMBER 1, 1961

https://www.msumain.edu.ph/details.php/about-msu/history
7. EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY
It means that the action of the government should produce result that
meets the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their
disposal. It also covers sustainable use of natural resources and protection of the
environment (Ruiz & Laya, 2017).
A picture below shows a lack of characteristic No. 7.

(Photo Credits: rappler.com)

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 8. ACCOUNTABILITY
This is a key requirement of good government. Not only governmental
institution but also private sector and civil society organization must be
accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. In general an
organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its
decision or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and
rule of law (Ruiz & Laya, 2017)

C Difference between Government and Governance

Government and governance are two very similar words. Where People often get
confused about the differences between the government and governance.in here, we
are going to understand their differences and functions (Ruiz, 2017).
1. Government
Government is a group of people who rule or run the administration of a country.
In other words, it may be said that a government is the body of representatives that
governs and controls the state at a given time. Government is the medium through
which the power of the state is employed.
2. Governance
Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and laws framed
by the government that are to be implemented through the representatives of the state.

Summary:
GOVERNMENT
A group of people who rule or run the administration of a country.
GOVERNANCE
Refers to the act of governing or ruling of the people in government.

YOUR TECHNO-TIME
 For additional information, please open the video with the file name:
“Video No. 1 entitled “* qualities of good Governance” in your
flash drive.
 Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-oUiwRoegE

YOUR PRACTICE TEST

Word in a box. Classify the words given below according to corresponding right
principle.

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Fund Elections Transparency
rights justice Efficiency
Rule of law Officials President

Politics Government Governance

YOUR FINAL TASK

Instruction: Read the content of the Republic act no. 11462 and write an essay not
less than 200 words, discussing your personal observation on how politics, government
and governance work together to formulate a law.

Eigtheenth Congress

First Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-third day of July, two thousand eighteen.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 11462

An Act Postponing the May 2020 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections, Amending
for the Purpose Republic Act No. 9164, as Amended by Republic Act No. 9340, Republic Act
No. 10632, Republic Act No. 10656, Republic Act No. 10923 and Republic Act No. 10952, and
for Other Purposes

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippine Congress Assembled:

Section 1. Section 1 of Republic Act No. 9164, as amended, is hereby further amended to read as
follows:

"Section 1. Date of Election.— There shall be synchronized barangay and sangguniang kabataan
elections, which shall be held on July 15, 2002. Subsequent synchronized barangay and
sangguniang kabataan elections shall be held on the last Monday of October 2007 and every three
(3) years thereafter: Provided, That the barangay and sangguniang kabataan elections on the
second Monday of May 2020 shall be postponed to December 5, 2022. Subsequent synchronized
barangay and sangguniang kabataan elections shall be held on the first Monday of December 2025
and every three (3) years thereafter."

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Section 2. Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9164, as amended, is hereby further amended to read as
follows:

"Sec. 4. Assumption of Office.— The term of office of the barangay and sangguniang kabataan
officials elected under this Act shall commence at noon of June 30 next following their election:
Provided, however, That the term of office of the barangay and sangguniang kabataan officials
elected in the December 5, 2022 elections and subsequently thereafter, shall commence at noon of
January 1 next following their election."

Section 3. Hold-Over.— Until their successors shall have been duly elected and qualified, all
incumbent barangay and sangguniang kabataan officials shall remain in office, unless sooner
removed or suspended for cause: Provided, That barangay and sangguniang kabataan officials who
are ex officio members of the sangguniang bayan, sangguniang panlungsod, or sangguniang
panlalawigan, as the case may be, shall continue to serve as such members in the sanggunian
concerned until the next barangay and sangguniang kabataan elections.

Section 4. Appropriations.— The amount necessary for the implementation of this Act shall be taken
from the appropriations of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) under the General
Appropriations Act and/or supplementary appropriations thereafter.

Section 5. Repealing Clause.— All other laws, acts, presidential decrees, executive orders,
issuances, presidential proclamations, rules and regulations or parts thereof, which are contrary to
and inconsistent with any provision of this Act, are hereby repealed, amended or modified
accordingly.

Section 6. Separability Clause.— If any portion or provision of this Act is declared unconstitutional,
the remainder of this Act or any provision not affected thereby shall remain in force and effect. 1âшphi1

Section 7. Effectivity.— This Act shall take effect immediately following the completion of its
publication either in the Official Gazette or in two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

Approved,

(Sgd) ALAN PETER S. CAYETANO

Speaker of the House of Representatives

(Sgd) VICENTE C. SOTTO III

President of the Senate

This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1043 and House Bill No. 4933 was passed by the
Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives on November 11, 2019.

(Sgd) JOSE LUIS G. MONTALES

Secretary General

House of Representatives

(Sgd) MYRA MARIE D. VILLARICA

Secretary of the Senate

(Sgd) RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE

President of the Philippines

Approved: December 3, 2019.

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 Recommended Reading List:

1. Republic act no. 11462

These worksheets are due on

(deadline). Please submit it on time.

YOUR Thoughts

In this lesson, I learned/realized that _ _

COR JESU COLLEGE

Basic Education Department
WORKSHEET IN PPG
(Meaning of Governance)
NAME: _ SECTION:
TEACHER: _ DATE SUBMITTED:

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