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SCIENCE
- Latin word “Scientia” meaning knowledge
- An organized body of knowledge gained through research.
- A systematic and unbiased study of the world, including everything that can be seen or detected in nature, man and
society, and the knowledge grow out of such study

Scientific Method - An organized and systematized effort to gain knowledge that uses observation and experimentation to
describe and explain nature or natural phenomenon
- Structured and systematic endeavor in acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation
TECHNOLOGY
- Came from 2 Greek words:
 “techne” (skills, craftsmanship, art)
 “logos” (discourse, reason)
- Application of science
- A systematic study of the methods and techniques employed in industry, research, agriculture and commerce

SOCIETY
- A community of people with a common goal
- The sum total of our interactions as humans including the interactions we engage in to figure things out and make things.
- Defined as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction sharing the same social or geographical territory
typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - Beginning of modern science in the 1500s and 1600s

- The period of Enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
- It explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of developments from different
disciplines.

Civilization is characterized by:

• The existence of cities
• Advanced division of labor
• Social classes
• Collection of taxes
• Public buildings
• Record keeping

ANCIENT PERIOD
Ancient people's problems are about the following:
 Communication
 Security and protection
 Health
 Architecture and engineering
 Mass production
 Aesthetic
 Record keeping
 Transportation and navigation

I. Sumerian Civilization
1. Cuneiform – First Writing System
- One of the Sumerians’ most important accomplishments was the creation of the earliest writing system.
2. Uruk City – First True City in the World
3. The Great Ziggurat of Ur – The Mountain of God
4. Irrigation and Dikes
5. Sailboats
6. Wheel - The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes

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 7. Plow – invented to dig the earth at a faster pace
8. Roads – developed by the Sumerians to facilitate easier travel
- They later poured bitumen (a black sticky substance similar to asphalt) to smoothen the roads

II. Babylonian Civilization

1. Hanging Gardens of Babylon – One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

III. Egyptian Civilization

1. Paper/Papyrus - Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. They were able to turn the plant into
tiny sheets that could be used to jot down notes.
2. Ink - Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors
3. Hieroglyphics – a writing system developed by the Egyptians.
4. Cosmetics – used by Egyptians for both health and aesthetic reasons
- Kohl – worn around the eye to prevent and even cure eye diseases.
- They believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness
5. Wig – During ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes
- it signaled high rank in Egypt's strict social hierarchy and helped protect shaven scalps (a sign of nobility) from the sun.
- Wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.
6. Water Clock/Clepsydra

IV. Greek Civilization

 known as the birthplace of Western Philosophy
1. Parthenon
2. Alarm Clock – one of the most utilized gadgets invented by the ancient Greeks.
3. Water Mill

V.Roman Civilization
 Cradle of politics and governance
1. Newspaper
- Gazettes known as the first newspaper
2. Bound book or Codex – used for record-keeping
- Codex Gigas or Giant Book is the largest extant medieval illuminated manuscript in the world
3. Roman Architecture
4. Roman Numerals

VI. Chinese Civilization

 Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia
 Also known as the Middle Kingdom
1. Silk – naturally produced by silkworms
- is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles
Silk road an important medieval trade route connected Europe with Asia, facilitating cultural exchange and the movement of
goods
2. Tea
3. Great Wall of China – the most extensive infrastructure that the Chinese nation built
4. Gunpowder – one of the most interesting inventions of China.
- Originally, it was developed by a Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieve immortality.
 They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally
invented a black powder that could generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.

MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
•The Age of Exploration
1. Printing Press – a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter
2. Microscope - Zacharias Janssen
- A device that could magnify things invisible to the eye, discover illnesses.
3. Telescope - An optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects
- Navigation
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 4. War Weapons – wars were widespread; offensive and defensive instruments.

MODERN PERIOD
1. Pasteurization – the process of heating dairy products to eliminate harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster
- Developed by Louis Pasteur in the 19th century
2. Petroleum –modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation
- “Kerosene”
 Invented by Samuel M. Kier by refining petroleum.
 Referred to as the “illuminating oil”, used at first to provide lighting to homes
- At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants.
3. Telephone - Developed by Alexander Graham Bell and was considered one of the most important inventions.
4. Calculator – typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex
mathematics.
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PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
1. Carvey Ehren Maigue – Solar Window / AuREUS
AuREUS - is a renewable energy system used for windows and walls of buildings. The new material he invented comes
from rotting fruits and vegetables. It absorbs UV light from the sun and converts it into electricity
- Harvests power from invisible UV rays that pass through clouds. While solar panels rely on visible light.
2. Dr. Raul Destura – Locally developed COVID19 Test Kits
3. Dr. Nilo Bugtai – The AGAPAY project
- The Agapay Exoskeleton is a 3D-printed wearable robot that is bio-mimetically designed to account for all the movements
of the upper limbs.
4. Ken Abante – COVID19 Budget Tracker
5. Dr. Abundio Balgos – Relief Vent / Ginhawa Ventilator
Relief Vent – is a compact affordable, safe, and effective Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ventilator that can be used for both
children and adults.
6. Mark Kennedy Bantugo – Pili Seal
Pili Seal - a new product innovation of sealant for aircraft integral fuel tanks made from the waste of Pili Tree Resin which is
also called “spent resin” or “de-oiled resin”.

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Geocentrism/Geocentric Model – Earth occupies the central position of the world system
- Developed by Ptolemy
Scientist Contributions Literature
Nicolaus Copernicus - Heliocentrism/Heliocentric Model (Sun as the center of the - De revolutionibus orbium
universe or world systems) coelestium
(On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres) – cited as the
start of the scientific revolution,
published in 1543

Charles Darwin - Father of Evolution - The Origin of Species published in

1859, contains the Theory of
Evolution – the change in the characteristic of a species over Evolution, and natural selection,
several generations and relies on the process of natural selection. presented evidence on how species
Evolution is the process/facts. evolved over time, and presented
traits and adaptation that
Theory of Evolution - describes how an organism can change over differentiate species.
time as a result of changes inheritable physical or behavioral traits.
Theories of evolution provide a provisional explanation for these
facts.
Sigmund Freud - Founder of Psychoanalysis
- Method of psychoanalysis (scientific way to study the human
mind and neurotic illness
- Psychoanalysis (scientific way to study the human mind and
neurotic illness
- a set of theories and techniques related to the
study of the unconscious mind

- Oedipus Complex – feelings of desire for the opposite – sex

parent
- The theory that describes a child's feeling of
desire for his/her opposite-sex parent and jealousy
toward his/her same-sex parent

The Id is the primitive and instinctive component of

personality. Consists of unconscious mental energy striving to
meet basic needs, urges, and desires

The Ego is the only part of the conscious personality.

Involved in decision – making.

The Superego is a part of the unconscious that is the

voice of conscience (doing what is right) and the source of self-
criticism. Consisting of individuals' internalized beliefs obtained
from parents and society

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PRE – COLONIAL PERIOD.
• Food Production
• Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates
• Medicinal use of plants
• Developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing
• Developed tools for fighting enemies during tribe wars or tribal conflicts
• Developed technologies for transportation (land and waterways)
• Developed technology for creating musical instruments
• Used metals for jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools
• Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries influenced their lives by providing technological exchange

COLONIAL PERIOD
Spanish Colonization
• Established schools for boys and girls
• Introduced concept of subjects and disciplines
 Religion  Music  Medicine
 Reading  Sanitation  Engineering
 Writing  Advanced method of  Biology
 Arithmetic agriculture  Chemistry
• Beginning of formal science and technology in the Philippines
• Medicine and advanced science were introduced
• Established UST
• Galleon Trade
The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of Fujian who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices,

American Colonization
The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of line in the Philippines. They established a government agency,
the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology. Science during the
American period was inclined toward agriculture, food processing, medicine, and pharmacy. Moreover, they established a public
educational system and improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people.
• Established public education system
• Established a modern research university, University of the Philippines
• Reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools
• Created public hospitals (PGH)
• Brought hospitals and schools to far – flung areas
• Improved engineering works and health conditions of the people
• Improved transportation and communication system
• Minerals resources were explored
Health and Sanitation
• Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene, and healthy practices
• Hospitals, clinics, health centers were established including public hospitals for lepers.
Infrastructures
• Americans built roads, streets and bridges
• The new infrastructure helped make the movement of products and services more efficient.
• Boulevards, zone districts, and center of leisure were also established.

During the World War II

• The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war.
• The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring back what was
destroyed was limited

POST – COLONIAL PERIOD

After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue
programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own science and technology. The advancement of science and
technology had been the priority of the national government.
 Philippine Heart Center

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  Lung Center of the Philippines
 National Kidney and Transplant Institute
July 12, 1980 – Marcos created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA)

•The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather
Bureau
•The National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
•The reconstituted National Science and Technology Authority (originally established in 1958 as the National Science and
Development Board and now the Department of Science and Technology).

17 UN Sustainable Development Goals

1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, Justice and strong Institutions
17. Partnership for the goals

ASEAN- Association of Southeast Asian Nations

DOH – Department of Health
DOST- Department of Science and Technology
FDA- Food and Drug Administration
NAST –National Academy of Science and Technology
NRCP- National Research Council of the Philippines
ODA –Overseas development Allocation
PAASE- Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering
PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PCARI – Philippine-California Advanced Research Institute