Alliance School of Applied Mathematics

Semester I
Engineering Mathematics I

Module 1: Basic Calculus

Syllabus
Curvature, evolutes and involutes; Evaluation of definite and improper
MODULE 1 integrals; Beta and Gamma functions and their properties; Applications of
Basic Calculus definite integrals to evaluate surface areas and volumes of revolutions.

Radius of curvature for cartesian curves:

1. Show that the radius of curvature for the catenary of uniform strength
y= a log sec(x/a) is a sec(x/a).

2. Find the radius of curvature for the curve y = ax2 + bx +c at

1
x = 2𝑎 [√𝑎2 − 1 − 𝑏]
3. Find the radius of curvature for the asteroid x = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 , y = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 at
𝜋
𝜃=
4
4. Find the radius of curvature for the Folium of Decartes 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦
3𝑎 3𝑎
At the point ( 2 , 2 ) on it.
5. Find the radius of curvature for the curve x = a log (sec t + tan t), y = a sec t
6. Show that the radius of curvature at any point θ on the cycloid x = a (θ + sin θ)
y = a (1 – cos θ) is 4a cos (θ/2).
7. Find the radius of curvature for the curve x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ

Evolutes and Involutes:

Sl. Name of the curve Cartesian form Parametric form

No
1 Parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
2 Ellipse 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
x = a cos t
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 y = b sin t

1. Find the evolute of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.

𝑥2 𝑥2
2. Find the evolute of the Ellipse 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2
=1.
Beta and Gamma functions

Key definitions
1. Evaluate the following
𝛤(3) 𝛤(2.5) 6𝛤(8/3)
i) ii) 5 𝛤(2/3) iii) 𝛤(−7/2). iv) 𝛽(7/2, − 1/2)
𝛤(5.5)

Answers:
16 4 16 15
i) 315 ii) 3 iii) 105 √𝜋 iv) − 𝜋
8

2. Evaluate the following integrals

∞ ∞ 1 1
i) ∫0 𝑥 3/2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ii) ∫0 𝑥1/4 𝑒 −√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 iii) ∫0 √− log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 iv) ∫0 (log 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
1 ∞ 𝑥𝑐
v) ∫0 (x log 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥 vi) ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑥

Answers:
3 3 √𝜋 4! 24 𝛤(𝑐+1)
i) 4 √𝜋 ii) 2 √𝜋 iii) iv) – 6 v) 55 = 3125 vi) (log 𝑐)𝑐+1
2
2
∞ 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝜋
3. Show that ∫0 √𝑦 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 × ∫0 𝑑𝑦 =
√𝑦 2√2

4. Evaluate the following integrals

𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
i) ∫0 √cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ii) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 iii) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Answers:
𝜋 5𝜋 2
i) ii) 32 iii) 35
√2

5. Evaluate the following integrals

1 1 (1−𝑥) 2
i) ∫0 𝑥 3/2 (1 − 𝑥)1/2 𝑑𝑥 ii) ∫0 √ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 iii) ∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 )3/2 𝑑𝑥
 2 𝑥2 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
iv) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 v) ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√2−𝑥 √𝑥 (1+𝑥)

Answers:
𝜋 𝜋 64 √2
i) 16 ii) 2 iii) 3𝜋 iv) v)𝜋
15
𝜋/2 𝑑𝜃 𝜋/2
6. Show that ∫0 × ∫0 √sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋
√sin 𝜃

∞ 𝑥 𝑚−1
7. Show that 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛

1 1
8. Express ∫0 𝑥 𝑚 (1 − 𝑥 𝑛 )𝑝 𝑑𝑥 in terms of beta functions and hence evaluate ∫0 𝑥 5 (1 −
𝑥 3 )10 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑚
9. Show that ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝛽( 2 , 𝑛)
1 (−1)𝑛 𝑛!
10. Prove that ∫0 𝑥 𝑚 (log 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑚+1)𝑛+1, where n is a positive integer and m > -1. Hence
1
evaluate ∫0 𝑥(log 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥

Surface area and Volume of revolution

Surface area of Revolution
The surface area the solid generated by the revolution about x-axis, of the arc of the curve 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏, is
𝑏
𝑆 = ∫𝑥=𝑎 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑠

Note:
i) Cartesian form [for the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)]

𝑏 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫𝑥=𝑎 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + (𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

ii) Polar form [for the curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)] ,

𝑏 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟 2
𝑆 = ∫𝜃=𝑎 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 and 𝑑𝜃 = √𝑟 2 + (𝑑𝜃)
𝑑𝜃

1. Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 -2 ≤ x ≤ 2 about the

x-axis.
2. Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving 𝑦 = √𝑥 over the interval [1, 4]
about the x-axis.
 3. Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) about the
initial line.
4. Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) about the
initial line.
5. Find the surface of the solid formed by revolving the lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
about the initial line.

Volume of Revolution
The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis, of the area bounded by the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the x-axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the y-axis, of the area bounded by the
curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the y-axis and the abscissae 𝑦 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 is
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦

1.Find the volume of a sphere of radius r (or) Find the volume of the solid generated by the
revolution of the curve 𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 along the x-axis.
2. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 along the
x-axis.
3. Find the volume generated by revolving the portion of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, cut off by
the latus-rectum about the x-axis.
4. Find the volume generated by revolving the area between the curve y =x and the ordinates x
=0 and x =4.
5.Find the volume formed by the revolution of loop of the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥), about
the x-axis.
6. Find the volume formed by the revolution of loop of the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥), about
the x-axis.
𝑥2 𝑦2
7. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(i) about the major axis (ii) about the minor axis
8. Find the volume of the reel shaped solid formed by the revolution about the y-axis of the part
of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, cut off by the latus-rectum.
9.Find the volume generated by revolving the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) about the initial line.
10. Find the volume generated by revolving the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) about the initial line.