buildings

Article
BIM and BEM Methodologies Integration in Energy-Efficient
Buildings Using Experimental Design
Jorge González 1 , Carlos Alberto Pereira Soares 1 , Mohammad Najjar 2 and Assed N. Haddad 3, *

1 Programa de Engenharia Civil, Universidade de Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-240, Brazil;

[email protected] (J.G.); [email protected] (C.A.P.S.)
2 Departamento de Construção Civil, Universidade de Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; [email protected]
3 Programa de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade de Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: Linking Building Information Modelling and Building Energy Modelling methodologies
appear as a tool for the energy performance analysis of a dwelling, being able to build the physical
model via Autodesk Revit and simulating the energy modeling with its complement Autodesk
Insight. A residential two-story house was evaluated in five different locations within distinct
climatic zones to reduce its electricity demand. Experimental Design is used as a methodological tool
to define the possible arrangement of results emitted via Autodesk Insight that exhibits the minor
electric demand, considering three variables: Lighting efficiency, Plug-Load Efficiency, and HVAC
systems. The analysis concluded that while the higher the efficiency of lighting and applications,
the lower the electric demand. In addition, the type of climate and thermal characteristics of the



materials that conform to the building envelope have significant effects on the energetic performance.


The adjustment of different energetic measures and its comparison with other climatic zones enable
Citation: González, J.; Soares, C.A.P.; decision-makers to choose the best combination of variables for developing strategies to lower the
Najjar, M.; Haddad, A.N. BIM and electric demand towards energy-efficient buildings.
BEM Methodologies Integration in
Energy-Efficient Buildings Using Keywords: energy efficiency; experimental design; building appliances; energy performance; BIM
Experimental Design. Buildings 2021, and BEM
11, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/
buildings11100491

Academic Editor: Francesco Nocera 1. Introduction

Part of the energy consumption in buildings is a consequence of highly demanding
Received: 2 September 2021
Accepted: 5 October 2021
appliances and utilities employed to offer comfort and accomplishing daily tasks (heating,
Published: 19 October 2021
cooling, lighting, computer devices, cooking, and others). However, some inconvenience
could appear when energy demand exceeds the user’s economic and environmental pa-
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
rameters, including risk for traditional power grid systems [1,2].
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
For a better understanding of the energy performance of a building, and because
published maps and institutional affil- energy waste must be reduced, some tools have appeared in recent years to simulate the
iations. energy demand and consumption of a dwelling. The utilization of Building Information
Modelling (BIM) and Building Energy Modelling (BEM) methodologies could be a helpful
tool to achieve it.
The BIM-BEM interoperability becomes necessary to incorporate energy performance
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
analysis in the early steps of the building project. It permits the calculation of Energy Use
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Intensity (EUI), allocation of annual energy budgets, predict the year energy consumption,
This article is an open access article
comparing HVAC systems and appliances, utility schedules, and defining energy and
distributed under the terms and comfort standards. It is all for helping in the decision-making process to select competent
conditions of the Creative Commons and sustainable models towards energy-efficient buildings [3,4].
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Data exchange between BIM and BEM applications is not a seamless task. Usually, it
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ requires manual intervention and data transformation [5] due to the need for available soft-
4.0/). ware programs that support a robust BIM-BEM translation process. Some interoperability

Buildings 2021, 11, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100491 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings

Buildings 2021, 11, 491 2 of 28

issues in the manual process appear because the model’s focus remains on the construction
documentation rather than the energy performance simulation [6]. This situation traduces
in incomplete or incorrect HVAC system modeling, missing information about controls
and internal loads, and difficulties reading geometry and attributes data for the physical
model [5]. This situation derives from a time-consuming process and non-optimized, less
energy-conscious models.
When the BIM and BEM methodologies are incorporated in the same software, the
need for the manual information exchange between different software turns null. The
usage of Autodesk Revit comes up as a suitable and advantageous option for proper
interoperability between the BIM and BEM methodologies, using the same software via
Insight 360 and Autodesk Green Building Studio suites to estimate the whole energy
performance of a building [4,7,8].
Although studies were found in the literature that used a statistical approach to
analyze the performance of buildings, there were no studies that applied an experimental
design to study the results of the energy performance of appliances by integrating the BIM
and BEM methodologies for load reduction energy in a building.
In this article, we use BIM and BEM methodologies, experimental design, and sta-
tistical analysis to simulate facilities’ energy loads a building typology representative of
houses located in tropical and subtropical areas. Experimental Design’s methodology was
followed to model an equation for the simulation, which considers the building characteris-
tics, facilities, and consumption pattern. Statistical linear regression was used to determine
the significance and veracity of the results during the analysis and verification process. The
solutions evaluated considered air conditioning, heating, and ventilation systems with low
energy consumption, low consumption lighting, and reduced energy loads following their
operating hours [9–12] and maintaining or updating the required comfort levels.
By allowing the simulation of energy performance from the integration of systems,
methods, and procedures that consider the variation in the characteristics of the building
and facilities, the methodology used helps designers, builders, and users assess the benefits
of design alternatives and upgrades and adjustments existing buildings.
In a scenario of growing scarcity of energy sources and increased demand, this work
also contributes to reducing energy consumption without compromising the needs and
expectations of users regarding the building’s performance, particularly concerning comfort
and well-being. Another important contribution is that the solution adopted for integrating
systems, methods, and procedures can inspire professional researchers to extrapolate their
benefits and potential to this field of knowledge. Finally, this work also contributes to the
literature on energy efficiency in dwellings.
This paper is structured into seven sections. Section 1 introduces the matter of study.
Section 2 expresses the context and current reality of the evaluation of energy consumption.
Section 3 explains the materials and methods followed to evaluate energy consumption by
using BIM tools. Section 4 shows the case study building to validate the proposed methods
presented in Section 2. Section 5 shows the results of the creation and assessment of the
physical and energy models. Section 6 enables a discussion about the results obtained and
their possible reasons. Finally, Section 7 briefly explains the research was done and its
possible upgrades for further works.

2. Background
Power demand is increasing daily in part due to the appliances (which includes air
conditioners, heaters, lamps, fans, hairdryers, irons), reaching up to 40% of total energy
demand only for residential buildings [13,14]. Energy wasting in buildings is associated
with inefficient systems or appliances, old-fashioned envelopes, and space distribution,
lack of control systems, and misguided consumption usage [11].
To better understand the energy performance of a building, it is necessary to study its
physical model. The BIM methodology consists of the development and use of computer
software to simulate the construction and operation of a building accordingly to the
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 3 of 28

agreement between architects, engineers, and clients (like site development, building
form, and orientation, materials, services, and systems). The product is a data-rich, object-
oriented, intelligent, and parametric digital model that provides benefit and essential
information for the decision-making process [3]. On the other hand, BEM methodology
executes the facility’s energy performance through its simulation, using predefined criteria
about the building composition and utilization [4]. At this level of the analysis, the design
tools and the simulation tools appear as two categories of calculation performance. The
first one allows the description of the lighting and HVAC (Humidity, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) system’s size and operation; while the second one presents the dynamic
calculations considering the whole year, assessing the indoor quality and comfort, energy
demand, and payback periods, saving measures [15].
The interoperability between these two methodologies had not been managed easily.
In the literature, it was found that this process is accomplished by accessing the data of
the BIM model through data formats like gbXML and IFC files to exchange data between
two programs (one for BIM and another for BEM) for subsequent analyses, just as the
interoperability between Autodesk Revit does energy plus [16], Autodesk Revit–Design-
Builder [17] or Ecotect–EnergyPlus [18]. It means that the simulation happens in an isolated,
manual scheme [16–18]. In these terms, a knowledge gap appears in the light of accurately
exporting or interpreting the exchanged data [4].
The researchers that had worked on this direct link include Yarramsetty et al. [7] who
performed a study where some literature review was needed to develop the building’s
BIM and energy domains; then, an energy calculation tool was applied to calculate the
energy demand. Utkucu et al. [19] worked on optimizing a building by modifying its
façade in Autodesk Revit, creating an energy analysis model using Autodesk Insight,
revising the comfort variables, and lastly comparing them with quality designs and criteria.
Deepa et al. [8] also modeled a library building in Autodesk Revit to analyze it later using
Autodesk Insight. It was achieved by creating a 3D model, defining some energy settings
for the building, specifying a location, and creating the energy model to estimate the
energy use of the building. Sharma et al. [20] made a research study following the same
methodology frameworks cited above but applied to analyze the orientation of a building
and its effects on lighting systems.
The utilization of REVIT to create the physical model of the building and its suites
for studying the energy performance through Energy Use Intensity (EUI) appears like a
feasible choice to integrate those methodologies. Nonetheless, much research needs to be
done to evaluate the accuracy of the results to determine if is possible to model the energy
behavior of the building and thereby establish possible economic or environmental goals.
One metric to assess the energy loads in a building is the Energy Use Intensity (EUI).
It is defined as a measure of the energy consumption’s levels relative to the building’s
gross area to indicate its energy performance [21,22]. The result is the calculation of annual
energy use divided by total building area (kWh/m2 /year). This product is utilized to
measure the dwelling energy performance, and all the simulations are based on these
obtained values.
Autodesk Insight provides an effective and cohesive experience for improving build-
ing energy performance. It has a robust BIM integration that allows the visualization,
interaction, and specification of building performance data earlier in the design process [23].
Autodesk Insight results permit the evaluation of energy consumption (kWh/m2 /year) via
Energy Use Intensity (EUI). To permit the optimization of the energy model, it allows the
manipulation of different options of parameters such as building orientation, window-wall
ratio, window shades, window glass, types of walls and roof construction, infiltration rate,
lighting, and plug-load efficiency, daylighting, and occupancy controls, HVAC systems,
operations schedules, and photovoltaic panel efficiency, payback limits and coverage. This
optimization occurs manually by the user and shows how to increase or decrease the
energy demand of the study case when selecting different options.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 4 of 28

Autodesk Green Building Studio is a flexible cloud-based service for energy analysis
that runs building performance simulations to optimize energy efficiency. It can be done
by using Vasari or REVIT conceptual mass model or a more detailed model. The energy
simulation results can be viewed on the GBS website [24]. Autodesk Green Building Studio
allows the analysis of the energy performance results.
The concepts of Net and Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) had become popular
to describe the synergy between renewable energy systems and low energy consumption
to achieve a balanced energy budget when concluded an annual cycle [14]. For Net Zero
Energy Buildings, the balance between the amount of demand (significantly reduced
in comparison with typical dwellings) and consumption must be fulfilled by renewable
sources in a defined period (in most cases over a year) [25,26]. In addition, they could be
able to export energy to the public grid, depending on the temporal matching between
generation and load and the storage possibilities. Also, the definition of Nearly Zero Energy
Buildings exists, which represents the constructions with a high-energy performance. The
low energy demand is generated by energy from renewable sources, produced on-site or
nearby [27,28]; however, this demand is not completely covered.
As part of the energy demand, occupancy schedules and residents’ habits are impor-
tant aspects of a dwelling, towards the pursuit of energy efficiency. People spend most of
their time in built environments; consequently, a lot of attention must be given to studying
the conditions that buildings provide and their effects on humans to satisfy their need for
comfort [29,30]. This parameter is crucial to guarantee the wellness of humans inside the
construction because comfort and energy demand are closely related.
Comfort, as perceived by the sense organs, could be divided into thermal, visual,
auditory, olfactory, and hygienic comfort [31,32]. As comfort is sensation, it is a subjective
variable, which depends on the people. Nevertheless, the parameters must be specified
when designing a building attempting wellness to more people [29]. The constructive
characteristics must be defined contemplating the geographic localization, the activities
performed by the dwellers, and the equipment involved to attenuate the discomfort because
of adverse climate conditions and activities executed, all while thinking in energy-efficient
measures.
Special attention is given to climatic conditions to achieve high comfort and optimum
energy performance. The climate plays an important role in energy consumption and
energy-efficiency systems in buildings [27]. The buildings are subjected to climate condi-
tions which can affect the energy consumption of the building [33]. Architectural features
distinguish buildings in the different climatic zones worldwide. For example, buildings
in warm zones globally, such as tropical areas, are frequently designed to heighten the
interactions between indoor and outdoor climates. The opposed situation occurs to con-
structions in cold zones, where the design tries to insulate the building from temperature
exchange [27].
Through bioclimatic design and the use of design measures, a higher level of building
energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort can be achieved; the measures related to
windows performance to increase ventilation levels and lighting, installation of shading
devices, consideration of thermal insulation techniques, and airtightness [34,35]. The
house’s orientation affects the quantity of energy to be demanded due to the linkage
between environmental factors and indoor comfort. The more benefit from the orientation
of the house (daylighting, shading, direction of winds), the more comfort to be felt by
the occupants. The successful application of architectural features based on the climatic
conditions will define and valorize the energy efficiency, exploiting the benefits that the
environment offers [36], resulting in a diminution in the energy load.
Houses in tropical and sub-tropical high-income neighborhoods present elevated
levels of energy consumption [37]. Most of the recent studies have highlighted the energy
consumption in low-income households, and not that much in the ones in high-income
dwellings; however, a few pieces of research were found, like the ones of Malama et al.,
Allen et al., Xu, and Williams et al. [37–40]. Apart from the design and location of the build-
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 5 of 28

ing [41,42], it was found that some of the reasons causing elevated energy consumption in
bulky households are due to income and behavior of the users, age, activities developed,
and the technology level of the appliances connected. The consciousness of the dwellers is
another factor; high-income consumers tend to be more environmentally responsible, but
it may not be applied in the personal energy-use ambit [39].
So, it could be said that high-income households, despite presenting some advanta-
geous architectural features, appropriated for warm climates, most of them are not properly
utilized, as a consequence of inadequate occupancy schedules and exacerbated utilization
of electrical devices to achieve thermal comfort.
In this research, some statistical techniques to execute and validate the research
methodology are required. Experimental design (or Design of Experiments) is a collection
of tools used for studying the behavior of a system, involving planning and performance
of experiments where a simultaneous change of many factors is carried out systematically
to determine the effects of experimental variables [43,44].
It aims to systematically select or plan experiments to achieve the desired outcomes by
considering the knowledge about the physical processes in the decision-making process [45].
This process is based on the analysis of how the input factors (input variables) are related
to the outputs (response variables) [46].
The two main applications of experimental design are screening, in which the factors
that influence the experiments are identified, and optimization, in which the optimal
settings or conditions for an experiment are found. The domains that experimental design
has impacted significantly comprise real experiments, simulation-based experimental
design, and parameter learning or hyper-parameter tuning [47,48]. It can be achieved by
balancing several features, including power, generalizability, forms of validity, practicality,
and cost [49].
The manipulation of variables brings an interesting approach to its results. The effects
and statistical significance of a larger group of experimental variables can be determined
through factorial or screening designs, which enable choosing the relevant variables or
conditions for the next set of experiments, considering different levels for each factor [12,43].
The main goal of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is to study the total dispersion observed
in the resulting values of the selected characteristics and attribute it to the examined factors
that derive their significance over the system analyzed [44]. The linear regression is the
equation that assumes the linear relationship between the input variables (independent
variables) and the single output variable (response variable) [46].
There are many examples of experimental designs in the construction industry. Kioupis [44]
handled a parametric experimental design to identify the settings of the process factors
that optimize the quality characteristics of geopolymeric products. Yong et al. [50] adopted
the experimental design to find optimal building envelope parameter values to minimize
the heating load in a single-family house. Bustami et al. [51] investigated the potential
of native plants growing in vertical walls for green buildings in Australia, considering
different plant species, soil substrates, and irrigation regimes. Serbouti et al. [52] employed
an experimental design to optimize a building’s energy performance in Morocco using
Python and TRNSYS. Najjar et al. [12] developed research where various performance
parameters related to the building design (construction materials, window-wall ratios)
were analyzed to obtain the be-suited arrangement of factors that present a more efficient
energy consumption for the case of study building.
However, an experimental design had not been applied to analyze the result of the
interoperability between BIM and BEM methodologies statistically when studying house
facilities. In this case, the approach exposed permits the evaluation of the factors (home
appliances) that most affect the energy loads in the case of the study presented.

3. Materials and Methods

The proposed method starts with a physical model (applying the BIM methodology),
then an energy model based on this physical model, and to conclude an energy simulation,
 However, an experimental design had not been applied to analyze the result of the
interoperability between BIM and BEM methodologies statistically when studying house
facilities. In this case, the approach exposed permits the evaluation of the factors (home
appliances) that most affect the energy loads in the case of the study presented.

Buildings 2021, 11, 491 6 of 28

3. Materials and Methods
The proposed method starts with a physical model (applying the BIM methodology),
then an energy model based on this physical model, and to conclude an energy simulation,
ititall
allwas
wasmade
madetotoshow
showthetheperformance
performanceofofthe thedwelling,
dwelling,asaspresented
presentedininFigure
Figure1.1.The
The
procedure
procedureforforthe
the realization
realization of this research
research was
wasdivided
dividedinto
intoseven
sevensteps:
steps:design
design of of
the
the physical
physical model,
model, location
location definition,
definition, creation
creation of energy
of energy model,model, development
development of firstofenergy
first
energy simulation,
simulation, comfort
comfort adjustment
adjustment following
following currentstandards,
current standards,data
data processing
processing using
using
Experimental
Experimental Planning, and development of statistical analysis of the modelupgraded
Planning, and development of statistical analysis of the model upgradedtoto
check
checkresults.
results.

Figure 1. Methodology flowchart.

Figure 1. Methodology flowchart.

AAhouse
housewhose
whosecharacteristics
characteristicsand andconsumption
consumptionpatternpatternarearerepresentative
representativeofoftropical
tropical
and subtropical areas, with a high standard, was selected to develop
and subtropical areas, with a high standard, was selected to develop this research. The this research. The
house has traces that are inspired by Spanish and Italian architecture, show stucco or plasteror
house has traces that are inspired by Spanish and Italian architecture, show stucco
plaster and
exterior exterior and roof
red clay red clay
tiles,roof
ornatetiles, ornate archways,
archways, ceramic
ceramic tiles on thetiles on and
floor, the floor,
exposedand
exposed and
columns columns
beamsand [30].beams [30]. The
The reason to reason
choose to choose
this housethiswashouse was tothe
to analyze analyze
possiblethe
possible
energy energy performance
performance advantages advantages
present inpresent
housesin houses
with with rooms,
spacious spacious rooms,
which which
present
present
some some attributes
attributes such as large suchwindows,
as large windows,
open spaces, open spaces, balconies,
balconies, highshading
high ceilings, ceilings,
shading devices, clay roofs tiles, and clear colors. These characteristics
devices, clay roofs tiles, and clear colors. These characteristics could significantly improve could significantly
improve
indoor indoorconditions
comfort comfort conditions
by keepingby keeping aand
a refreshed refreshed
pleasant and pleasant environment
environment inside the
inside[53,54].
house the house [53,54].
Bulkyhouses
Bulky housessimilar
similartotothe theoneoneused
usedininthis
thisstudy
studyare
areoften
oftenusedusedininwarm
warmclimates,
climates,
mainlyininmiddle/upper-class
mainly middle/upper-class neighborhoods.
neighborhoods. This This house
house typology
typology has has also
alsobecome
become
attractivetotothis
attractive thiswhole,
whole,for forhaving
havinghigh highenergy
energyloads
loadsdue
duetotoits
itsinhabitants’
inhabitants’behavior
behaviorand and
weatherconditions,
weather conditions, and andfor for
havinghaving the potential
the potential to reduce
to reduce energyenergy
loads andloads and increase
increase energy
efficiency.
energy efficiency.
Performing
Performingthe theenergy
energysimulation
simulationrequires
requiresdefining
definingthethephysical
physicalmodel.
model.ItItstarts
startswith
with
an
anAutoCAD
AutoCADplan planillustrating
illustratingthe thespecifications
specificationsofofthe theconstruction
constructionproject.
project.Autodesk
Autodesk
REVIT
REVITisisapplied
appliedlater
latertotosimulate
simulatethe the3D3Delements,
elements,suchsuchasasfloors,
floors,walls,
walls,doors,
doors,windows,
windows,
and
androofs.
roofs.Furniture
Furniture elements
elements could
couldbe added
be addedusing online
using libraries
online like bimobject.com
libraries like bimobject.com [55]
and
[55] and revitcity.com [56] to create a more realistic physical model. Autodesk REVIThas
revitcity.com [56] to create a more realistic physical model. Autodesk REVIT has
its own materials properties, which are globally accepted. Still, for creating a realistic
model, thermal properties were modified for the materials brick, concrete, travertine, and
tiles based on the experimental research of Castro Ferreira [57], to perform a model with
accurate real behavior following Brazilian materials.
Location Definition permits comparing the different thermal behavior in several cities
and countries. In this work, five different locations for the same case study are proposed
to represent the energy demand, the required comfort standards, and its relation with the
climatic conditions from those locations. The five locations carefully chosen were Armação
 its own materials properties, which are globally accepted. Still, for creating a realistic
model, thermal properties were modified for the materials brick, concrete, travertine, and
tiles based on the experimental research of Castro Ferreira [57], to perform a model with
accurate real behavior following Brazilian materials.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 Location Definition permits comparing the different thermal behavior in several 7 of 28
cities and countries. In this work, five different locations for the same case study are
proposed to represent the energy demand, the required comfort standards, and its relation
with the climatic conditions from those locations. The five locations carefully chosen were
dos Búzios,dos
Armação in southwest Brazil; Capri,
Búzios, in southwest in the
Brazil; Mediterranean
Capri, Italian coast;
in the Mediterranean Punta
Italian Cana,
coast; in
Punta
the Caribbean Sea; Dubai, in the Persian Gulf; and Sydney, in the East Coast
Cana, in the Caribbean Sea; Dubai, in the Persian Gulf; and Sydney, in the East Coast of of Australia;
they were defined
Australia; to evaluate
they were definedthetoenergy performance
evaluate the energyof the house in five
performance of different
the house climates.
in five
Itdifferent
was alsoclimates.
given anItorientation of 315 ◦ to true north to the same model in the different
was also given an orientation of 315° to true north to the same model
locations. This value
in the different coincides
locations. with all
This value locations
coincides as the
with most profitable
all locations one to
as the most better use
profitable one
climatic
to betterconditions, such
use climatic as solar radiation
conditions, and wind
such as solar direction.
radiation In addition
and wind to these,
direction. other
In addition
climatic
to these,parameters were evaluated,
other climatic parameters such as temperature,
were evaluated, humidity, precipitation, humidity,
such as temperature, and Sun
hours, to better understand the different conditions on the energy performance
precipitation, and Sun hours, to better understand the different conditions on the of theenergy
case
ofperformance
study. of the case of study.
The
Theintegration
integrationbetween
betweenBIMBIMand andBEM
BEMmethodologies
methodologiesisisbased
basedon onthe
thedefinition
definitionofof
spaces and energy attributes. This interoperability based on REVIT is graphically
spaces and energy attributes. This interoperability based on REVIT is graphically explained
in a flowchart in Figure 2.
explained in a flowchart in Figure 2.

Figure2.2.BIM-BEM
Figure BIM-BEMintegration
integrationflowchart.
flowchart.

The
Theenergy
energymodel
modelwas wasdesigned
designedby bydefining
definingspaces
spacesininthetheplans
plansofofthetheRevit
Revit3D3D
model.
model.ItItwas
waspossible
possibledueduetotothe
theRevit
Revittools
toolsforforseparating
separatingthethedifferent
differentspaces
spacesofofthe the
construction
constructionproject
projecttotocharacterize
characterizethem
themininterms
termsofofindoor
indoorcomfort
comfortbetter.
better.Only
Onlythermal
thermal
and visual variables will be considered, such as temperature, humidity, air
and visual variables will be considered, such as temperature, humidity, air velocity,velocity, airflow,
and illuminance,
airflow, to guarantee
and illuminance, comfort inside
to guarantee comforttheinside
housethe
of the caseofofthe
house study.
case Itofisstudy.
becauseIt is
those are the ones that can be analyzed in the physical and energy models
because those are the ones that can be analyzed in the physical and energy models recreated in the
simulation.
recreated in the simulation.
The
Thenext
nextstep
stepwas
wasgrouping
groupingdifferent
differentspaces
spacestotocreate
createzones.
zones.These
Thesezoneszonescould
could
permit the assignation of different HVAC systems, but in this case, was selected the same
permit the assignation of different HVAC systems, but in this case, was selected the same
HVAC system (VAV, Hot Water Heater, Chiller 5.96 Coefficient of Performance, Boilers 84.5
HVAC system (VAV, Hot Water Heater, Chiller 5.96 Coefficient of Performance, Boilers
efficiency) for the two zones created.
84.5 efficiency) for the two zones created.
The occupation schedules, occupancy, lighting, and power loads values were defined
The occupation schedules, occupancy, lighting, and power loads values were defined
as the “By Space Type” option suggested by default in Autodesk REVIT. These parameters
as the “By Space Type” option suggested by default in Autodesk REVIT. These parameters
were defined on purpose to perform the first energy simulation and show how the not
definition of these variables could affect the energy performance; then, the correct param-
eters of “Energy Settings” were defined to perform the models. The energy simulations
continued by clicking the “Create Energy Model” in Revit to create a 3D view of the energy
model and examine no mistakes or errors [58]. In this work, five different energy simula-
tions were carried out initially, one for each postulated city. These energy simulations were
launched by clicking the “Generate” button to generate the results in the Autodesk Green
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 8 of 28

Building Studio suite; and lastly, press the “Optimize” option to generate the possible
optimization options in the Autodesk Insight suite.
Once the models were created and corroborated that the EUI value was elevated, two
options to diminish the energy demand in the house were conceived. The first one was to
adjust the available comfort values to modify within Revit (air temperature, humidity, air
velocity, airflow, and air changes). The second one was to manipulate the results emitted
by Autodesk Insight by lessening the significant values following real possibilities (limits
established by Autodesk Green Building Studio) and leaving unchanged the options that
did not offer a significant diminution of EUI.
For this research work, it was considered only the Green Building Studio’s results
about EUI, electric and fuel demand, photovoltaic potential (panel type, energy savings,
nominal rated power, total panel area, maximum payback period), energy end-use charts,
and the weather station information for every model created, to assist in the pursuit of
energy-efficient or NZEB models.
The optimal comfort values were disposed of following a series of international norms
and standards (ISO [59], ASHRAE [60,61], and European Standard [62], whose statutes
were valid for the five constructed models. Then, they were successfully modified in the
physical model.
Manipulating the different values of EUI emitted by Insight demands the use of ex-
perimental design because it is not known which combination of options may ensure a
correct diminution of the energy demand. It was created an equation that could calcu-
late the energy consumed by putting the appliances under interaction to determine its
influence and possible performance solutions. The variables of the equation are called
“design factors”, and their different options are called “levels”. Following the experimen-
tal design methodology, there were considered three factors (low-consumption lighting,
low-consumption power loads, and HVAC systems with low energy demand); and within
them, the levels were specified as three different values for lighting efficiency, two different
values of load efficiency, and seven different options for the HVAC system for developing
the experimental planning study. At the same time, the rest of the options to diminish the
EUI emitted by Autodesk Insight were established in the minimum demand for energy.
Forty-two simulations were carried to obtain the results of the different energy perfor-
mances for the different cities. The significance of the results was validated by performing a
statistical linear regression, considering the p-values minor than 0.05. Once the simulations
were done, it was possible to recognize in which cities and under what conditions (set of
combinations) the major and minor values of EUI were achieved.

4. Case Study: Validating the Flowchart of the Methodology

As mentioned, it was selected as a hypothetical two-story single-family house, to
analyze its energy performance, particularly in zones where it is possible to find these
Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of of
houses (the range of the globe presenting warm climates). Figure 3 illustrates the views 29
the house.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 3.
3. Views
Views of
of the
the house.
house. (a)
(a) front
front view;
view; (b)
(b) rearview.
rearview.

The house has an area of 250 m distributed in two stories. The first floor has 3 m
height, and the second floor varies between 3 m and 4.42 m on its maximum height. It is
composed on the lower level by a double-height entry hall, living-dining-kitchen spaces
conforming a spacious room, a library, master bedroom, walk-in closet and bathroom,
laundry, and a visitors ½ bathroom. Back in the hall and rising the stairs can be found
three bedrooms, three walk-in closets, two bathrooms, and a balcony on the upper level.
 Buildings 2021, 11, 491 9 of 28
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Views of the house. (a) front view; (b) rearview.
The house has an area of 250 m2 distributed in two stories. The first floor has 3 m
The house
height, andhas
theansecond
area offloor m distributed
250 varies betweenin two
3m stories.
and 4.42 m The
onfirst floor has 3 height.
its maximum m It is
height, and the second floor varies between 3 m and 4.42 m on its maximum
composed on the lower level by a double-height entry hall, living-dining-kitchen height. It is spaces
composed on the lower
conforming level by
a spacious a double-height
room, entry hall,
a library, master living-dining-kitchen
bedroom, walk-in closet spaces
and bathroom,
conforming a spacious room, 1a library, master bedroom, walk-in closet and bathroom,
laundry, and a visitors 2 bathroom. Back in the hall and rising the stairs can be found
laundry, and
three a visitorsthree
bedrooms, ½ bathroom.
walk-in Back in the
closets, twohall and rising
bathrooms, theastairs
and balconycanonbe the
found
upper level.
threeInbedrooms,
addition,three walk-ingarage
a two-car closets,istwo bathrooms,
integrated intoand
theafaçade
balcony ononthe
thefirst
upper level.
floor, and on the
In addition, a two-car garage is integrated into the façade on the first floor, and on the
backside can be found an outdoor kitchen in the covered lanai. The floor plans of the house
backside can be found an outdoor kitchen in the covered lanai. The floor plans of the house
can be seen in Figure 4. The thermal variables of the constitutive materials, which directly
can be seen in Figure 4. The thermal variables of the constitutive materials, which directly
affect the house’s energy performance, are exhibited in Table 1 and come directly from the
affect the house’s energy performance, are exhibited in Table 1 and come directly from
study made by Castro Ferreira in Brazil [57].
the study made by Castro Ferreira in Brazil [57].

Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 29

(a)

(b)
Figure
Figure4. 4.
Floor plans.
Floor (a) (a)
plans. firstfirst
floor, andand
floor, (b) (b)
second floor.
second floor.

Table 1. Thermal variables of selected materials.

Thermal
Specific Heat, C Density, ρ
Material Conductivity, λ Emissivity, ε
( ⁄ ·° ) ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ · )
Brick 0.90 0.92 1600 0.95
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 10 of 28

Table 1. Thermal variables of selected materials.

Material Thermal Conductivity, λ (W/m·K) Specific Heat, C (J/g·◦ C) Density, $ (kg/m3 ) Emissivity, ε
Brick 0.90 0.92 1600 0.95
Concrete, cast-in-place 1.15 1.00 2000 0.95
Travertine 2.90 0.84 2750 0.95
Clay-roof Tiles 0.80 0.80 1900 0.90

It should be noticed that the thermal variables of the imported elements (furniture,
doors) come directly from the online library and are unmodifiable or seen; also, thermal
variables of paint are not considered due to their minimum thickness. Furthermore, thermal
variables of the complete building’s elements are also considered, as can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Thermal variables of building’s elements.

Heat Transfer Coefficient, U Thermal Resistance, Thermal Mass Solar Heat Gain
Element Thickness (cm)
(W/m2 ·K) R (m2 ·K/W) (kJ/K) Coefficient
Wall type 1 15 6.85 0.15 22.11 -
Wall type 2 10 9.93 0.10 13.97 -
Floor 15 8.40 0.12 28.26 -
Roof 12 9.03 0.11 21.40 -
Windows 0.4 3.69 0.27 - 0.78

This house is north-west oriented, specifically 315 to true north. It permits a consid-
erable entrance of daylighting, which helps with natural illuminance and warm indoor
temperatures. Such an orientation is assisted by the shading elements and does not allow
excessive solar radiation inside the house.
As particular features of this household, windows and doors have a significant effect
on natural lighting and ventilation rates, which influences the energy demand for the
appliances. The description of its characteristics can be seen in Table 3.
The next energy settings were defined following alternatives offered inside Autodesk
Revit. The Building Type was defined as a “Single Family” house. The energy analytical
model was simulated contemplating “Conceptual Masses and Building Elements”. The
HVAC system selected to cool and heat the house was “VAV-Single Duct” (Central VAV,
HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP, Boilers 84.5 eff.), provided by the Heating and Cooling loads
services. For the HVAC system, were specified 17 rooms, according to the indoor spaces to
define two HVAC zones, as can be seen in Figure 5. Furthermore, the location of the total
rooms and zones of the case study building is illustrated in Table 4.
Every room was considered “By Space Type” (dormitory bedroom, laundry, restroom,
and so on), properly defined following every space aforementioned. It means that Autodesk
Revit will automatically consider the values corresponding to Area per Person (dwellers),
Lighting Load Density, Power Load Density, Sensible Heat Gain per Person and Latent
Heat Gain per Person by the space type selected. In addition, it was contemplated the
schedules for occupancy, also “By Space Type”. Table 5 shows the space types with the
respective values and schedules for its variables.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 11 of 28

Table 3. Doors and Windows.

Element Quantity Space Material Height (m) Width (m)

Window 1 1 Sash and Glass 0.5 2.0
Window 2 3 Master bathroom Wood and Glass 0.6 0.465
Sliding Door 1 Wood 2.1 1.0
Window 2 Master Wood and Glass 2.0 0.5
Sliding Door 1 walk-in-closet Wood 2.1 1.0
Sliding Door 3 Sash and Glass 2.5 1.1
Master bedroom
Door 1 Wood 2.1 0.9
Window 1 Wood and Glass 2.0 1.8
Library
Door 1 Wood and Glass 2.5 1.6
Door 1 Entry hall Wood and Glass 4.0 1.6
Sliding Door 1 1 Sash and Glass 2.5 2.9
Living room
Sliding Door 2 1 Sash and Glass 2.5 1.9
Sliding Door 1 Dining room Sash and Glass 2.5 2.9
Sliding Door 1 Kitchen Sash and Glass 2.5 1.9
Window 1 Wood and Glass 0.6 0.465
Visitors’ bathroom
Door 1 Wood 2.1 0.7
Window 1 Wood and Glass 1.5 1.0
Laundry
Door 1 Wood 2.1 0.8
Window 1 1 Wood and Glass 1.5 1.0
Window 2 1 Wood and Glass 2.0 1.8
Garage
Door 1 1 Wood 2.1 0.8
Door 2 2 Wood 2.5 2.5
Window 3 Stairs Wood and Glass 1.2 0.6
Door 1 1 Wood and Glass 2.5 1.6
Bedroom 1
Door 2 1 Wood 2.1 0.8
Door 1 Walk-in-Closet 1 Wood 2.1 0.7
Sliding Door 1 Bedroom 2 Sash and Glass 2.5 1.83
Door Wood 2.1 0.8
Door 1 Walk-in-Closet 2 Wood 2.1 0.7
Sliding Door 1 Bedroom 3 Sash and Glass 2.5 2.9
Door Wood 2.1 0.8
Door 1 Walk-in-Closet 3 Wood 2.1 0.7
Window 1 Bathroom 1 Sash and Glass 0.5 1.0
Door 1 Wood 2.1 0.7
Window 1 Bathroom 2 Sash and Glass 0.5 1.0
Door 1 Wood 2.1 0.7
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 12 of 28
Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 2

(a) (b)
Figurezones.
Figure 5. HVAC 5. HVAC zones.1;(a)
(a) Zone (b)Zone
Zone1;2.(b) Zone 2.

Tableand
Table 4. Rooms 4. Rooms
zones.and zones.

Space Space Room Room Zone Zone

Master bathroom Master bathroom 1 1
Master
Master walk-in-closet
walk-in-closet 2
2
Master bedroom 3
Master bedroom 3
Library 4
Library 4
Entry hall
Entry hall Living room 1
Living room Dining room 5 1
Dining room Kitchen 5
Kitchen Stairs
Stairs Visitors’ bathroom 6
Laundry 7
Visitors’ bathroom 6
Garage 8 -
Laundry 7
Bedroom 1 9
Garage 8 -
Walk-in-closet 1 10
Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 9 11
Walk-in-closet 1 Walk-in-closet 2 10 12
Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 11 13 2
Walk-in-closet 2 Walk-in-closet 3 12 14
Bedroom 3 Bathroom 1 13 15 2
Bathroom 2 16
Walk-in-closet 3 14
Corridor 17
Bathroom 1 15
Every2 room was considered
Bathroom 16 “By Space Type” (dormitory bedroom, laundry
restroom, and so on), properly defined following every space aforementioned. It mean
Corridor 17
that Autodesk Revit will automatically consider the values corresponding to Area pe
Person (dwellers), Lighting Load Density, Power Load Density, Sensible Heat Gain pe
Person and Latent Heat Gain per Person by the space type selected. In addition, it wa
contemplated the schedules for occupancy, also “By Space Type”. Table 5 shows the spac
types with the respective values and schedules for its variables.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 13 of 28

Table 5. Space type description.

Area per Lighting Load Power Load Sensible Heat Gain Latent Heat Gain
Space Type Occupancy
Person (m2 ) Density (W/m2 ) Density (W/m2 ) per Person (W) per Person (W)
Dormitory Home Occupancy
10 11.95 5.81 73.27 45.43
Bedroom (24 h)
Home Occupancy
Restroom 10 9.69 3.23 73.27 58.61
(24 h)
Retail Facility
Library-
4 13.99 16.15 73.27 58.61 Occupancy (7 a.m.
Audiovisual
to 8 p.m.)
Home Occupancy
Dining Area 1.5 9.69 5.81 80.56 58.61
(24 h)
Retail Facility
Laundry–Ironing
5 6.3 32.29 80.59 139.21 Occupancy (7 a.m.
and Sorting
to 8 p.m.)
Home Occupancy
Stairway 10 6.46 3.23 73.27 58.61
(24 h)
Home Occupancy
Parking Area 20 2.05 3.23 73.27 58.61
(24 h)

4.1. Comfort Conditions

According to ASHRAE Standard 55-2020 [59,60], which defines the thermal environ-
mental conditions for human occupancy, the air temperature must be between 22.5 ◦ C to
26 ◦ C for summer (at clothing insulation factor 0.5); and between 20 ◦ C to 23.5 ◦ C for winter
(at clothing insulation factor 0.9). Also, Standard ISO 7730 [59] suggests air temperature
should be between 20 ◦ C and 24 ◦ C in winter and between 23 ◦ C and 26 ◦ C in summer.
For humidity, Standard 55-2020 also specifies between 55% and 60% during summer
and an interval of 20% to 30% during winter. Likewise, ISO 7730 recommends humidity
levels between 30% and 70% over the year [59]. Although Air Velocity depends significantly
on the air temperature and humidity levels, for the suggested comfort values specified
before, some acceptable intervals of Air Velocity are around 0 and 0.8 m/s in summer,
and lesser than 0.15 m/s in winter, accordingly to ASHRAE Standard 55. For ISO 7730,
at 23 ◦ C, the optimal air velocity is 0.2 m/s. Likewise, the European Standard EN 15,251
recommends an air velocity between 0.2 and 0.8 m/s [62]. Ventilation requisites were
established by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019 [60], suggesting a minimum of 0.3 L/S·m2
of airflow, and between 0.35 and 1 air change per hour. Again, the European Standard
establishes a ventilation rate of around 0.49 L/s·m2 and 0.7 air changes per hour [62].
The standards mentioned above were utilized to define the comfort variables of the
case study, considering international terms, with the purpose to fulfill common require-
ments for the different locations selected worldwide and not only to accomplish regional
comfort exigencies. However, the house of the case study was defined the following values
in Table 6, aiming to satisfy the requirements for both winter and summer, and is following
the highest number of standards possible.

Table 6. Comfort values considered.

Air Temperature (◦ C) Humidity (%) Air Velocity (m/s) Air Flow (L/s·m2 ) Air Changes (ren/h)
Comfort Values 23 55 0.2 0.5 0.7

4.2. Climatic Conditions

For the analysis, five locations were selected to represent five different climatic con-
ditions and evaluate how the house’s response follows the same physical and energetic
adjustments. It was used the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. The locations
were Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro state-Brazil, with Tropical Savanna climate; Capri
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 14 of 28

Island, Campania region–Italia, presenting a Mediterranean Hot Summer climate; Punta

Cana, La Altagracia province–Dominican Republic, exhibiting a Tropical Monsoon climate;
Dubai–Dubai–United Arab Emirates, with Hot Desert climate; and Sydney, New South
Wales state, manifesting a Humid Sub-Tropical climate. The reason for selecting those five
locations was the possibility of encountering bulky houses similar to the one used in this
study, typical of high-income neighborhoods in warm regions. Those warm regions were
proposed in latitudes between the 45◦ north and 45◦ south, to include the northernmost
reference, Mediterranean Sea, and the southernmost reference, the east coast of Australia.
Table 7 shows the year-average climate variables for the different locations selected for
the study.

Table 7. Climatic conditions for selected locations.

Climate Average High Average Low Annual Precipitation Average Relative Sunshine
Location
Type Temp (◦ C) Temp (◦ C) (mm) Humidity (%) Hours
Armação dos
Aw 25.7 21.8 1012 81.7 3113.7
Búzios [63]
Capri [64] Cs 18.7 16.9 938 73.6 3452.5
Punta Cana [65] Am 29.3 23.2 1102.6 82.4 3046.3
Dubai [66] BWh 33.2 20.1 94.7 51.8 3570.0
Sydney [67] Cfa 21.5 15.0 912 69.3 3115.4

4.3. Experimental Design

The experimental design applied can be summarized by the following steps: First, the
goal’s definition, which implies the possible energy reduction according to the suggestion
items emitted by Autodesk Insight’s results. Second, the determination of which results
to take into account to manipulate and carry on the simulations. Third, were defined the
factors and levels that affected the EUI and created the equation that represents the energy
consumption. Fourth, were developed the forty-two simulations that combine the different
factors and levels defined above. Fifth, the different results were analyzed and determined
the behavior of the EUI in the different cities following the combination of factors and
levels. And lastly, it was conducted statistical analysis (analysis of variance and linear
regression) to verify the accuracy of the study and determine the significance of the results
obtained (the software Minitab was adopted for this calculation to conduct the main effects
plot by integrating the statistical process.

4.4. Inventory of Database

Depending on the location of a house building, more or less energy will be demanded
for the lighting and power loads, as much as for the HVAC systems to offer more indoor
comfort conditions. To decrease the energy consumption in the house by manipulating the
load of the appliance, it was idealized to alter the variables “Lighting Efficiency”, “Plug
Load Efficiency” and “HVAC System” for the definition of the factors that will have a part
in the execution of the experimental design process.
Lighting Efficiency (EL ) shows the average internal heat gain and power consumption
of electric lighting per unit floor area. It consists of three levels that are offered by Autodesk
Insight analysis, which are 11.95 W/m2 , 7.53 W/m2 , and 3.23 W/m2 , depending on the
dwelling’s electric potency in lighting devices. Plug Load Efficiency (EP ) displays the
power used by equipment in the building, such as computers, printers, washing machines,
refrigerators, hairdryers, internet modems, etc. It consists of two levels, also available
in the Autodesk Insight analysis which are 10.76 W/m2 and 6.46 W/m2 , following the
mentioned equipment’s load. HVAC System (EH ) illustrates the efficiency options range
of the HVAC systems. It consists of seven levels: the different possible options, like
Central VAV, ASHRAE Package System, High-Efficiency Heat Pump, High-Efficiency
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 15 of 28

Package System, High-Efficiency Package Terminal AC, High-Efficiency Package VAV, and
ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump.
Describing the HVAC systems, the Central VAV presents a static pressure duct system
with variable speed drive, a Coefficient of Performance of 5.96, and a water heater. The
ASHRAE Package System has an Energy-Efficiency Ratio of 11, presenting the minimum
efficiency of the HVAC systems in REVIT. The High-Efficiency Heat Pump has a Seasonal
Energy-Efficiency Ratio of 17.4 and works with a constant volume cycling fan. The High-
Efficiency Package System presents a small unit in a single zone system and has a Seasonal
Energy-Efficiency Ratio of 20. The High-Efficiency Package Terminal AC is a type of self-
contained heating and air-conditioning system, with an Energy-Efficiency Ratio of 12.7. The
High-Efficiency VAV is an air terminal with a high-efficiency turndown on an air system,
underflow air distribution with a Coefficient of Performance of 7.5. The Package Terminal
Heat Pump consists of a separate, un-cased refrigeration system installed in a cabinet,
which uses reverse cycle refrigeration as its prime heat source and has an Energy-Efficiency
Ratio of 11.9.
The different levels of the factors mentioned above represent the options suggested by
Autodesk Insight to dwindle the energy consumed when handling the appliance’s load in
the operational phase of the case study. They were selected for being the options that offer
minor electric consumption for each variable compared to the initial model generated. The
factors and the levels can be shown in Table 8.
As mentioned in the methodology, the rest of the variables emitted by Insight were
fixed following two criteria: (a) the ones that its options’ manipulation have insignificant
effects on the total EUI, were left with no changes (window-wall ratio, window shading,
window glass, wall construction, roof construction, infiltration); (b) the ones that cannot be
changed for operational reasons (daylighting & occupancy controls, operating schedule,
PV—panel efficiency, PV—payback limit and PV—surface coverage), were also left un-
changed. The set of combinations to achieve the experimental design analysis is showed in
Table 8. The permute process gave as a result of the realization of 42 different combinations,
by multiplying the different levels of the factors (3 × 2 × 7 = 42).

4.5. Equation Design

It was needed to create an equation for the model. It displays the interaction between
the factors and their levels for identifying the energy consumption of the appliances. The
equation applied is as follows:

E = β 0 + ( β 1 · EL ) + ( β 2 · EP ) + ( β 3 · EH ) + ( β 12 · EL · EP ) + ( β 13 · EL · EH )+( β 23 · EP · EH ) + ( β 123 · EL · EP · EH ) + e (1)

where E is the energy use intensity (EUI). This parameter, following the equation afore-
mentioned, is based on the all relationships possible between the factors considered shown
in Table 7 aforementioned (EL , EP , EH , EL · EP , EL · EH , EP · EH and EL · EP · EH ). The constant
β 0 represents the value for the EUI when the rest of the factors are equal to zero; it is
the value of the energy performance given by the fixed variables emitted by Autodesk
Insight. The coefficients β 1 , β 2 , β 3 , β 12 , β 13 , β 23 and β 123 are the variables that explain the
combinations. The variable e is attributed to the model’s experimental error.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 16 of 28

Table 8. The sequence of combinations of Design Factors and Levels.

Sequence Lighting Efficiency (W/m2 ) Plug Load Efficiency (W/m2 ) HVAC System
1 11.95 10.76 Central VAV, HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP
2 11.95 10.76 ASHRAE Package System
3 11.95 10.76 High Eff Heat Pump
4 11.95 10.76 High Eff Package System
5 11.95 10.76 High Eff Package Terminal AC
6 11.95 10.76 High Eff VAV
7 11.95 10.76 ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump
8 11.95 6.46 Central VAV, HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP
9 11.95 6.46 ASHRAE Package System
10 11.95 6.46 High Eff Heat Pump
11 11.95 6.46 High Eff Package System
12 11.95 6.46 High Eff Package Terminal AC
13 11.95 6.46 High Eff VAV
14 11.95 6.46 ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump
15 7.53 10.76 Central VAV, HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP
16 7.53 10.76 ASHRAE Package System
17 7.53 10.76 High Eff Heat Pump
18 7.53 10.76 High Eff Package System
19 7.53 10.76 High Eff Package Terminal AC
20 7.53 10.76 High Eff VAV
21 7.53 10.76 ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump
22 7.53 6.46 Central VAV, HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP
23 7.53 6.46 ASHRAE Package System
24 7.53 6.46 High Eff Heat Pump
25 7.53 6.46 High Eff Package System
26 7.53 6.46 High Eff Package Terminal AC
27 7.53 6.46 High Eff VAV
28 7.53 6.46 ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump
29 3.23 10.76 Central VAV, HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP
30 3.23 10.76 ASHRAE Package System
31 3.23 10.76 High Eff Heat Pump
32 3.23 10.76 High Eff Package System
33 3.23 10.76 High Eff Package Terminal AC
34 3.23 10.76 High Eff VAV
35 3.23 10.76 ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump
36 3.23 6.46 Central VAV, HW Heat, Chiller 5.96 COP
37 3.23 6.46 ASHRAE Package System
38 3.23 6.46 High Eff Heat Pump
39 3.23 6.46 High Eff Package System
40 3.23 6.46 High Eff Package Terminal AC
41 3.23 6.46 High Eff VAV
42 3.23 6.46 ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump

4.6. Statistical Analysis

It is necessary to apply two statistical models to perform the result analysis: an
analysis of variance and linear regression. In this case, Minitab software was utilized to
carry out the statistical analysis, giving Paretos’ and residuals diagrams, variance and
p-values, coefficient values, and the final regression equations. To establish the accuracy
of the analysis, the p-value test was carried on to determine the representativeness of the
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 17 of 28

results; it was established that the p-values cannot exceed 0.05 to confirm the correctness of
the linear regression analysis.

5. Results
The regression model results were accomplished by running the energy analysis,
42 times for each of the five cities, using Autodesk Insight to calculate the EUI. Table 9
shows the calculated values for the different cities following the combinations showed
above.

Table 9. Energy Analysis’ Results.

Sequence Armação dos Búzios Capri Punta Cana Dubai Sydney

1 201 187 191 315 354
2 176 154 183 315 346
3 145 93.1 142 243 263
4 150 141 142 253 325
5 136 138 136 262 325
6 136 142 129 254 272
7 129 74.3 129 242 257
8 176 173 164 289 332
9 153 141 157 289 324
10 125 83.1 120 221 246
11 129 129 119 230 304
12 116 126 114 239 304
13 117 130 107 231 255
14 110 65.1 108 220 240
15 190 184 190 304 334
16 166 151 182 305 326
17 136 91 141 235 247
18 141 138 141 244 306
19 128 135 135 253 306
20 128 140 128 245 256
21 121 72.4 128 233 241
22 167 170 163 280 318
23 145 139 156 280 311
24 117 80.9 119 214 235
25 122 126 119 223 291
26 109 123 113 231 291
27 110 128 106 224 243
28 103 63.1 107 213 229
29 167 174 163 281 320
30 145 142 156 281 313
31 118 83.5 119 214 237
32 122 129 119 223 293
33 110 126 113 232 294
34 110 131 106 224 245
35 104 65.5 107 213 231
36 151 161 143 261 305
37 130 131 137 261 298
38 104 74.8 102 198 224
39 109 119 102 206 279
40 96.8 116 96.5 215 279
41 97.2 120 90.5 207 232
42 91 57.6 91 197 218
 the case-of-study, per square meter, per year.
Also, the statistical analysis of the results was executed using Minitab software as the
tool to accomplish the study. All of the results are presented in Supplementary Materials;
to explain the accuracy of the analysis for each city can be revised the coefficients,
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 variables and formulae from Tables S1–S25. Also, a series of Pareto’s diagrams plots and
18 of 28
Residual Plots can be seen from Figures S1–S5. The five figures indicate the correlation’s
significance for each of the five cities analyzed. Factors A refers to lighting efficiency;
factors B refers to plug load, and factors C refers to the HVAC systems. Factor AB points
to theFigure 6 exposes
significance the
of the various results
relationship acquired
between from
lighting and the
plugsimulations,
load; factor to
BC,show the
between
variations on the EUI graphically depending on the different combinations
plug load and HVAC system; and factor AC between lighting efficiency and HVAC
of factors and
under the influence of the climate of the different cities analyzed.
system.

Figure 6.
Figure 6. Graphic
Graphic showing
showing the
the results
results from
from the
the EUI
EUI simulation.
simulation.

Figure
The 6 shows
X-axis the results
represents of the energy
the different performance
sets of combinations of the building inthat
(considering the case
they study
were
by varying
42). It can bethe different
seen that in levels
every and factors, as
combination (1,explained in Table
2, 3, . . . , 42) 9. When
exist five bars, evaluating these
which represent
results,
the five itlocations
can be seen thatassessment
in the the EUI decreases
process,almost
beinginlightevery simulation,
blue until dos
for Armação the seventh
Búzios,
one, where
orange it goesgrey
for Capri, backfor
upPunta
to repeat theyellow
Cana, cycle, for
butDubai
this time,andwith
darkslight minor
blue for EUI results
Sydney. Y-axis
than the last set of seven. It is possible to denote that the slight
represents the EUI values, which is the measure of the energy consumed in the house diminution is due to the
of
the case-of-study, per square meter, per year.
Also, the statistical analysis of the results was executed using Minitab software as the
tool to accomplish the study. All of the results are presented in Supplementary Materials;
to explain the accuracy of the analysis for each city can be revised the coefficients, variables
and formulae from Tables S1–S25. Also, a series of Pareto’s diagrams plots and Residual
Plots can be seen from Figures S1–S5. The five figures indicate the correlation’s significance
for each of the five cities analyzed. Factors A refers to lighting efficiency; factors B refers to
plug load, and factors C refers to the HVAC systems. Factor AB points to the significance of
the relationship between lighting and plug load; factor BC, between plug load and HVAC
system; and factor AC between lighting efficiency and HVAC system.
Figure 6 shows the results of the energy performance of the building in the case study
by varying the different levels and factors, as explained in Table 9. When evaluating these
results, it can be seen that the EUI decreases almost in every simulation, until the seventh
one, where it goes back up to repeat the cycle, but this time, with slight minor EUI results
than the last set of seven. It is possible to denote that the slight diminution is due to the
increase of efficiency in both lighting and plug load (going from 11.95 to 3.23 W/m2 in the
case of lighting, and from 10.76 to 6.46 W/m2 in the case of plug load). It is an important
matter that expresses the positive effect on energy performance as the lighting and plug
load increases their efficiency.
The EUI variations in the seven simulations set are due to the effect of the efficiency
from the HVAC systems. Sequences 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16, 22, 23, 29, 30, 36, and 37 have higher
values of EUI, which means that the Central VAV and the ASHRAE Package System have
minor energy efficiency. Sequences 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, 26, 32, 33, 39, and 40 have the
medium values of EUI within the set of 7 simulations; it represents that High-Efficiency
Package System and the High-Efficiency Package Terminal AC show medium energy
efficiency. Sequences 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 31, 34, 35, 38, 41, and 42 have
the lower values of EUI, which illustrates that High-Efficiency Heat Pump, High-Efficiency
VAV and ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump are the HVAC systems that display the
greatest energy efficiency.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 19 of 28

The minor values of EUI are shown in sequence 42, which exhibit the more efficient
loads for lighting and power of the equipment, and the ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat
Pump (must efficient HVAC system). In analog form, the major values of EUI are shown in
sequence 1, which presents the higher values of lighting and power loads (less efficient),
and the Central VAV system, which is the most energy-consuming HVAC system. The
variation of EUI values between these two sequences is around 100 and 140 kWh/m2 /year
of difference, which is a significant amount of energy.
Special attention must be given to the fact that the minor values of EUI in every set
of seven sequences are found in sequences 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, confirming that the
most efficient HVAC system is the ASHRAE Package Terminal Heat Pump. Same case, the
higher values of EUI are expressed in sequences 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36, indicating that the
less efficient HVAC system is the Central VAV. It is outstanding that efficiency is needed
to improve energy performance, not only for the HVAC system but also for lighting and
power devices.
It could be evidenced when comparing sequences 11 and 12 with sequences 18 and 19.
Although they have almost the same EUI values, the lighting efficiency increased (from
11.95 to 7.53 W/m2 ), and the power load efficiency decreased (from 6.46 to 10.76 W/m2 ).
The same thing happens when comparing sequences 25 and 26 and sequences 32 and
33. They present the same HVAC systems (High-Efficiency Package System and High-
Efficiency Package Terminal AC) and around the same values of EUI, even when increasing
lighting efficiency and decreasing plug load efficiency.
Also, it must be highlighted that efficiency in HVAC systems is representative. The
HVAC system considered in sequence 6 (High-Efficiency VAV), which have lower efficien-
cies in lighting and power loads, produce almost the same effect in the values of EUI shown
in sequences 39 and 40, in which the lighting and power load efficiencies diminishes from
11.95 and 10.76 to 3.23 and 6.46 W/m2 ; it increases to balance the effects of less efficient
HVAC systems (such as High-Efficiency Package System and High-Efficiency Package
Terminal AC).
The values of energy loads obtained in Figure 6 verify that the combination of efficient
lighting, power equipment, and HVAC systems together result in a real diminution of
energy consumption and better energy performance. However, climate conditions highlight
that could exist a significant variation in the different cities analyzed, even when using
the same arrangement of lighting, power load, and HVAC systems’ efficiencies. There is
a considerable difference in energy performance for the same sequences due to different
locations’ conditions, mainly between the first three climates: Tropical Savanna, Tropical
Monsoon and Mediterranean Hot Summer, and the last two climates: Hot Desert and
Humid Sub-tropical.
Armação dos Búzios, Punta Cana and Capri presented little variation between them
on the EUI results (around 190 kWh/m2 /year for sequence 1). Dubai and Sydney showed
quite higher energy consumption (around 330 kWh/m2 /year also for sequence 1), being
possible to denote that EUI for Sydney is the highest in each one of the 42 different
sequences (reaching maximum EUI values around 350 kWh/m2 /year for sequences 1 and
2). Despite Capri and Sydney present the most variability in sun hours along the year,
which can be thought of as more lighting consuming, still showing a wide difference in
EUI; for example, in sequences 7 and 12, the gap between Capri and Sydney is 182.7 and
178 kWh/m2 /year of EUI respectively. It means that the relevant energy consumption
occurs due to the energy required by HVAC systems.
The minor values of EUI for Capri (understood as the city that displays the slight
energy consumption results) are found in sequences 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, which have the
most efficient HVAC system (High-Efficiency Package Terminal AC), as aforementioned.
However, in some cases, the energy consumption in Armação dos Búzios or Punta Cana
could be lesser than in Capri (sequences 5, 6, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36,
39, 40 and 41). Two reasons could explain it.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 20 of 28

The first reason is that some HVAC can be more profitable following some climatic
conditions (High-Efficiency Package Terminal AC and High-Efficiency VAV can be evidence
for being the same two HVAC systems in sequences 5, 6, 12, 13, 19, and 20). The second
reason is that when lighting and plug load efficiency increase, the weight of the EUI settles
in the HVAC systems (evidenced in sequences 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, and 41);
it represents that lighting efficiency and its relationship with sun hours has its significance
in energy consumed.
Another indication that some HVAC is more useful in some climatic conditions than
others, and lighting efficiency is representative, is that, for Sydney, in sequences 8 and 9, the
EUI results are minor (332 and 324 kWh/m2 /year) than in sequences 15 and 16 (334 and
326 kWh/m2 /year), which present higher lighting and plug load efficiency. In addition, in
Dubai, there is no difference in EUI results for sequences 1 and 2, 8 and 9, 22 and 23, 29
and 30, and 36 and 37, even considering the two different HVAC systems (Central VAV
and ASHRAE Package System). It is another evidence that some HVAC systems are more
profitable in some locations regarding energy consumption.
The behavior analyzed related to the different EUI results for the same sequence
evidence that the more variability in the air temperature (around the day and the year), the
more energy consumption. It is due to the need for heating and cooling, which became
more necessary when presenting wide variations of air temperatures. Furthermore, sun
radiation and precipitations regime also show significance in the results. For tropical
climates, the EUI does not present significant variations; when having similar climates,
the energy consumed will move around the same values due to levels of radiation, clouds
presence, and the little variance of air temperature and humidity values.
When interpreting the sequences of every seven simulations in Figure 6, it can be
perceived that the energy use intensity seems to decrease when increasing the efficiency
of the HVAC system, which is the most representative of the factors. In addition, it can
be evident that for tropical climates, the energy consumption is lesser than for desert or
sub-tropical climates. However, when the results are introduced in the Minitab software
for its linear regression analysis, and making a comparison of the five different Pareto’s
diagrams, under the five different cities selected, the results show that HVAC systems are
not the only factors that affect the most the EUI results, but also power loads, as seen in
Figure 7.
Figure 7a–d expose that the most representative values of effects are for factor B, which
is referred to as the Power Loads. It could mean that the power loads increase the EUI
equation (which can be demonstrated in Figure 7a–d, which exposes the equations for EUI)
in a form even higher than does by the HVAC systems or the lighting loads. Nonetheless,
when checking Figure 7e for Sydney, it can be perceived that factor B decreases its effect. It
could mean that power loads are not as representative as for the other locations for this
specific location. It does not mean that the significance of the other factors (HVAC system
or Lighting) is superior for power loads; it could mean that the significance of those factors
increases for Sydney.
The statistical analysis accomplished in Minitab can be revised in the Supplementary
Materials. In there it is possible to observe the results of the General Factorial Regression,
and how its methodology was followed, being possible to obtain the factor information,
which describes the division of factors and levels; the analysis of variance, where are
showed the information of the p-values; the summary of the model, with the S and R
values; the coefficients summary, showing the T-values and p-values and coefficients for
each one of the interactions between levels; and finally, the Regression Equation, which
expresses the significance of the interactions between factors and levels. By motives related
to the size of the regression equation and the coefficients’ tables, this information can be
seen more accurately in the Supplementary Materials from Tables S1–S25.
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 21 of 28
Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 29

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7. Cont.
 Buildings 2021, 11, 491 22 of 28
Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 29

(e)
Figure 7. Correlation
Figure significance
7. Correlation between
significance the factors
between considered.
the factors (a) Armação
considered. dos Búzios;
(a) Armação (b)
dos Búzios; (b) Capri;
Capri; (c) Punta Cana; (d) Dubai; (e) Sydney.
(c) Punta Cana; (d) Dubai; (e) Sydney.
TheAs statistical
seen in analysis accomplished
the Supplementary in Minitab
Materials’ can be
tables, allrevised in the Supplementary
the p-values of the statistical linear
Materials. In there it is possible to observe the results of the General Factorial Regression,
regression analysis are lower than 0.05; it means that the results are truly representative.
and how its methodology was followed, being possible to obtain the factor information,
The normal probability plot of the residuals for Búzios and Capri shows a one-direction
which describes the division of factors and levels; the analysis of variance, where are
tail, which means a normal distribution of the results. For Punta Cana and Sydney, the
showed the information of the p-values; the summary of the model, with the S and R
distribution softly draws an inverted S-curve, which expresses that the distribution of
values; the coefficients summary, showing the T-values and p-values and coefficients for
the results is not so normal, due to the variance of the data. For Dubai, the residuals are
each one of the interactions between levels; and finally, the Regression Equation, which
grouped in vertical lines, which means a greater variation of the values.
expresses the significance of the interactions between factors and levels. By motives
When comparing the residuals versus its fits (Supplementary Materials Figures S1–S5),
related to the size of the regression equation and the coefficients’ tables, this information
it can
can be seen bemore
seen accurately
that the points in the are randomly distributed
Supplementary Materials from around
TablestheS1–S25.
0 for the Dubai and
Sydney, more distributed closer to the lower values of EUI in
As seen in the Supplementary Materials’ tables, all the p-values of the statistical Búzios and Punta Cana, and
linear
more distributed closer to the higher values of EUI in Capri.
regression analysis are lower than 0.05; it means that the results are truly representative. It means that more variance
The normal probability plot of the residuals for Búzios and Capri shows a one-direction EUI
of the results is found for minor EUI results in Búzios and Punta Cana and the major
tail,results
whichinmeans
Capri.a normal distribution of the results. For Punta Cana and Sydney, the
For Capri
distribution softly draws and Punta Cana, residuals
an inverted S-curve, whichversus order are
expresses randomly
that distributed
the distribution of thearound
the graphic,
results is not sowhich
normal, means
due atotypical behavior
the variance ofof
thethedata.
EUI Forresults.
Dubai,Forthe
Búzios and Sydney,
residuals are the
graphic
grouped in shows
verticalalines,
tendency
whichtomeansreduce residual
a greater values in
variation of the values.
middle, having more accurate
values
Whenin medium the
comparing EUIresiduals
results.versus
For Dubai, the graphic displays
its fits (Supplementary Materialsa tendency
Figures S1– of rising
S5),residuals in thethat
it can be seen middle values,
the points arewhich
randomlymeans that the around
distributed extremethe values of EUI
0 for the Dubaipresent
and more
accuracy.
Sydney, moreWhen analyzing
distributed closer these resultsvalues
to the lower with of theEUI
other plots and
in Búzios (Supplementary
Punta Cana, and Materials
moreFigures S1–S5),closer
distributed it is possible to comprehend
to the higher values of EUI that,ineven
Capri.with some variation,
It means that more the distribution
variance
of the
of the residuals
results is found is relatively
for minor EUI symmetrical, displaying
results in Búzios a normal
and Punta Canabehavior in theEUI
and the major results of
results in Capri.
EUI analyzed.
For Capri and Punta Cana, residuals versus order are randomly distributed around
the6.graphic,
Discussion
which means a typical behavior of the EUI results. For Búzios and Sydney,
the graphic This shows
research a aids
tendency to reduce
in evaluating theresidual values in theofmiddle,
energy performance having
a building more
by manipulating
accurate values
its options of in medium
lighting andEUI plug results. For Dubai,and
load efficiencies the its
graphic
types ofdisplays
HVACasystems.
tendencySometimes
of
rising residuals in theappliances
underestimated, middle values, havewhich means that
meaningful the extreme
importance values consumption
in energy of EUI present during
morethe accuracy.
operational When
phaseanalyzing
of a building.theseAresults with the
hypothetical house other plots (Supplementary
compiling the features presented
Materials
in single-family, high-income households in Brazil (wide windows,variation,
Figures S1–S5), it is possible to comprehend that, even with some uninsulated the walls,
distribution of the residuals is relatively symmetrical, displaying a normal
clay-roof tiles, open spaces, among others) was analyzed to consider its advantages in the behavior in the
results
energyof EUI analyzed. of the building when related to the loads of the mentioned facilities.
consumption
The model’s design is representative of Brazil, where similar houses are widespread
6. Discussion
all over the country, same as for other warm-climate zones in America, like the Caribbean.
This research
Nevertheless, aids not
it may in beevaluating
similar tothe energy performance
households of a building
present in Australia by sub-
or some other
manipulating its options of lighting and plug load efficiencies and its types of HVAC
tropical zones due to the differences in the construction techniques or material properties.
systems. Sometimes
The model underestimated,
analyzed appliances
was extrapolated havelocations
to other meaningful importance
with in energy
the purpose of applying
 its advantages in the energy consumption of the building when related to the loads of the
mentioned facilities.
The model’s design is representative of Brazil, where similar houses are widespread
all over the country, same as for other warm-climate zones in America, like the Caribbean.
Nevertheless, it may not be similar to households present in Australia or some other sub-
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 23 of 28
tropical zones due to the differences in the construction techniques or material properties.
The model analyzed was extrapolated to other locations with the purpose of applying the
statistical-experimental design approach as a form to acquire the minimum results of
energy consumption.
the statistical-experimental design approach as a form to acquire the minimum results of
energyTheconsumption.
results obtained demonstrated the impact that efficiency has on the appliances
of a building:
The resultsthe higherdemonstrated
obtained the efficiency, thethe minor
impact thatthe EUI. Comparing
efficiency the different
has on the appliances of a
combinations of design
building: the higher thefactors andthe
efficiency, levels between
minor different
the EUI. citiesthe
Comparing (with different
different climates),
combinations
itofbecomes evidentand
design factors that appliances’
levels betweenenergy consumption
different cities (withcould be greater
different climates), or inferior
it becomesin
some
evidentlocations. It is caused
that appliances’ energy byconsumption
the regime couldof utilization
be greaterasormuch
inferioras inthe appliances’
some locations.
It is caused by the regime of utilization as much as the appliances’ efficiency.
efficiency.
Theneed
The needforforcooling
coolingin inSydney
Sydney(eastern
(easterncoast
coastofof Australia)
Australia) or or Dubai
Dubai (middle
(middle east
east
desert)isismore
desert) morerepresentative
representativethan thanititcould
couldbebePunta
PuntaCana
Cana(Caribbean
(CaribbeanSea), Sea),Armação
Armaçãodos dos
Búzios(southeast
Búzios (southeastcoast
coastofofBrazil),
Brazil),ororin
inCapri
Capri(Mediterranean
(MediterraneanSea). Sea).Figures
Figures88and and99explain
explain
thiscomparison
this comparisongraphically.
graphically.The The different
different climate
climate conditions
conditions with
with its variables
its variables suchsuch as
as air
air temperature, sun hours and radiation, humidity and precipitation,
temperature, sun hours and radiation, humidity and precipitation, play an elemental role play an elemental
inrole in defining
defining the energy
the energy performance
performance of aofbuilding
a buildingduedueto tothe
theconsequent
consequentdemand demandfor for
electricdemand.
electric demand.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure8.8.Annual
Annualelectric
electricend-use
end-usecharts
chartsobtained
obtainedby
byGreen
GreenBuilding
BuildingStudio.
Studio.(a)
(a)Sydney;
Sydney;(b)
(b)Dubai.
Dubai.

Somevalues
Some valuesofofEUI
EUIcan
canbebesimilar
similarbetween
betweenthem,
them,as asisisthe
thecase
caseof
ofthe
theEUI
EUIfor
forArmação
Armação
dosBúzios
dos BúziosandandPunta
PuntaCana.
Cana.ItItcould
couldbebeexplained
explainedby bysharing
sharingthe thesame
sameclimate
climatetype,
type,but
but
the difference lies in the different sub-climate types and latitudes. The lighting
the difference lies in the different sub-climate types and latitudes. The lighting demand demand
must be considered,
must considered,asaspresented
presented in Figure 9. Following
in Figure the duration
9. Following of sun of
the duration hours,
sun lighting
hours,
could becould
lighting more be
or more
less switched on, whichon,
or less switched impacts
whichenergy
impacts consumption, mainly in locations
energy consumption, mainly
with
in high latitudes,
locations with highsuch as Sydney.
latitudes, such That is whyThat
as Sydney. it becomes
is whynecessary
it becomesthey use efficient
necessary they
lights.
use Also,lights.
efficient warm Also,
climates demand
warm ventilation
climates demanddevices;
ventilationfor rainy seasons,
devices; evenseasons,
for rainy without
elevated
even temperatures,
without humidity hashumidity
elevated temperatures, an effect of
hassuffocation.
an effect of suffocation.
The building materials and the architectural styles also contribute to improve or worse
the energy performance of a building. As evidence, sumptuous, spacious houses adapted to
warm climates, as the ones located in Tropical or Mediterranean areas (such as in Armação
dos Búzios, Capri, or Punta Cana) has an optimal energy performance (as mentioned
by [43,44]), in comparison with the ones located in the desert or sub-tropical climates
(Dubai or Sydney). Additionally, the construction materials utilized in the buildings have
an important effect on the indoor temperature and consequently in the utilization of HVAC
systems to upgrade the comfort, as could be proven in the higher energy demands in
Sydney and Dubai, where were utilized the same construction materials than in the mild
climate examples.
The link between BIM and BEM methodologies can be accomplished by using Au-
todesk Revit and its complements Autodesk Insight and Green Building Studio. It can be
done simply when clicking on the buttons that perform the analyses. All the difficulties
 Buildings 2021, 11, 491 24 of 28

appointed by Gerrish, Miller, and Azevedo [4,16,17], and others can be avoided when
working inside the Autodesk Environment. The results emitted by Autodesk Insight are
trustworthy, and its versatility of use makes it an advantageous solution for creating24energy
Buildings 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW of 29
models starting from a 3D physical model.

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 9. Annual
Figure electric
9. Annual end use
electric endcharts obtained
use charts by Green
obtained by Building Studio. (a)
Green Building Punta (a)
Studio. Cana; (b) Cana;
Punta
Armação dos Búzios; (c) Capri.
(b) Armação dos Búzios; (c) Capri.

An building
The optimal arrangement
materials andofthe lighting, plug loads,
architectural and
styles HVAC
also systems,
contribute to which
improve could
or
present a differential energy efficiency, diminish in a significant
worse the energy performance of a building. As evidence, sumptuous, spacious houses way the energy demand
of a building.
adapted to warm Considerations
climates, as the about
onesthe climate
located in type in the
Tropical or location need toareas
Mediterranean be done for
(such
asbetter energy dos
in Armação performance. In behalf
Búzios, Capri, of this,
or Punta Experimental
Cana) Design
has an optimal appears
energy as an optimal
performance (as
choice for by
mentioned a statistical
[43,44]), approach of thewith
in comparison results
thewhen comparing,
ones located in the as desert
in this or
case, the EUI of
sub-tropical
the different
climates (Dubai cases in virtue Additionally,
or Sydney). of a better decision-making
the construction process [49]. utilized
materials The analysis
in themade
build-in
Minitab software permitted identifying the hidden behavior of the
ings have an important effect on the indoor temperature and consequently in the utiliza- factors that influence
the of
tion EUI results.
HVAC The significance
systems to upgradeofthe these factorsasthat
comfort, compose
could be proventhe equation is relevant
in the higher energyto
know the possibilities of improving or considering changes in the
demands in Sydney and Dubai, where were utilized the same construction materials decision-making process.
than
in the In addition
mild climatetoexamples.
this approach, other measures need to be followed to increase sus-
tainable conscience
The link betweenand BIMresponsibility. Consume habits
and BEM methodologies can be also play an important
accomplished role in
by using Auto-
energy consumption. The more electric equipment plugged in,
desk Revit and its complements Autodesk Insight and Green Building Studio. It can be the higher the energy
demand.
done simply Environmental
when clicking education for changing
on the buttons consumption
that perform habits isAll
the analyses. fundamental,
the difficultiesand
the substitution of conventional to energy-efficient devices are alternatives
appointed by Gerrish, Miller, and Azevedo [4,16,17], and others can be avoided when that need to be
working inside the Autodesk Environment. The results emitted by Autodesk Insight are
trustworthy, and its versatility of use makes it an advantageous solution for creating en-
ergy models starting from a 3D physical model.
An optimal arrangement of lighting, plug loads, and HVAC systems, which could
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 25 of 28

popularized. Insulation strategies, passive architecture measures are also alternatives for
improving comfort and reduce energy consumption.

7. Conclusions
Assessment of energy performance appears as an option to improve the energy con-
sumption towards NZEB parameters of sustainability. The appliances within a building
have a considerable impact on the energy demand of a dwelling as a part of the opera-
tional phase of its life cycle. When diminishing the energy demand, the savings have a
positive impact on the environment. The novelty of this research was to apply the linkage
between the BIM and BEM methodologies within one environment: Autodesk and its tools
REVIT (for performing the physical model) and Insight and Green Building Studio (for
performing the energy model) to decrease the energy load of the appliances by applying
the experimental design methodology. The results obtained were satisfactory and showed
a broad range of options to improve the energy performance.
The analysis contemplated the lighting and power load efficiencies and the HVAC
systems, whose options can be easily modified inside the model in REVIT. For preparing the
simulations, some variables emitted by Insight remained unchanged, such as construction
materials, window-wall ratios, glass types, photovoltaic options, among others, and only
were modified the options for lighting efficiencies, power loads efficiencies, and HVAC
systems that offer minor energy consume. Because the goal was to decrease the EUI results,
a statistical approach was devised to define the options (later called design factors and
levels) that could accomplish this intention. Experimental Design was the procedure
utilized to create these arrangements via a series of simulations executed in Autodesk
Insight to determine the different results of EUI, and a Linear Regression and Analysis
of Variance performed in Minitab to analyze the correlations and significances of the
variables studied. When evaluating an energy model, it is important to use a statistical
linear regression to better understand the factor’s behavior that modifies the EUI and its
relation and effects between themselves.
The results obtained could increase or preserve the high indoor comfort levels that
the house performs by the architectural concept and reduce energy consumption. In
consequence, the environmental impact generated by high energy consumption is also
lessened. Considering this panorama, the goal of having a nearly zero energy house
presenting opulent features can be achieved more easily.
The selected case study has its particular features, and, despite it is similar to Brazilian
bulky houses, its application as a real physical model in other world locations to obtain
similar results needs to be studied and improved, adapting to the requirements needed in
the location. However, the applied methodology is valid for usance in any other model,
where the diminution of the energy loads needs to be achieved.
Some limitations were presented in the research. The lack of information about
the materials’ thermal properties did not permit an accurate specification of some other
materials. The climatic conditions established by the meteorological stations included in the
database of Autodesk REVIT were defined without verifying their accuracy. The options
for energy performance improvement, obtained by Autodesk Insight, were considered as
they appear in the results, with a lack of knowledge about its viability or specifications.
However, the framework can be easily followed for its replication in another research. The
specifications about materials, climate conditions in different locations, lighting, power
equipment, and HVAC systems loads can be improved and performed for further studies.

Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10

.3390/buildings11100491/s1, Figure S1: Graphics of Pareto Charts and Residual Plots for Armação
dos Búzios, Brazil; Figure S2: Graphics of Pareto Charts and Residual Plots for Capri, Italy; Figure
S3: Graphics of Pareto Charts and Residual Plots for Punta Cana, Dominican Republic; Figure S4:
Graphics of Pareto Charts and Residual Plots for Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Figure S5: Graphics
of Pareto Charts and Residual Plots for Sydney, Australia; Table S1: Factor Information for Armação
dos Búzios; Table S2: Analysis of Variance for Armação dos Búzios; Table S3: Model Summary for
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 26 of 28

Armação dos Búzios; Table S4: Coefficients for Armação dos Búzios; Table S5: Regression Equation
for Armação dos Búzios; Table S6: Factor Information for Capri; Table S7: Analysis of Variance for
Capri; Table S8: Model Summary for Capri; Table S9: Coefficients for Capri; Table S10: Regression
Equation for Capri; Table S11: Factor Information for Punta Cana; Table S12: Analysis of Variance
for Punta Cana; Table S13: Model Summary for Punta Cana; Table S14: Coefficients for Punta Cana;
Table S15: Regression Equation for Punta Cana; Table S16: Factor Information for Dubai; Table S17:
Analysis of Variance for Dubai; Table S18: Model Summary for Dubai; Table S19: Coefficients for
Dubai; Table S20: Regression Equation for Dubai; Table S21: Factor Information for Sydney; Table
S22: Analysis of Variance for Sydney; Table S23: Model Summary for Sydney; Table S24: Coefficients
for Sydney; Table S25: Regression Equation for Sydney.
Author Contributions: Data curation, J.G. and C.A.P.S.; formal analysis, J.G., A.N.H., M.N. and
C.A.P.S.; funding acquisition, A.N.H. and C.A.P.S.; methodology, J.G.; resources, J.G. and M.N.;
software, J.G.; supervision, A.N.H., M.N. and C.A.P.S.; validation, J.G., A.N.H., M.N. and C.A.P.S.;
writing—original draft, J.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the
manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by CNPq (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Techno-
logical Development) grant number [307084/2015-9], and the APC was funded by Departamento de
Construção Civil/UFRJ.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Data will be available upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments: Assed Haddad wants to acknowledge research grants from CNPq (Conselho
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Brasilia, DF, Brazil (the Brazilian National
Research Council), and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de
Janeiro (FAPERJ), which helped in the development of this work.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. Gross, M.; Mautz, R. Renewable Energies; Gabler: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2018.
2. Pacesila, M.; Burcea, S.G.; Colesca, S.E. Analysis of renewable energies in European Union. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 56,
156–170. [CrossRef]
3. Gao, H.; Koch, C.; Wu, Y. Building information modelling based building energy modelling: A review. Appl. Energy 2019, 238,
320–343. [CrossRef]
4. Gerrish, T.; Ruikar, K.; Cook, M.J.; Johnson, M.; Phillip, M. Using BIM capabilities to improve existing building energy modelling
practices. Eng. Constr. Arch. Manag. 2017, 24, 190–208. [CrossRef]
5. Pezeshki, Z.; Soleimani, A.; Darabi, A. Application of BEM and using BIM database for BEM: A review. J. Build. Eng. 2019, 23,
1–17. [CrossRef]
6. Fernald, H.; Hong, S.; O’Brien, L.; Bucking, S. BIM to BEM Translation Workflows and Their Challenges: A Case Study Using a Detailed
BIM Model; eSim: Montreal, QC, Canada, 2018.
7. Yarramsetty, S.; Rohullah, M.S.; Sivakumar, M.V. An investigation on energy consumption in residential building with different
orientation: A BIM approach. Asian J. Civ. Eng. 2020, 21, 253–266. [CrossRef]
8. Deepa, K.; Suryarajan, B.; Nagaraj, V.; Srinath, K.; Vasanth, K. Energy analysis of buildings. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2019, 6, 1662.
Available online: www.irjet.net (accessed on 16 June 2021).
9. Belussi, L.; Barozzi, B.; Bellazzi, A.; Danza, L.; Devitofrancesco, A.; Fanciulli, C.; Ghellere, M.; Guazzi, G.; Meroni, I.; Salamone, F.;
et al. A review of performance of zero energy buildings and energy efficiency solutions. J. Build. Eng. 2019, 25, 100772. [CrossRef]
10. Economidou, M.; Todeschi, V.; Bertoldi, P.; D’Agostino, D.; Zangheri, P.; Castellazzi, L. Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency
policies for buildings. Energy Build. 2020, 225, 110322. [CrossRef]
11. Sun, H.; Edziah, B.K.; Sun, C.; Kporsu, A.K. Institutional quality, green innovation and energy efficiency. Energy Policy 2019, 135,
111002. [CrossRef]
12. Najjar, M.K.; Tam, V.W.Y.; Di Gregorio, L.T.; Evangelista, A.C.J.; Hammad, A.W.A.; Haddad, A. Integrating parametric analysis
with building information modeling to improve energy performance of construction projects. Energies 2019, 12, 1515. [CrossRef]
13. Aurangzeb, K.; Aslam, S.; Mohsin, S.M.; Alhussein, M. A fair pricing mechanism in smart grids for low energy consumption
users. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 22035–22044. [CrossRef]
14. Yang, C.C.; Soh, C.S.; Yap, V.V. A non-intrusive appliance load monitoring for efficient energy consumption based on naive bayes
classifier. Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst. 2017, 14, 34–42. [CrossRef]
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 27 of 28

15. Senave, M.; Boeykens, S. Link between BIM and energy simulation. In Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction
and Operations; WitPress: Torquay, UK, 2015; Volume 1, pp. 341–352. [CrossRef]
16. Miller, C.; Thomas, D.; Irigoyen, S.D.; Hersberger, C.; Nagy, Z.; Rossi, D.; Schlueter, A. BIM-extracted energyplus model calibration
for retrofit analysis of a historically listed building in Switzerland. In Proceedings of the 2014 ASHRAE/IBPSA-USA Building
Simulation Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 10–12 September 2014; pp. 331–338. [CrossRef]
17. Azevedo, N.; Tavares, S. Interoperability between the revit and openstudio tools. PARC Pesquisa Arquitetura e Construção 2020, 11,
1–19.
18. Tian, Z.; Love, J.A.; Tian, W. Applying quality control in building energy modelling: Comparative simulation of a high-
performance building. J. Build. Perform. Simul. 2009, 2, 163–178. [CrossRef]
19. Utkucu, D.; Sözer, H. Interoperability and data exchange within BIM platform to evaluate building energy performance and
indoor comfort. Autom. Constr. 2020, 116, 103225. [CrossRef]
20. Sharma, P.; Prasathkumar, V.; Kumar, R.S.; Krishnaraj, L. Analysis on impact of energy efficient techniques to enhance the building
performance. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 912, 1–12. [CrossRef]
21. Ahn, J.; Cho, S.; Chung, D.H. Development of a statistical analysis model to benchmark the energy use intensity of subway
stations. Appl. Energy 2016, 179, 488–496. [CrossRef]
22. Ma, J.; Cheng, J.C. Identifying the influential features on the regional energy use intensity of residential buildings based on
random forests. Appl. Energy 2016, 183, 193–201. [CrossRef]
23. Autodesk Inc. What is Autodesk®InsightTM? 2021. Available online: https://insight.autodesk.com/oneenergy/pdf/
InsightFAQs.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2021).
24. Autodesk Inc. About Green Building Studio. Search Autodesk Knowledge Network. 2021. Available online: https:
//knowledge.autodesk.com/search-result/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/ENU/BPA-GBSWebService/files/GUID-DC7557C2
-FAD9-499B-84B9-E6E978AD347C-htm.html (accessed on 24 June 2021).
25. Voss, K.; Musall, E.; Lichtmeß, M. From low-energy to net zero-energy buildings: Status and perspectives. J. Green Build. 2011, 6,
46–57. [CrossRef]
26. Joanna, A. Criteria for Definition of Net Zero Energy Buildings; Aalborg Universitet: Aalborg, Denmark, 2010; Volume 2, pp. 1–9.
Available online: https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/43736193/Criteria_for_Definition_of_Net_Zero_Energy_Buildings.
pdf (accessed on 22 June 2021).
27. Feng, W.; Zhang, Q.; Ji, H.; Wang, R.; Zhou, N.; Ye, Q.; Hao, B.; Li, Y.; Luo, D.; Lau, S.S.Y. A review of net zero energy buildings
in hot and humid climates: Experience learned from 34 case study buildings. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 114, 109303.
[CrossRef]
28. Santesso, C.A.; de Moraes, C.S.B.; Santarine, G.A. Energy Economy through passive and active strategies: A study for a house of
social interest. Espacios 2017, 38, 69–76.
29. Ruas, A.C. Avaliação de Conforto Térmico Constribuição à Aplicação Prática das Normas Internacionais. 2001, p. 77. Available
online: https://www.cplp.org/Admin/Public/Download.aspx?file=Files%2FFiler%2FMIC_IT%2FFicheiros%2FBiblioteca%
2FNormas%2FAvaliacao_de_Conforto_Termico.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2021).
30. Maalouf, A. Traditional Mediterranean Architecture; MEDA Program: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2002; Available online: https:
//issuu.com/asociacionrehabimed/docs/corpus_eng (accessed on 22 June 2021).
31. Boduch, M.; Fincher, W. Standards of human comfort. In Seminar in Sustainable Architecture; Texas ScholarWorks: Austin, TX,
USA, 2009; p. 12.
32. Bradshaw, V. Human Physiology Human Comfort and Health Requirements—Chapter 1. pp. 3–38. Available online: http:
//catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/pdf/0471689653.excerpt.pdf (accessed on 21 June 2021).
33. Firth, S.K.; Lomas, K.J.; Wright, A.J. Targeting household energy-efficiency measures using sensitivity analysis. Build. Res. Inf.
2010, 38, 25–41. [CrossRef]
34. Pajek, L.; Košir, M. Strategy for achieving long-term energy efficiency of European single-family buildings through passive
climate adaptation. Appl. Energy 2021, 297, 117116. [CrossRef]
35. Albayyaa, H.; Hagare, D.; Saha, S. Energy conservation in residential buildings by incorporating passive solar and energy
efficiency design strategies and higher thermal mass. Energy Build. 2019, 182, 205–213. [CrossRef]
36. Fernandes, N.M.; Haddad, A.N. Análise da teoria net zero energy building aplicada no Brasil. Oper. Prod. Manag. 2019, 5, 79–91.
[CrossRef]
37. Williams, S.P.; Thondhlana, G.; Kua, H.W. Electricity use behaviour in a high-income neighbourhood in Johannesburg, South
Africa. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4571. [CrossRef]
38. Malama, A.; Makashini, L.; Abanda, H.; Ng’Ombe, A.; Mudenda, P. A comparative analysis of energy usage and energy efficiency
behavior in low- and high-income households: The case of Kitwe, Zambia. Resources 2015, 4, 871–902. [CrossRef]
39. Allen, D.; Janda, K.; College, O. The Effects of Household Characteristics and Energy Use Consciousness on the Effectiveness of
Real-Time Energy Use Feedback: A Pilot Study. ACEEE Study on Energy Efficiency. 2006. Available online: www.heliotronics.com
(accessed on 26 June 2021).
40. Xu, X.; Chen, C.-F. Energy efficiency and energy justice for U.S. low-income households: An analysis of multifaceted challenges
and potential. Energy Policy 2019, 128, 763–774. [CrossRef]
Buildings 2021, 11, 491 28 of 28

41. Li, G.; Xu, Y.; Fan, Y. The design of sustainable retrofitting strategies and energy-efficiency optimization for residential buildings.
IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 556, 1–7. [CrossRef]
42. Fernandez-Antolin, M.-M.; Del Río, J.; Costanzo, V.; Nocera, F.; Gonzalez-Lezcano, R.-A. Passive design strategies for residential
buildings in different Spanish climate zones. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4816. [CrossRef]
43. Mäkelä, M. Experimental design and response surface methodology in energy applications: A tutorial review. Energy Convers.
Manag. 2017, 151, 630–640. [CrossRef]
44. Kioupis, D.; Tsivilis, S.; Kakali, G. Development of green building materials through alkali activation of industrial wastes and
by-products. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 5, 27329–27336. [CrossRef]
45. Banks, J. Experimental Design Handbook of Simulation Principles Method; John & Wiley Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1998; Available
online: https://juancarlosvergaras.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/handbook-of-simulation-principles-methodology-advances-
applications-and-practice.pdf (accessed on 26 June 2021).
46. Duraković, B. Design of experiments application, concepts, examples: State of the art. Period. Eng. Nat. Sci. 2017, 5, 421–439.
[CrossRef]
47. American Automatic Control Council; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2020 American Control Conference (ACC);
IEEE STaf: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2020. Available online: https://a2c2.org/conferences/american-control-conferences (accessed
on 23 June 2021).
48. Hanrahan, G.; Lu, K. Application of factorial and response surface methodology in modern experimental design and optimization.
Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2006, 36, 141–151. [CrossRef]
49. Seltman, H.J. Experimental Design and Analysis; Carnegie Mellon University: Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2018.
50. Yong, S.-G.; Kim, J.-H.; Gim, Y.; Kim, J.; Cho, J.; Hong, H.; Baik, Y.-J.; Koo, J. Impacts of building envelope design factors upon
energy loads and their optimization in US standard climate zones using experimental design. Energy Build. 2017, 141, 1–15.
[CrossRef]
51. Bustami, R.A.; Brien, C.; Ward, J.; Beecham, S.; Rawlings, R. A Statistically rigorous approach to experimental design of vertical
living walls for green buildings. Urban Sci. 2019, 3, 71. [CrossRef]
52. Serbouti, A.; Rattal, M.; Oualim, E.M.; Mouhsen, A. Innovative time efficient method to optimize buildings’ performance using
design of experiment, polynomial regression and genetic algorithms. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2021, 1714, 012014. [CrossRef]
53. Valeris, M. What Is the Mediterranean House Style? Characteristics of Mediterranean Houses. 2020. Available online: https:
//www.elledecor.com/design-decorate/interior-designers/a28109399/mediterranean-style-house-architecture/ (accessed on 16
June 2021).
54. Donnelly, C. An Overview of Mediterranean Architecture in the USA|S3DA DESIGN Structural & MEP Design. 2020. Available
online: https://s3da-design.com/mediterranean-architecture/ (accessed on 16 June 2021).
55. BIMobject. BIMobject USA BIM Objects|BIMobject. 2021. Available online: https://www.bimobject.com/en-us/bimobject-usa
(accessed on 16 June 2021).
56. REVIT City. RevitCity.com. 2021. Available online: https://www.revitcity.com/index.php (accessed on 16 June 2021).
57. De Castro Ferreira, R. Universidade estadual de campinas desempenho físico-mecânico e propriedades termofísicas de tijolos e
mini-painéis de terra crua tratada com aditivos químicos. Campinas 2003, 1, 1–229.
58. Autodesk Inc. Create the Energy Model: Detailed Architectural Model. Revit Products 2019. Autodesk Knowledge Network.
2021. Available online: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/revit-products/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/
2019/ENU/Revit-Analyze/files/GUID-32BD5A12-DF5B-4B51-B51A-D799C729A78A-htm.html (accessed on 24 June 2021).
59. ISO. Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the
PMV and PPD Indices and Local Thermal Control Criteria; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005; Volume 2005.
60. ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy; ASHRAE: Peachtree Corners,
GA, USA, 2017; Volume 2017, p. 66.
61. ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality; ASHRAE: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2013;
Volume 2013, p. 41.
62. European Committee for Standardization. UNI Standard EN15251: Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment
of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics; CEN: Brussels,
Belgium, 2008.
63. Climate-Data.org. Clima Armação dos Búzios: Temperatura, Climograma y Temperatura del agua de Armação dos Búzios. 2021.
Available online: https://es.climate-data.org/america-del-sur/brasil/rio-de-janeiro/armacao-dos-buzios-716444/ (accessed on
15 June 2021).
64. Climate-Data.org. Clima Capri: Temperatura, Tempo e Dados climatológicos Capri. Temperatura da água Capri. 2021. Available
online: https://pt.climate-data.org/europa/italia/campania/capri-115619/ (accessed on 15 June 2021).
65. Wikipedia. Punta Cana—Wikipedia, la Enciclopedia Libre. 2021. Available online: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Cana
(accessed on 15 June 2021).
66. Climate-Data.org. Dubai Climate: Average Temperature, Weather by Month, Dubai Water Temperature. 2021. Available online:
https://en.climate-data.org/asia/united-arab-emirates/dubai/dubai-705/ (accessed on 15 June 2021).
67. Climate-Data.org. Sydney Climate: Average Temperature, Weather by Month, Sydney Water Temperature. 2021. Available online:
https://en.climate-data.org/oceania/australia/new-south-wales/sydney-24/ (accessed on 15 June 2021).