CO QAH + MELC LW

Course Outline & Quality Assured Handouts HANDOUT No. 6

paired with MELC- Based Learner’s in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Worksheet

MELC: 15. Explain the first Law of Thermodynamics. (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-124)

16. Explain enthalpy of reaction (STEM_ GC11TCIIIg-i-125)
17. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i- 127)
Semester: 2 Week No. 6 Day: 1
LESSON 1: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Energy is the ability to do work. This energy is transferred in two ways:to cause motion of an object
against the force or to cause a change in temperature. Heat is the form of energy that transform that brings
temperature to change when transferred from one body to another.
Changes of matter are usually accompanied by absorption or evolution.Changes is a consequence
of formation the formation and breaking of bond. When bond is formed, energy (heat) is absorbed –
endothermic process. When bond is broken, energy(heat) is released or evolved-exothermic process.
In Endothermic process, heat flows from surrounding to the system while exothermic process, heat
flows from a system to the surroundings.
The term thermodynamics is derived from the Greek word ”thermos” which means heat and
“dynamo” which means power. Thermodynamics deal with the study of energy, and its transfromation.This
field of study will help understand the relationship between heat(energy) and work in all living and nonliving
things.
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It
means energy is conserved. This is also known as the first law of Thermodynamics.This law further states
that energy can be transferred back and forth between the system and the surroundings in the form of heat
and work.
The energy contained within the system, referred to as internal energy, E which is simply the sum
of kinetic and potential energy of all the components.Thus, change in internal energy,ΔE,of the system is a
state function,its value is independent of the manner in which the state of the system is attained. The value
is the same regardless of the pathway and depend on how and where the change is carried out. Thus, if a
system transformed from state A to a different state, B, the value of ΔE is expressed as

ΔE = EB - EA Equation 1

If the transformation is carried out by exchange of heat and work between the system and
surroundings, the total change of energy of a system, ΔE, is equal to the sum of the heat absorbed or
evolved.
ΔE = q + w Equation 2

Sign convention:
q is positive (+) – energy of the system is increased; energy flows into the system
q is negative (-) _ energy of the ssytem is decreased; energy flows from the system to surroundings

q = + 9endothermic); ΔE > 0 q = - (exothermic) ΔE < 0

w = + if work is done by surroundings w = - if work is done by the system

Consider a cylinder that contains a gas abd is equipped with a movable piston, as shown below.

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 ΔH

Figure 1. Heat transfer in a cylinder equipped with movable piston

Supposed the gaseous molcules in the cylinder ar exerting pressure on the piston, it moves a
distance of ΔH. The applied force is taken as the force applied per unit area.
Mathematically written as:
P = F/A Equation 3

Where: P = Pressure of gas

A = Area of cylinder
F = Force applied
Substitution,
w = Fd, ΔH Equation 3.1

w = PAΔH Equation 3.2

But volume (V) of the cylinder is equal to the area (A) multiplied by the height (h). So, change in
volume (ΔV) caused by a moving piston is:

ΔV = AΔH Equation 3.3

Integrate this equation 3.2, you will have now

W = PΔV Equation 3.4

Equation 3.4 provides for work done by the system (gas molecules) to cause expansion; therefore w
is negative.Meanwhile, the corresponding expansion is manifested by an increase in its volume, which
makes it positive. So, the equation becomes

w = -PΔV Equation 3.5

In compression, work done on the system; w is positive. Compression leads to a decrease in

volume; ΔV is negative. The work done along with the change in volume of a gas is called “ PV work.”
Example 1: Calculate the change in the internal energy of a piston expanding against
pressure of 0.75 atm from 10.3 L to 22.4 L. In the process, 1 030 J of
heat is absorbed.
Given: Required:(What is ask) ΔE
P = 0.75 atm V2 = 22.4 L
V1 = 10.3 L q = 1 030 J
Solution:
w = -PΔV ; ΔV = 22.4 l – 10.3 L = 12 L
w = - (0.75 atm)(12.1 L) w = - 9.2 L-atm
Convert w to units joukes (J)
w = (-9.1 L-atm) (101.3 J/L-atm) ΔE = q + w
w = - 9.2 x 102 J = 1 030 J + (-9.2 X102 J ΔE = 1.1 X 102 J

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 Example 2: Calculate ΔE if 100 kJ of heat is absorbed by the system and 30 kJ of
work is done on the surroundings.
Given:
q = +100 kJ (absorbed by the system; sign is +)
w = -30 kJ ( done by the system; sign is -)
Required:
ΔE
Solution:
ΔE = q + w
= 100 kJ + (-30 kJ)
= 70 kJ

LESSON 2: ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS

The term enthalpy, from the greek word, enthalpien, meaning “to warm” refers to the energy
transferred under constant pressure. It is represented by the symbol H. It is often referred to, as heat
content. Like E (internal energy), H, is also a state function, therefore, not path dependent. Enthalpy cannot
be measured, but it is possible to measure the change in enthalpy or heat content, ΔH.

Reaction in an open container, at constant pressure, ΔH is equal to the difference in enthalpy

between the final and initial states of the system.

ΔH = Hfinal -Hinitial Equation 1

Enthalpy change, ΔH, that accompanies chemical reaction is called heat of reaction. This is the net
energy resulting from the breaking and the bond formation which represents the heat absorbed and
released when reactants are converted into products, at constant pressure.

ΔH = Hproducts -Hreactants Equation1.1

ΔH = q (at constant pressure) Equation 1.2

The sign of ΔH tells the direction of heat transfer.

If ΔH is positive (+), the system absorbs heat from the surroundings; endothermic
If ΔH is negative (-), the system released heat to the surroundings; exothermic

Endothermic: q = ΔH > 0 ; Hproducts > Hreactants Equation 1.3

Exothermic: q = ΔH < 0 ; Hproducts < Hreactants Equation 1.4

C(S) + O2(g)

ΔH forward = - 393.5 kJ ΔH reverse = + 393.5 kJ

CO2(g)

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 This shows a reversible reaction when solid carbon combines with oxygen gas, forming carbon
dioxide in gas form.

For endothermic reaction:

CH3OH(g) CO(g) + 2H2(g) ΔH = + 90.7 kJ

For exothermic reaction:

H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g) ΔH = -557 kJ

Enthalpy also indicates the amount of energy stored as potential energy. This implies that in
exothermic reaction, the product will have a lower energy than the reactants and vice versa for endothermic
reactions. The heat content of the system in exothermic reaction is lower since it is released to the
surroundings.

Example: Calculate the amount of heat released during the combustion of:
a. 0.30 mol of C3H6O
b. 100 g of C3H6O

a. Given:
Amount of substance (n) = 0.30 mol C3H6O
Heat released by 1 mol C3H6O = 1790 kJ
Required:
Heat released by 0.mol C3H6O

Solution:
Strategy: Using the stoichiometric relation of 1 mol C3H6O = 1790 kJ
−1790 𝑘𝐽
Heat = 0.30 mol C3H6O x = - 537 kJ
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C3H6O

The amount of heat is negative, so therefore heat is released by the system, the
reaction is exothermic.

b. Given
mass of C3H6O = 100 g
1 mol of C3H6O = 58 g C3H6O
1 mol of C3H6O releases 1790 kJ
Required:
Heat released by 100 g C3H6O

Strategy:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C3H6O −1790 𝑘𝐽
Heat = 100 g C3H6O x x = -3086 kJ
58 𝑔 C3H6O 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C3H6O

Negative sign again indicates heat is released.

Calorimetry

Calorimetry is a scientific way of determining the quantity of heat by measuring the changes in
temperature of a system. A calorimeter is used for such purpose; it is used to measure the amount of heat

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involved in chemical reaction or other processes.

The temperature change depends on the heat capacity of the materials used. Heat capacity, C, is
defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 0 C, while
specific heat, c, is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by10 C.
-q reaction = q solution Equation 1.5

If the solution is relatively dilute and predominantly water, amount of heat is calculated using:
q = mc Δt

where: q is the amount of heat absorbed or evolved in Joule (J) or calorie (Cal)
c is the specific heat of water since in the solution is fairly dilute
c= 4.18 J/g 0C or c = 1 cal/g 0C

m is the mass of the solution in grams (essentially mass of water)

Δt is the change in temperature (tfinal – tinitial) in 0C

Molar heat of reaction, ΔH is calculated using:

q reaction
ΔH = --------------------------- Equation 1.6
No. of moles, n

Example: A student dissolves 5.0 g NaOH in 100 mL of water in a calorimeter at 20.5 0C.
As the NaOH dissolves, the temperature of the surrounding water rises to 310C.
Determine the heat of solution of NaOH in J/g.
Given:
Volume of water = 100 mL (density of water = 1 g/mL)
Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g0C
Mass of NaOH = 5.0 g
Temperature change, Δt = 31.0 – 20.5 = 10.5 0C
Required:
heat of solution of NaOH in J/g
Strategy:
q NaOH = - q solution (NaOH releases heat to the surroundings)
= - (mc Δt)
= - (100 g) ( 4.18 J/g 0C) (10.5 0C)
= - 4389 J

ΔHsolution = - 4389 J/5.0 g

= -877.8 J/g The heat is released(exothermic)

Enthalpy of Formation or Heat of Formation and Reaction

Heat of formation or Enthalpy of formation, ΔHf is is the heat released or absorbed when one mole of
a compound is formed by combination. The standard state of a substance is its pure form at 1 atmosphere
pressure and a temperature of 25 0C or 298 K .

The standard enthalpy of reaction, ΔH, is the enthalpy change when all the reactants and products are
in their standards states. The standard enthalpy changes for a given reaction is equal to the sum of the
standard enthalpies of formation of the products minus the sum of the enthalpies of formation of the
reactants.
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 ΔH0 = ∑nΔHf0 products - ∑nΔHf0 reactants

Where: ΔH0 = standard enthalpy of formation for a chemical reaction of standard temperature
and pressure at STP
n = represents the stoichiometric coefficients of the products and reactants in the
thermochemical reaction or the number of moles
∑ = summation

Example: Calculate ΔH0 for the combustion of hexane as shown in the following
equation:

C6H12(l) + 9O2 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O(l)

Given:
Compound ΔHf
C6H12(l) - 151.9 kJ/mol
CO2 - 393.5 kJ/mol
H2O(l) - 285.8 kJ/mol

Solution:
ΔH0 = ∑nΔHf0 products - ∑nΔHf0 reactants

= [ 6 ΔHf0 CO2 + 6 ΔHf0 H2O] – [ ΔHf0 C6H12]

= [6(-393.5) + 6(-285.8) - [-151.9]
= -3923.9 kJ

It means that 3923.9 kJ is the energy needed to be released in order that the product
6 mol of carbon dioxide (CO2) and 6 mol of water (H2O) will be produced.

The standard enthalpy of formation for Oxygen is zero so it is not included in the calculation.

Example: Calculate ΔH0 of the following reaction:

8 Al(s) + 3 Fe3O4(s) 4Al2O3(s) + 9 Fe(s)

Given: ΔHf0 Al2O3(s) = -1669.8 kJ

ΔHf0 Fe3O4(s) = -1120.9 kJ

Solution:
ΔH0 = ∑nΔHf0 products - ∑nΔHf0 reactants
= 4 ΔHf0 Al2O3(s) - 3 ΔHf0 Fe3O4(s
= 4(-1669.8 kJ) - 3(-1120.9 kJ)
= - 3316.5 kJ

This is the amount of heat released in forming 4 mol of Al2O3(s) and 9 mol iron (Fe)

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 LESSON 3: HESS LAW

There are reactions that it is impossible to measure directly the enthalpy same as there are
compounds that cannot be form due to either very slow or no reactions. Hess find a convenient way to find
the heat of reaction that cannot be measured in calorimeter.

The change of enthalpy or change of heat content (ΔH) is a state function. This means that ΔH for
any chemical reaction is constant whether the reaction occurs in one step or several steps. Hess’s Law of
Heat Summation (developed by German Henri Hess IN 1840 state that reaction can be expressed as the
algebraic sum of a sequence of two or more other reactions, then the heat of the reaction n is the algebraic
sum of the heats of reaction in the sequence. In short, if we add two or more thermochemical equations to
give a final equation, then we can also add the heats or reaction to give the final heat of reaction.
PROCESS:

1. If we reverse or turn the equation around, change the sign.

If 2 C(s) + O2(g) 2 CO(g) ΔH = -52.8 kcal
Then, 2 CO(g) 2 C(s) + O2(g) ΔH = +52.8 kcal

2. If we multiply the equation by a number, we multiply the heat by that number.

If 2 C(s) + O2(g) 2 CO(g) ΔH = -52.8 kcal
Then, 4 C(s) + O2(g) 2 CO(g) ΔH = (-52.8 kcal)(2) = -105.6 kcal

3. If we divide the equation by a number, we also divide the heat by that number.
If 2 C(s) + O2(g) 2 CO(g) ΔH = -52.8 kcal
Then, C(s) + 1/2O2(g) 2 CO(g) ΔH = (-52.8 kcal)/(2) = -26.4 kcal

Example: Calculate ΔH of: C (graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)

From the following reactions:
1. C(s) + ½ O2(g) CO(g) ΔH = - 110.5 kJ

2. CO2(g) + ½ O2(g CO2(g) ΔH = - 283.0 kJ

Solution:
The final equation can be obtained by adding the 2 equations:

C(s) + ½ O2(g) CO(g) ΔH = - 110.5 kJ

CO2(g) + ½ O2(g CO2(g) ΔH = - 283.0 kJ
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
C(s) + O2 CO2(g) ΔH = - 393.5 kJ

Answer: - 393.5 kJ

Example: Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf0 for methane gas, CH4
produced from graphite and hydrogen gas according to the following reaction:

C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)

Since this reaction that forms methane gas does not take place as written, ΔHf0 of
methane is determined indirectly by using the following set of reactions whose ΔHf0 have
been accurately determined and applying Hess’s Law.

1. C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔHf0 = -393.5 kJ

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 2. H2(g) + ½ O2 H2O(l) ΔHf0 = -285.8 kJ
3. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHf0 = -890.4 kJ

Steps:
1. Write equation 1 as is.
2. Multiply reaction 2 by two including the value of ΔHf0
3. Rewrite reaction 3 in the reverse direction and change the sign of ΔHf0 from – to +.
4. Add the equations algebraically. Substances that appear on opposite sides of the
equation may be cancelled.
Solution:
1. C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔHf0 = -393.5 kJ
2. 2H2(g) + ½ O2 2 H2O(l) ΔHf0 = 2(-285.8 kJ)
3. CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ΔHf0 = 890.4 kJ
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Overall equation: C (graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g) ΔHf0 = -74.7kJ

REFERENCES

Apodaca, Dahlia. 2017. “General Chemistry 2.” DIWA Learning System Inc., Makati City, pages 43-47

Ayson, Marissa and De Borja, Rebecca. 2016. “General Chemistry 2 Textbook.” Vibal Group, Inc.,
Quezon City, pages 40-46

Chang, Raymond. 2010. “Chemistry” 10th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, pages 147- 150

Teaching Guide for Senior High School “General Chemistry 2”. Commission on Higher Education.
Quezon City, 2016, pages 184-194

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 CO QAH + MELC LW
LEARNING WORKSHEET No.1
Course Outline & Quality Assured Handouts
paired with MELC- Based Learning Worksheet in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _______________________

Teacher: _______________________________ Date Submitted: ________________________

MELC 15: Explain the first Law of Thermodynamics. (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-124)

Topic 1: First Law of Thermodynamics

Semester: 2 Week No. 6 Day: 1-4

Worksheet No. 1 Title: First Law of Thermodynamics Day: 1

Directions: Solve the following problems and explain your answer using the sign convention found in
the handout regarding heat flows and the first Law of thermodynamics. (Handout pages 1-3.)

1. The work done when a gas is expanded to a cylinder is -199 J. A heat transfer of 270 J occurs
from the surrounding to the gas. Calculate ΔE of the gas in Joules.

2. A balloon is inflated by heating the air inside it. The volume of the balloon changes from 4.00
x106 L to 4.50 x 10 6 L by addition of 1.3 x 10 8 J of heat. Assuming the balloon expands
against a constant pressure of 1.0 atm, calculate:
a. W done (in L-atm) and
b. The ΔE (in J) for the process

3. A rope is pulled, increasing its tension. The work done pulling the rope is 23
J. While being pulled, the rope is also heated by the hand of the person
pulling on it, by a net of 1.5 J. What is the change in the rope’s internal
energy? Give your answer to one decimal place.

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MELC 16: Explain the enthalpy of reactions (STEM_ GC11TCIIIg-i-125)

Topic 2: Enthalpy of Reactions

Worksheet No. 2 Title: Enthalpy of Reaction Day: 2

Directions: Analyze the following equation. Find the heat of reaction and briefly explain what happen
to it.(Refer to pages 3-6 of your handout).

1. Calculate the ∆H of reaction for: C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)
The values of ∆H o f are as follows: C3H8 (g) = -103.95 kJ/mol;
CO2 (g) = -393.5 kJ/mol;
H2O (l) = -285.8 kJ/mol

2. Ammonium perchlorate mixed with powdered aluminium powers the space shuttle booster
rockets: 2NH4ClO4(s) + 2Al(s) Al2O3(s) + 2HCl(g) + 2NO(g) + 3H2O(g)

Given the following thermochemical data, how much heat would be released per gram of Al(s)?
ΔHf (H2O(l)) = –285.1 kJ mol–1 ΔHf (Al2O3(s)) = –1669.8 kJ mol–1
ΔHf (NO(g)) = 90.4 kJ mol–1 ΔHf (NH4ClO4(s)) = –290.6 kJ mol–1
ΔHf (HCl(g)) = –92.3 kJ mol–1 ΔHvap (H2O) = 44.1 kJ mol–1

3. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas release 482.6 kJ of heat when they combine to form steam. Is
this reaction endothermic or exothermic? In which direction does heat transfer (between
system and the surroundings) for this reaction? Is ΔH for this reaction positive or negative?

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MELC 17. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess Law (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-127)
Topic: Enthalpy of Reactions
Worksheet No. 3 Title: Hess Law Day: 3

Directions: Answer the following. Refer to your handout on pages 6-7 for your guide.

1. Calculate ΔH for the reaction 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g), from the
following data.
N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO (g) ΔH = -180.5 kJ
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) ΔH = -91.8 kJ
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g) ΔH = -483.6 kJ

2. Calculate the enthalpy for the following reaction:

N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2 (g) H = ? kJ
Using the following two equations:
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) H = +180kJ
2NO2 (g) → 2NO(g) + O2(g) H = +112kJ

3. Calculate H for this reaction:

2N2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 2N2O5(g)

using the following three equations:

H2 (g) + (1/2) O2 (g) → H2O(l) H = -285.8kJ
N2O5(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(l) H = -76.6kJ
(1/2)N2 (g) + (3/2)O2 (g) + (1/2)H2(g) → HNO3(l) H = -174.1kJ

Prepared by: KAREN J. YU

CCNHS
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