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In this article
Cogent
Abstract Engineering
Volume 3, 2016 - Issue 1
1. Introduction
Open access
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
390,511 1,425 36
3. Renewable
Views energy sources
CrossRef and technology
citations to date Altmetric
Listen
sustainable development
energy and
4. Renewable
Review Article
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
A review of renewable energy sources,
sustainability issues and climate change
6. Conclusion
mitigation
Additional information
Phebe
ReferencesAsantewaa Owusu & Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie |
Shashi Dubey (Reviewing Editor)
Article: 1167990 | Received 28 Jan 2016, Accepted 15 Mar 2016, Published online: 04 Apr 2016
Cite this article https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1167990
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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8/16/24, 11:37 PM Full article: A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
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1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
Abstract
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Home
The world All
is Journals CogentaEngineering
fast becoming global villageList
dueof Issues Volume 3, Issue
to the increasing 1 requirement of
daily
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
energy
Fullby all population
Article Figuresacross
& data the world while
References theearth in its form cannot
Citations change. The
need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
development, welfare and health is increasing. Returning to renewables to help mitigate
View PDF
climate change is an excellent approach which needs to be sustainable in order to meet
energy demand of future generations. The study reviewed the opportunities associated
Abstract
with renewable energy sources which includes: Energy Security, Energy Access, Social
1. Introduction
and Economic development, Climate Change Mitigation, and reduction of environmental
2.and health
Renewable impacts.
energy sources Despite these
and sustainability opportunities, there are challenges that hinder the
sustainability of renewable energy sources towards climate change mitigation. These
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
challenges include Market failures, lack of information, access to raw materials for future
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
renewable resource deployment, and our daily carbon footprint. The study suggested
5.some measures
Challenges and policy
affecting renewable recommendations
energy sources which when considered would help
achieve the goal of renewable energy thus to reduce emissions, mitigate climate change
6. Conclusion
and provide a clean environment as well as clean energy for all and future generations.
Additional information
Keywords: renewable energy sources climate change mitigation sustainability issues clean energy
carbon footprint environmental sustainability engineering
References
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Public Interest Statement
Energy is a requirement in our everyday life as a way of improving human development
leading to economic growth and productivity. The return-to-renewables will help
mitigate climate change is an excellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to
ensure a sustainable future and bequeath future generations to meet their energy
needs. Knowledge regarding the interrelations between sustainable development and
renewable energy in particular is still limited. The aim of the paper is to ascertain if
renewable energy sources are sustainable and examine how a shift from fossil fuel-
based energy sources to renewable energy sources would help reduce climate change
and its impact. A qualitative research was employed by reviewing peer-reviewed papers
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inHome
the areaAllofJournals Cogent
study. This Engineering
study brought toList of Issues
light Volume 3, Issue
the opportunities 1
associated with
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
renewable
energysources;
Full Article Figures & energy
data security, energyaccess,
References Citationssocial and economic
development and climate change mitigation and reduction of environmental and health
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impacts.
View PDF
Abstract
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
2.The worldenergy
Renewable is fast becoming
sources a global
and sustainability village due to the increasing daily requirement of
energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic
4.development,
Renewable energy welfare and development
and sustainable health is increasing. All societies call for the services of energy
5.to meet basic
Challenges human
affecting needs
renewable energysuch as:
sources health, lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility
and communication and serve as generative processes (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Securing
6. Conclusion
energy supply and curbing energy contribution to climate change are the two-over-riding
Additional
challengesinformation
of energy sector on the road to a sustainable future (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2010;
Kaygusuz,
References 2012). It is overwhelming to know in today’s world that 1.4 billion people lack
access to electricity, while 85% of them live in rural areas. As a result of this, the number
of rural communities relying on the traditional use of biomass is projected to rise from
2.7 billion today to 2.8 billion in 2030 (Kaygusuz, 2012).
Historically, the first recorded commercial mining of coal occurred in 1,750, near
Richmond, Virginia. Momentarily, coal became the most preferred fuel for steam
engines due to its more energy carrying capacity than corresponding quantities of
biomass-based fuels (firewood and charcoal). It is noteworthy that coal was
comparatively cheaper and a much cleaner fuel as well in the past centuries (Abbasi,
Premalatha, & Abbasi, 2011). The dominance of fossil fuel-based power generation (Coal,
Oil and Gas) and an exponential increase in population for the past decades have led to
a growing demand for energy resulting in global challenges associated with a rapid
growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016a). A
significant climate change has become one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first
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century. ItsAllgrave
Journals Cogent
impacts mayEngineering List of Issues
still be avoided if effortsVolume 3, Issue
are made to1transform current
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
energy
Fullsystems.
Article Renewable energysources
Figures & data hold
References the key potential to displace
Citations
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel-based power generating and thereby
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
mitigating climate change (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
View PDF
Sustainable development has become the centre of recent national policies, strategies
and development
Abstract plans of many countries. The United Nations General Assembly
1.proposed
Introduction a set of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which included 17 goals
and 169 targets at the UN in New York by the Open Working Group. In addition, a
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
preliminary set of 330 indicators was introduced in March 2015 (Lu, Nakicenovic,
3.Visbeck,
Renewable& Stevance,
energy 2015).
sources and The SDGs
technology place greater value and demands on the scientific
4.community than
Renewable energy anddid the Millennium
sustainable development Development Goals. In addressing climate change,
renewable energy, food, health and water provision requires a coordinated global
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
monitoring and modelling of many factors which are socially, economically and
6.environmentally
Conclusion oriented (Hák, Janoušková, & Moldan, 2016; Owusu, Asumadu-Sarkodie,
& Ameyo,
Additional 2016).
information
Research
References into alternate sources of energy dated back in the late 90s when the world
started receiving shock from oil produces in terms of price hiking (Abbasi et al., 2011). It
is evidential in literature that replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources with renewable
energy sources, which includes: bioenergy, direct solar energy, geothermal energy,
hydropower, wind and ocean energy (tide and wave), would gradually help the world
achieve the idea of sustainability. Governments, intergovernmental agencies, interested
parties and individuals in the world today look forward to achieving a sustainable future
due to the opportunities created in recent decades to replace petroleum-derived
materials from fossil fuel-based energy sources with alternatives in renewable energy
sources. The recent launch of a set of global SDGs is helping to make sure that climate
change for twenty-first century and its impacts are combated, and a sustainable future is
ensured and made as a bequest for future generations (Edenhofer et al., 2011; Lu et al.,
2015).
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Against All backdrop,
Journals Cogent Engineering
the study seeks to List of Issuesthe potentials
examine Volume 3, Issue
and1 trends of
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
sustainable
development
Full Article Figures with
& datarenewable energy sources
References and
Citations climate change
mitigation,
the extent to which it can help and the potential challenges it poses and how a shift from
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
fossil to renewable energy sources is a sure way of mitigating climate change. To achieve
View PDF
this objective, concepts, techniques and peer-reviewed journals are analysed and
reviewed judiciously.
Abstract
1.The remainder
Introduction of the paper is sectioned into five: Section 2 discusses renewable energy
sources and sustainability and climate change, Section 3 elaborates on the various
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
renewable energy sources and technologies, Section 4 elaborates on the renewable
3.energy sources
Renewable and sustainable
energy sources and technology development, Section 5 elaborates on challenges
4.affecting renewable
Renewable energy energydevelopment
and sustainable sources and policy recommendations and Section 6
concludes the study.
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
Additional information
References
Renewable energy sources replenish themselves naturally without being depleted in the
earth; they include bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind
energy and ocean (tide and wave) energy. The main renewable energy forms and their
uses are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Renewable energy sources and their use (Panwar et al.,
2011 )
Download CSV Display Table
Tester (2005) defines sustainable energy as, “a dynamic harmony between the equitable
availability of energy-intensive goods and services to all people and preservation of the
earth for future generations”.
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The Allgrowing
world’s Journals energy
Cogentneed,
Engineering List increasing
alongside of Issues Volume 3, Issueled
population 1 to the continual
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
use of
fossil
Full fuel-based
Article energy
Figures & datasources (Coal, Oil
References and Gas) which became problematic
Citations by
creating several challenges such as: depletion of fossil fuel reserves, greenhouse gas
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emissions and other environmental concerns, geopolitical and military conflicts, and the
View PDF
continual fuel price fluctuations. These problems will create unsustainable situations
which will eventually result in potentially irreversible threat to human societies (UNFCC,
Abstract
2015). Notwithstanding, renewable energy sources are the most outstanding alternative
1. Introduction
and the only solution to the growing challenges (Tiwari & Mishra, 2011). In 2012,
2.renewable energy
Renewable energy sources
sources supplied
and sustainability 22% of the total world energy generation (U.S.
Energy Information Administration, 2012) which was not possible a decade ago.
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4.Reliable
Renewableenergy supply
energy and is essential
sustainable in
development all economies for heating, lighting, industrial
equipment, transport, etc. (International Energy Agency, 2014). Renewable energy
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
supplies reduce the emission of greenhouse gases significantly if replaced with fossil
6.fuels. Since
Conclusion renewable energy supplies are obtained naturally from ongoing flows of
energy information
Additional in our surroundings, it should be sustainable. For renewable energy to be
sustainable, it must be limitless and provide non-harmful delivery of environmental
References
goods and services. For instance, a sustainable biofuel should not increase the net CO₂
emissions, should not unfavourably affect food security, nor threaten biodiversity
(Twidell & Weir, 2015). Is that really what is happening today? I guess not.
In spite of the outstanding advantages of renewable energy sources, certain
shortcoming exists such as: the discontinuity of generation due to seasonal variations as
most renewable energy resources are climate-dependent, that is why its exploitation
requires complex design, planning and control optimization methods. Fortunately, the
continuous technological advances in computer hardware and software are permitting
scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties using computational
resources applicable to the renewable and sustainable energy field (Baños et al., 2011).
2.1. Renewable energy and climate change
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Presently, All
the Journals Cogent change”
term “climate Engineeringis of List
greatof Issues
interest Volume
to the3,world
Issue 1at large, scientific as
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
well as
Fullpolitical
Article discussions. Climatehas
Figures & data been changing
References since
Citations the beginning
of creation,
but what is alarming is the speed of change in recent years and it may be one of the
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threats facing the earth. The growth rate of carbon dioxide has increased over the past
View PDF
36 years (1979–2014) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016c, 2016f), “averaging about
1.4 ppm per year before 1995 and 2.0 ppm per year thereafter” (Earth System Research
Abstract
Laboratory, 2015). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1. Introduction
defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activities that
2.alters theenergy
Renewable composition
sources andof the global
sustainability atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in
natural climate observed over comparable time periods (Fräss-Ehrfeld, 2009).
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4.For moreenergy
Renewable than and
a decade, the
sustainable objective
development of keeping global warming below 2 °C has been a
key focus of international climate debate (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Rufangura, Jayaweera, &
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
Owusu, 2015; Rogelj, McCollum, Reisinger, Meinshausen, & Riahi, 2013). Since 1850, the
6.global use
Conclusion of fossil fuels has increased to dominate energy supply, leading to a rapid
growthinformation
Additional in carbon dioxide emissions. Data by the end of 2010 confirmed that
consumption of fossil fuels accounted for the majority of global anthropogenic
References
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, where concentrations had increased to over 390 ppm
(39%) above preindustrial levels (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of
these resources decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste
and are sustainable based on the current and future economic and social needs.
Renewable energy technologies provide an exceptional opportunity for mitigation of
greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting
conventional energy sources (fossil fuel based) (Panwar, Kaushik, & Kothari, 2011).
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Renewable energy sources are energy sources from natural and persistent flow of
energy happening in our immediate environment. They include: bioenergy, direct solar
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energy, All Journals energy,
Cogent hydropower,
Engineering List
wind of Issues Volume
and ocean 3, Issue
energy 1 and wave).
(tide
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
Full Article Figures & data References Citations
3.1. Hydropower
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Hydropower is an essential energy source harnessed from water moving from higher to
View PDF
lower elevation levels, primarily to turn turbines and generate electricity. Hydropower
projects include Dam project with reservoirs, run-of-river and in-stream projects and
Abstract
cover a range in project scale. Hydropower technologies are technically mature and its
1. Introduction
projects exploit a resource that vary temporarily. The operation of hydropower
2.reservoirs often
Renewable energy reflects
sources their multiple
and sustainability uses, for example flood and drought control
(Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, &
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Rufangura, 2015), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
primary energy is provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the
5.turbine.
ChallengesThe potential
affecting energy
renewable of the
energy sources stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity
factor (g = 9.81 ms−2) and the head defined as the difference between the dam level and
6. Conclusion
the tail water level. The reservoir level to some extent changes downwards when water
Additional information
is released and accordingly influences electricity production. Turbines are constructed
for an optional
References flow of water (Førsund, 2015). Hydropower discharges practically no
particulate pollution, can upgrade quickly, and it is capable of storing energy for many
hours (Hamann, 2015).
3.1.1. Hydropower source potential
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated
total capacity potential of 3,721 GW; but, currently the global installed capacity of
hydropower is much less than it’s potential. According to the World Energy Council
Report, about 50% of hydropower installed capacity is among four countries namely
China, Brazil, Canada and USA (World Energy Council, 2013). The resource potential of
hydropower could be altered due to climate change. Globally, the alterations caused by
climate change in the existing hydropower production system are estimated to be less
than 0.1%, even though additional research is needed to lower the uncertainties of these
projection (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
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3.1.2.
Home Hydropower
All Journals environmental
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Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as
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a green source of energy. Nonetheless, it has its advantages and disadvantages. It
View PDF
improves the socio-economic development of a country; but, also considering the social
impact, it displaces a lot of people from their homes to create it, though they are
Abstract
compensated but are not enough. The exploitation of the sites for hydropower such as,
1.reservoirs
Introduction that are often artificially created leading to flooding of the former natural
environment. In addition, water is drained from lakes and watercourses and transported
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
through channels over large distances and to pipelines and finally to the turbines that
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
are often visible, but they may also go through mountains by created tunnels inside
4.them (Førsund,
Renewable 2015).
energy and Hydroelectric
sustainable development structures affect river body’s ecology, largely by
inducing a change into its hydrologic characteristics and by disturbing the ecological
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
continuity of sediment transport and fish migration through the building of dams, dikes
6. Conclusion
and weirs (Edenhofer et al., 2011). In countries where substantial plants or tree covers
are flooded
Additional during
information the construction of a dam, there may be formation of methane gas
when plants start rotting in the water, either released directly or when water is
References
processed in turbines (Førsund, 2015).
3.2. Bioenergy
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources. Bioenergy is an
important source of energy, which can be used for transport using biodiesel, electricity
generation, cooking and heating. Electricity from bioenergy attracts a large range of
different sources, including forest by-products such as wood residues; agricultural
residues such as sugar cane waste; and animal husbandry residue such as cow dung.
One advantage of biomass energy-based electricity is that fuel is often a by-product,
residue or waste product from the above sources. Significantly, it does not create a
competition between land for food and land for fuel (Urban & Mitchell, 2011). Presently,
global production of biofuels is comparatively low, but continuously increasing (Ajanovic,
2011). The annual biodiesel consumption in the United States was 15 billion litres in
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2006. All been
Journals Cogent
growing at Engineering List of per
a rate of 30–50% Issues Volume
year to 3, Issue
achieve an1 annual target of 30
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
billion
litres
Full at theend
Article of year
Figures & data2012(Ayoub & Abdullah,
References 2012).
Citations
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3.2.1. Bioenergy source potential
View PDF
Biomass has a large potential, which meets the goal of reducing greenhouse gases and
could
Abstract insure fuel supply in the future. A lot of research is being done in this area trying
to quantify global biomass technology. According to Hoogwijk, Faaij, Eickhout, de Vries,
1. Introduction
and Turkenburg (2005) the theoretical potential of bioenergy at the total terrestrial
2.surface
Renewable
isenergy
about sources
3,500 andEJ/year.
sustainability
The greater part of this potential is located in South
3.America
Renewableand Caribbean
energy (47–221
sources and technology EJ/year), sub-Saharan Africa (31–317 EJ/year) and the
Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S) and Baltic states (45–199 EJ/year). The yield
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
of biomass and its potential varies from country to country, from medium yields in
5.temperature to renewable
Challenges affecting high level in sub
energy tropic
sources and tropic countries. With biomass, a lot of
6.research
Conclusion is focusing on an environmentally acceptable and sustainable source to
mitigate climate change (Demirbas, Balat, & Balat, 2009).
Additional information
3.2.2. Bioenergy environmental and social impact
References
The use of biological components (plant and animal source) to produce energy has
always been a cause of worry especially to the general public and as to whether its food
produce are to be used to provide fuel since there are cases of food aid needed around
the world in deprived countries. About 99.7% of human food is obtained from the
terrestrial environment, while about 0.3% comes from the aquatic domain. Most of the
suitable land for biomass production is already in use (Ajanovic, 2011). Current studies
have underlined both positive and negative environmental and socio-economic effects
of bioenergy. Like orthodox agriculture and forestry systems, bioenergy can worsen soil
and vegetation degradation related with the overexploitation of forest, too exhaustive
crop and forest residue removal, and water overuse (Koh & Ghazoul, 2008; Robertson et
al., 2008). Diversion of crops or land into bioenergy production can induce food
commodity prices and food security (Headey & Fan, 2008). Proper operational
management, can bring about some positive effects which includes enhanced
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biodiversity Journals Leinweber,
Cogent Engineering List of Issues
Weih, Lamersdorf, Volume 3, 2009;
& Dimitriou, Issue 1 Schulz, Brauner, &
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
Gruß,Full
2009),
Articlesoil carbon increases
Figures & data and improved
References soil productivity (Baum, Weih,
Citations Busch,
Kroiher, & Bolte, 2009; Edenhofer et al., 2011; Tilman, Hill, & Lehman, 2006).
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
3.3.
Direct
View PDF solar energy
The word “direct” solar energy refers to the energy base for those renewable energy
Abstract
source technologies that draw on the Sun’s energy directly. Some renewable
1. Introduction
technologies, such as wind and ocean thermal, use solar energy after it has been
2.absorbed on the
Renewable energy earth
sources andand converted
sustainability to the other forms. Solar energy technology is
obtained from solar irradiance to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) (Asumadu-
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016d) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to produce thermal
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
energy, to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be
5.used for transport
Challenges and other
affecting renewable purposes
energy sources (Edenhofer et al., 2011). According to the World
Energy Council (2013), “the total energy from solar radiation falling on the earth was
6. Conclusion
more than 7,500 times the World’s total annual primary energy consumption of 450 EJ”
Additional information
(Urban & Mitchell, 2011).
References
3.4. Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is obtained naturally from the earth’s interior as heat energy source.
The origin of the heat is linked with the internal structure of the planet and the physical
processes occurring there. Although heat is present in the earth’s crust in huge
quantities, not to mention the deepest parts, it is unevenly distributed, rarely
concentrated, and often at depths too great to be exploited mechanically.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km. There are areas of the earth’s interior
which are accessible by drilling, and where the gradient is well above the average
gradient (Barbier, 2002). Heat is mined from geothermal reservoirs using wells and other
means. Reservoirs that are naturally adequately hot and permeable are called
hydrothermal reservoirs, while reservoirs that are satisfactorily hot but are improved
with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (ESG). Once drawn
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toHome All Journals
the surface, fluids ofCogent Engineering
various List ofcan
temperatures Issues Volume
be used 3, Issue 1 electricity and
to generate
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
otherFull
purposes
Article that require
Figures the useofReferences
& data heat energy(Edenhofer
Citations et al., 2011).
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
3.5.Wind energy
View PDF
The emergence of wind as an important source of the World’s energy has taken a
commanding lead among renewable sources. Wind exists everywhere in the world, in
Abstract
some places with considerable energy density (Manwell, McGowan, & Rogers, 2010).
1. Introduction
Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from moving air. The primary application of the
2.importance to sources
Renewable energy climateandchange mitigation
sustainability is to produce electricity from large turbines
located onshore (land) or offshore (in sea or fresh water) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu,
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
2016e). Onshore wind energy technologies are already being manufactured and
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
deployed on large scale (Edenhofer et al., 2011). Wind turbines convert the energy of
5.wind intoaffecting
Challenges electricity.
renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
3.6. Ocean energy (tide and wave)
Additional information
Surface waves are created when wind passes over water (Ocean). The faster the wind
References
speed, the longer the wind is sustained, the greater distance the wind travels, the
greater the wave height, and the greater the wave energy produced (Jacobson &
Delucchi, 2011). The ocean stores enough energy to meet the total worldwide demand
for power many times over in the form of waves, tide, currents and heat. The year 2008
saw the beginning of the first generation of commercial Ocean energy devices, with the
first units being installed in the UK-SeaGen and Portugal-Pelamis. There are presently
four ways of obtaining energy from sea areas, namely from Wind, Tides, Waves and
Thermal differences between deep and shallow Sea water (Esteban & Leary, 2012).
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
Renewable energy has a direct relationship with sustainable development through its
impact on human development and economic productivity (Asumadu-Sarkodie &
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Owusu, All Journals Cogentenergy
Renewable Engineering Listprovide
sources of Issues opportunities
Volume 3, Issue
in1energy security,
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
socialFull
and economic
Article development,
Figures & data energy
access,
References climate change
Citations mitigationand
reduction of environmental and health impacts (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016g).
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Figure 1 shows the opportunities of renewable energy sources towards sustainable
View PDF
development.
Figure
Abstract 1. Opportunities of renewable energy sources
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Additional information
References
Display full size
4.1. Energy security
The notion of energy security is generally used, however there is no consensus on its
precise interpretation. Yet, the concern in energy security is based on the idea that there
is a continuous supply of energy which is critical for the running of an economy (Kruyt,
van Vuuren, de Vries, & Groenenberg, 2009). Given the interdependence of economic
growth and energy consumption, access to a stable energy supply is of importance to
the political world and a technical and monetary challenge for both developed and
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developing Journals Cogent Engineering
because prolonged List of Issues
interferences Volume
would3,generate
Issue 1 serious
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
economic
and basic
Full Article functionality
Figures & data difficulties for
References most societies (Edenhofer etal., 2011;
Citations
Larsen et al., 2009). Renewable energy sources are evenly distributed around the globe
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
as compared to fossils and in general less traded on the market. Renewable energy
View PDF
reduces energy imports and contribute diversification of the portfolio of supply options
and reduce an economy’s vulnerability to price volatility and represent opportunities to
Abstract
enhance energy security across the globe. The introduction of renewable energy can
1. Introduction
also make contribution to increasing the reliability of energy services, to be specific in
2.areas thatenergy
Renewable often suffer
sources andfrom insufficient
sustainability grid access. A diverse portfolio of energy
sources together with good management and system design can help to enhance
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
security (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
4.2. Social and economic development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
Generally, the energy sector has been perceived as a key to economic development with
6. Conclusion
a strong correlation between economic growth and expansion of energy consumption.
Additional information
Globally, per capita incomes are positively correlated with per capita energy use and
economic
References growth can be identified as the most essential factor behind increasing energy
consumption in the last decades. It in turn creates employment; renewable energy study
in 2008, proved that employment from renewable energy technologies was about 2.3
million jobs worldwide, which also has improved health, education, gender equality and
environmental safety (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
4.3. Energy access
The sustainable development goal seven (affordable and clean energy) seeks to ensure
that energy is clean, affordable, available and accessible to all and this can be achieved
with renewable energy source since they are generally distributed across the globe.
Access concerns need to be understood in a local context and in most countries there is
an obvious difference between electrification in the urban and rural areas, this is
especially true in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian region (Brew-Hammond, 2010).
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Distributed Journals
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on theEngineering
renewableList of Issues
energy Volume 3, more
are generally Issue 1 competitive in rural
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
areasFull
with significant
Article distances
Figures & data to the national
References gridand the low levels of rural
Citations
electrification offer substantial openings for renewable energy-based mini-grid systems
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
to provide them with electricity access (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
View PDF
4.4. Climate change mitigation and reduction of environmental and
health impacts
Abstract
1. Introduction
Renewable energy sources used in energy generation helps to reduce greenhouse gases
2.which mitigates
Renewable climate
energy sources change, reduce
and sustainability environmental and health complications
associated with pollutants from fossil fuel sources of energy. The change in total GHG
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
emissions in European Environmental Agency (EEA) countries for 1990–2012 and their
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
GHG emissions per capita are depicted in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 shows that
5.greenhouse gasrenewable
Challenges affecting emissions declined
energy sources by 14% in 33 EEA countries between the years 1990–
2012. Nevertheless, there was variation in individual member countries, while there was
6. Conclusion
a decrease in GHG emissions in 22 EEA countries, there was an increase in 11 EEA
Additional information
countries. GHG emissions per capita declined by 22% between the years 1990–2012 in
the EEA
References countries as depicted in Figure 3 (EEA, 2016).
Figure 2. Change in total GHG emissions in EEA-33 countries (1990–2012) (EEA, 2016)
Display full size
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Figure All Journals Cogent
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(EEA, 2016)
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
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View PDF
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
Display full size
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
Figure 4 shows United States carbon dioxide gas emissions from 1990–2013. Figure 2
6. Conclusion
shows an example of carbon dioxide emission levels being reduced from 1990–2013 in
Additional information
United States, a shift from mainly fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy
sources
References (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2014).
Figure 4. United States carbon dioxide gas emissions, 1990–2013 (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2014)
Display full size
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Challenges
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Volume 3, Issue 1
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Renewable energy sources could become the major energy supply option in low-carbon
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energy economies. Disruptive alterations in all energy systems are necessary for tapping
View PDF
widely available renewable Energy sources. Organizing the energy transition from non-
sustainable to renewable energy is often described as the major challenge of the first
Abstract
half of the twenty-first century (Verbruggen et al., 2010). Figure 5 shows the
1.interconnection
Introduction of factors affecting renewable energy supplies and sustainability. It is
evident from Figure 5 that a major barrier towards the use of renewable energy source
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
depends on a country’s policy and policy instrument which in turn affect the cost and
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
technological innovations. In addition, technological innovations affect the cost of
4.renewable energy
Renewable energy technologies
and sustainable which
development in turn leads to market failures and low
patronization of the renewable energy technology. In the light of this, an effective
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
renewable energy policy should take the interconnection of factors affecting renewable
6. Conclusion
energy supplies and sustainability into consideration.
Additional information
Figure 5. Interconnection of factors affecting renewable energy supplies and
References
sustainability, adapted from Edenhofer et al. (2011); Verbruggen et al. (2010)
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View PDF
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
6. Conclusion
Display full
Additional size
information
References
The following are policy recommendations emanating from the study that can help
mitigate climate change and its impacts:
• All sectors and regions have the potential to contribute by investing in Renewable
energy technologies and policies to help reduce it.
• Reducing our carbon footprint through the changes in lifestyle and behaviour
patterns can contribute a great deal to the mitigation of climate change.
• Research into innovations and technologies that can reduce land use and also
reduce accidents from renewable energy sources and the risk of resource
competition, for example in Bioenergy where food for consumption competing
with energy production.
• Enhancing international cooperation and support for developing countries
towards the expansion of infrastructure and upgrading technology for modern
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Home
supply and All Journals
sustainableCogent Engineering
energy Listaofway
services as Issues Volume 3, Issue
of mitigating 1
climate change and
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
itsimpacts.
Full Article Figures & data References Citations
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View PDF
6. Conclusion
Abstract
Energy is a requirement in our everyday life as a way of improving human development
1. Introduction
leading to economic growth and productivity. The return-to-renewables will help
2.mitigate
Renewableclimate change
energy sources is an excellent
and sustainability way but needs to be sustainable in order to
ensure a sustainable future for generations to meet their energy needs. Knowledge
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
regarding the interrelations between sustainable development and renewable energy in
4.particular
Renewable energy and
is still sustainable
limited. Thedevelopment
aim of the paper was to ascertain if renewable energy
5.sources
Challengeswere sustainable
affecting andsources
renewable energy how a shift from fossil fuel-based energy sources to
renewable energy sources would help reduce climate change and its impact. A
6. Conclusion
qualitative research was employed by reviewing papers in the scope of the study. Even
Additional information
though, the complete lifecycle of renewable energy sources have no net emissions which
will help
References limit future global greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, the cost, price,
political environment and market conditions have become barriers preventing
developing, least developed and developed countries to fully utilize its potentials. In this
way, a creation of global opportunity through international cooperation that supports
least developed and developing countries towards the accessibility of renewable energy,
energy efficiency, clean energy technology and research and energy infrastructure
investment will reduce the cost of renewable energy, eliminate barriers to energy
efficiency (high discount rate) and promote new potentials towards climate change
mitigation.
The study brought to light the opportunities associated with renewable energy sources;
energy security, energy access, social and economic development and climate change
mitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts. There are challenges that
tend to hinder the sustainability of renewable energy sources and its ability to mitigate
climate change. These challenges are: market failures, lack of information, access to raw
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Home
materials All Journals
for Cogent Engineering
future renewable List of Issues
resource deployment, Volume
and 3, Issue
most 1
importantly our
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
(humans)
way of utilizing
Full Article Figuresenergy
& data in anReferences
inefficient way.
Citations
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
From the findings, the following suggestions are made that can help improve the
concerns of renewable energy being sustainable and also reduce the rate of the
View PDF
depletion of the ozone layer due to the emissions of GHG especially carbon dioxide
(CO ):
Abstract
2
1. Introduction
• Formulation of policies and discussions from all sectors towards the improvement
of technologies
2. Renewable in the
energy sources renewable
and sustainability sector to sustain them.
• Changes in our use of energy in a more efficient way as individuals, countries and
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
the world as a whole. Efforts that aim at increasing the share of renewable energy
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
and clean fossil fuel technologies into global energy portfolio will help reduce
climateaffecting
5. Challenges changerenewable
and itsenergy
impacts. Energy
sources efficiency programmes should be
introduced
6. Conclusion globally, which give tax exemptions to firms who prove to provide
energy efficiency initiatives (energy-efficient homes), product design (energy-
Additional information
efficient equipment) and services (industrial combined heat and power).
Introducing
References the concept of usability, adaptability and accessibility into energy-
dependent product design is a way of promoting energy efficient behaviours.
• Increase research in these areas, so that the fear of some renewables posing risks
in the future is limited.
• Improve education, awareness-raising and human institutional capacity on climate
change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning. Developed
countries should incorporate decarbonization policies and strategies into the
industry, energy, agricultural, forest, health, transport, water resource, building
and other sectors that have potential of increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
Efforts in developing countries aimed at improving institutional training,
strengthening institutions and improving capacity of research on climate change
will increase awareness, promote adaptation and sustainable development. Least
developed countries should develop and test tools and methods with a global
support that direct policy and decision-making for climate change mitigation,
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and early Cogent Engineering
warnings. Supporting List of
a Issues Volume 3,through
global dialogue Issue 1 international
A review of renewable energy sources, su ....
cooperation
Full Article and partnership
Figures & datawithdeveloped,
References developing
Citationsand least developed
countries will promote the development, dissemination and transfer of
Metrics Licensing Reprints & Permissions
environmentally friendly technologies, innovation and technology, access to
View PDF
science, and among others which will increase the mutual agreement towards
combating climate change and its impacts.
Abstract
1.IfIntroduction
these suggestions are implemented, the sustainability of renewable energy resources
would be addressed as well as the seventh and thirteenth goal of sustainable
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
development which seeks to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, modern
3.energy
Renewable
forenergy sources
all and and technology
combat climate change and its impact.
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
Additional information
6. Conclusion
Funding
Additional information
Funding.
References The authors received no direct funding for this research.
Notes on contributors
Phebe Asantewaa Owusu
Phebe Asantewaa Owusu studies Masters in Sustainable Environment and
Energy Systems at Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus
Campus where she is also a graduate assistant in the Chemistry
Department.
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Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie
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Full Article
Samuel Figures &isdata
Asumadu-Sarkodie Referencesresearcher
a multidisciplinary Citations
who currently
studies Masters in Sustainable Environment and Energy Systems at Middle
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East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus where he is also a
View PDF
graduate assistant in the Chemistry Department. His research interest
includes but is not limited to: renewable energy, econometrics, energy
Abstract
economics, climate change and sustainable development.
1. Introduction
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
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3. Renewable energy sources and technology
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5. Challenges affecting renewable energy sources
Related Research Data
6. Conclusion
Potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development
Additional information
Source: Elsevier BV
A Comparison
References of Energy Management System for a DC Microgrid
Source: MDPI AG
Feasibility of biomass heating system in Middle East Technical University,
Northern Cyprus Campus
Source: Figshare
Analysis of wind power potential by the three-parameter Weibull distribution
to install a wind turbine:
Source: SAGE Publications
Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I:
Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and
materials
Source: Elsevier BV
A robust model for supplying LNG from different contracts considering overall
and incremental discount options
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the Sustainable Future of Stationary
Citations
Applications
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Source: MDPI AG
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The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, electricity production and
consumption in Ghana
Abstract
Source: Informa UK Limited
1. Introduction
Seaweed biomass waste-derived carbon as an electrode material for
supercapacitor:
2. Renewable energy sources and sustainability
Source: SAGE Publications
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstock using
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from palm-fruit-bunch
Source:
5. Challenges Informa
affecting UK Limited
renewable energy sources
Policy: Five priorities for the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
6. Conclusion
Source: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Additional information
Bamboo Fiber and Sugarcane Skin as a Bio-Briquette Fuel
Source:
References Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Social Acceptance of a Multi-Purpose Reservoir in a Recently Deglaciated
Landscape in the Swiss Alps
Source: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
A Fuzzy Logical-Based Variable Step Size P&O MPPT Algorithm for Photovoltaic
System
Source: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Electrical Power Characteristics and Economic Analysis of Distributed
Generation System Using Renewable Energy: Applied to Iron and Steel Plants
Source: MDPI AG
Sustainable Biofuels Redux
Source: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
An Economic Analysis of Demand Side Management Considering Interruptible
Load and Renewable Energy Integration: A Case Study of Freetown Sierra
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Anatomy of a crisis: the causes and consequences of surging food prices
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Source: Wiley
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Photovoltaic Solar Technologies: Solution to Affordable, Sustainable, and
Reliable Energy Access for All in Rwanda
Abstract
Source: Hindawi
1. Introduction
Present Status and Potential of Biomass Energy in Pakistan Based on Existing
and Future
2. Renewable Renewable
energy sources Resources
and sustainability
Source: MDPI AG
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Mathematical modeling of the technological processes of catering products
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
production.
Source:
5. Challenges Wileyrenewable energy sources
affecting
Carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, energy use, and population growth: a
6. Conclusion
multivariate and causality analysis for Ghana, 1971–2013
Additional information
Source: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Renewable
References Energy Resources
Source: Routledge
Techno-economic evaluation of a grid-connected microgrid system
Source: Informa UK Limited
Biofuels versus food production: Does biofuels production increase food
prices?
Source: Elsevier BV
Susceptibility of Hydropower Generation to Climate Change: Karun III Dam
Case Study
Source: MDPI
Energy use, carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, industrialization, financial
development, and population, a causal nexus in Sri Lanka: With a subsequent
prediction of energy use using neural network
Source: Informa UK Limited
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Energy for sustainable development: A case of developing countries
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Source: Elsevier BV
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An economic analysis on Taiwanese wind power and regional development
Source: SAGE Publishing
Abstract
Oscillating U-Shaped Body for Underwater Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
1. Introduction
Power Optimization.
Source:
2. Renewable Multidisciplinary
energy Digital
sources and sustainability Publishing Institute
A review of Ghana’s water resource management and the future prospect
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Source: Taylor & Francis Group
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
A Review of Human-Powered Energy Harvesting for Smart Electronics: Recent
Progress
5. Challenges and
affecting Challenges
renewable energy sources
Source: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
6. Conclusion
Energy access in Africa: Challenges ahead
Additional information
Source: Elsevier BV
The
References relationship between carbon dioxide and agriculture in Ghana: a
comparison of VECM and ARDL model
Source: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and
GDP: A recent evidence from Pakistan
Source: Informa UK Limited
Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Source: Cambridge University Press
Critical review on the current scenario and significance of crude glycerol
resulting from biodiesel industry towards more sustainable renewable energy
industry
Source: Elsevier BV
Rational Design of Ag‐Based Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
to CO: A Review
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multivariate
Article analysis
Figures &of carbon
data dioxide
Referencesemissions, electricity consumption,
Citations
economic growth, financial development, industrialization, and urbanization in
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Senegal
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Source: Taylor & Francis
Sustainable development of Turkey: Deployment of geothermal resources for
Abstract
carbon capture, utilization, and storage
1. Introduction
Source: Informa UK Limited
Electric
2. Renewable power
energy regulation
sources and modeling
and sustainability of a central tower receiver power plant
based on artificial neural network technique
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Source: AIP Publishing
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
Development and Numerical Performance Analysis of a Pump Directly Driven
by a Hydrokinetic
5. Challenges Turbine
affecting renewable energy sources
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A review on the natural gas potential of Pakistan for the transition to a low-
Additional information
carbon future
Source:
References Informa UK Limited
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Achieving a cleaner environment via the environmental Kuznets curve
hypothesis: determinants of electricity access and pollution in India
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King oil: a speculative opinion
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opportunities
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Figures & data for Households
References in Northern
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Study
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Source: MDPI AG
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The return to renewables: Will it help in global warming control?
Source: Elsevier BV
Abstract
A review of Ghana’s energy sector national energy statistics and policy
1. Introduction
framework
Source:
2. Renewable Informa
energy sourcesUK
andLimited
sustainability
Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Source: Elsevier BV
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
Wind Turbine Noise Prediction Using Random Forest Regression
Source:
5. Challenges Multidisciplinary
affecting Digital
renewable energy sourcesPublishing Institute
Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and
6. Conclusion
Trends
Additional information
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The
References potential and economic viability of solar photovoltaic power in Ghana
Source: Informa UK Limited
Reducing Voltage Volatility with Step Voltage Regulators: A Life-Cycle Cost
Analysis of Korean Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generation
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Advances and challenges in modeling solvated reaction mechanisms for
renewable fuels and chemicals
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Soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activity responses to
nitrogen management and landscape positions in switchgrass (Panicum
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Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Hydrocarbons
Source: Springer International Publishing
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In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy on Energy-Related Catalysis
1. Introduction
Source: Wiley
Application
2. Renewable of Nanofluids
energy sources in Thermal
and sustainability Performance Enhancement of Parabolic
Trough Solar Collector: State-of-the-Art
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Source: MDPI AG
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
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Source:
5. Challenges Elsevier
affecting BV energy sources
renewable
Impact of extreme events on conversion efficiency of wave energy converter
6. Conclusion
Source: Wiley
Additional information
Energy Management and Optimization of a PV/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy
System
References Using a Combined Dispatch Strategy
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Copper Sulfides: Earth‐Abundant and Low‐Cost Thermoelectric Materials
Source: Wiley
A review on copper vanadate-based nanostructures for photocatalysis energy
production
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A new solution for sea wave energy harvesting, the proposal of an ironless
linear generator
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Source: HAL CCSD
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Analysis of EU 28
Source: MDPI
Abstract
Assessing the Gap between Technology and the Environmental Sustainability
1. Introduction
of European Cities
Source:
2. Renewable Springer
energy sources and sustainability
Revolutionizing Towards Sustainable Agricultural Systems: The Role of Energy
3. Renewable energy sources and technology
Source: MDPI AG
4. Renewable energy and sustainable development
Limitations, challenges, and solution approaches in grid‐connected renewable
energy
5. Challenges systems
affecting renewable energy sources
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6. Conclusion
Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios
Additional information
Source: Elsevier BV
Design
References of an Emergency Energy System for a City Assisted by Renewable
Energy, Case Study: Latakia, Syria
Source: MDPI AG
The potential and economic viability of wind farms in Ghana
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