CHAPTER Solutions Key

8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

ARE YOU READY? PAGE 515 2a. x 2 = (2)(8) = 16 b. x 2 = (10)(30) = 300
x=4 x = √300 = 10 √3
1. D 2. C
3. A 4. E c. x 2 = (8)(9) = 72
x = √72 = 6 √2
5. ___
PR = ___
10 = 2; ___
QR ___
= 12 = 2 3. 9 2 = (u)(3)
RT 5 RS 6
∠PRQ  ∠TRS by Vert.  Thm. 81 = 3u
yes; PRQ ∼ TRS by SAS ∼ u = 27
v 2 = (3)(3 + u) w 2 = (u)(3 + u)
6. ___
AB = __
6 = __
3 ; ___
BC = ___
15 = __
3
FE 4 2 ED 10 2 v 2 = (3)(30) = 90 w 2 = (27)(30) = 810
∠B  ∠E by Rt. ∠  Thm. v = √ 
90 = 3 √10 w = √810 = 9 √
10
yes; ABC ∼ FED by SAS ∼
4. Let x be height of cliff above eye level.
7. x = 5 √2
 8. 16 = x √
2 (28) 2 = 5.5x
16 √2
 = 2x x ≈ 142.5 ft
x = 8 √
2 Cliff is about 142.5 + 5.5, or 148 ft high.

9. x = 4 √3 10. x = 2(3) = 6
THINK AND DISCUSS, PAGE 520
11. 3(x - 1) = 12 12. -2(y + 5) = -1
x-1=4 y + 5 = 0.5 1. Set up the proportion __
7 = ___
x , and solve for x.
2
x 21
x=5 y = -4.5 x = 7(21) = 147
13. 6 = 8(x - 3) 14. 2 = -1(z + 4) x = √
147 = 7 √3
6 = 8x - 24 2 = -z - 4 2.
A !LTITUDE TO
30 = 8x z = -6
HYPOTENUSE
x = 3.75 D ___
AD 

___
BD

BD
CD
,EG 
15. __4 = ___6 16. __5 = ___
x ___
AC 

___

AB 'EOMETRIC
y 18 8 32 AB AD
-EANS IN 2IGHT
__4 = __1 5(32) = 8(x) 4RIANGLES
y 3 160 = 8x B C
4(3) = y(1) x = 20 ,EG 
y = 12 ___
AC 

___

BC
BC CD

17. __
m = ___
8 = __
2 18. __y = __9
9 12 3 4 y
3m = 9(2) = 18 y(y) = 4(9) EXERCISES, PAGES 521–523
m=6 y 2 = 36 GUIDED PRACTICE, PAGE 521
y = ±6 1. 8 is geometric mean of 2 and 32.
19. 13.118 ≈ 13.12 20. 37.91 ≈ 37.9 2. Sketch the 3 rt. with  of in corr. positions.
21. 15.992 ≈ 16.0 22. 173.05 ≈ 173 P

8-1 SIMILARITY IN RIGHT TRIANGLES,

PAGES 518–523
R Q
S
CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 518–520
S
1. Sketch the 3 rt. with  of in corr. positions.
J R P P Q

By Thm. 8-1-1, RPQ ∼ PSQ ∼ RSP.

K L
M
M

K J J L

By Thm. 8-1-1, LJK ∼ JMK ∼ LMJ.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 187 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
 3. Sketch the 3 rt. with  of in corr. positions. PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 521–523
B 15. By Thm. 8-1-1, MPN ∼ PQN ∼ MQP.
16. By Thm. 8-1-1, CAB ∼ ADB ∼ CDA.
17. By Thm. 8-1-1, RSU ∼ RTS ∼ STU.
2
E D 18. x = (5)(45) = 225 19. x 2 = (3)(15) = 45
E x = 15 x = 3 √ 5

20. x 2 = (5)(8) = 40 21. x = __ ()

1 (80) = 20
2
B
4
x = 2 √10
E
x = 2 √
5
C D C
22. x 2 = (1.5)(12) = 18 23. x = __2 ___
27
( )( ) = ___
9
2
By Thm. 8-1-1, BED ∼ ECD ∼ BCE.
3 40 20
with  of x = 3 √2
x = ____ ____
4. Sketch the 3 rt. in corr. positions. 3 = 3 √
5
X 10
2 √
5
2
24. 12 = 4(4 + x) y 2 = 4(32) = 128
144 = 16 + 4x y = 8 √2
128 = 4x
Y Z x = 32
Y z 2 = 32(4 + 32) = 1152
X
z = 24 √2
25. x 2 = (30)(40) = 1200 y 2 = (30)(70) = 2100
W Z W Y x = 20 √ 3 y = 10 √21
2
By Thm. 8-1-1, XYZ ∼ XWY ∼ YWZ. z = (70)(40) = 2800
z = 20 √
7
5. x 2 = (2)(50) = 100 6. x 2 = (4)(16) = 64
x = 10 x=8 26. 9.6 2 = (z)(12.8)
92.16 = 12.8z
7. x 2 = __ ()
1 (8) = 4 8. x 2 = (9)(12) = 108 z = 7.2
2
x=2 x = √108 = 6 √3 y 2 = (12.8)(12.8 + 7.2) = 256
2 y = 16
9. x = (16)(25) = 400 10. x 2 = (7)(11) = 77 2
x = 20 x = (7.2)(12.8 + 7.2) = 144
x = √77
x = 12
11. x 2 = (10)(6) = 60 y 2 = (6)(4) = 24 27. Let h represent height of tower above eye level.
x = √60 = 2 √
15 y = √24 = 2 √6 91 ft 3 in. = 91.25 ft
2
z = (10)(4) = 40 (91.25) 2 = 5h
z = √
40 = 2 √
10 h ≈ 1665 ft
Tower is about 1665 + 5 = 1670 ft high.
12. 10 2 = 100 = 20x 2
y = (20)(20 + 5) = 500
x=5 28. 8 2 = 64 = 2x
y = √
500 = 10 √5
x = 32
z 2 = (5)(20 + 5) = 125
2
z = √125 = 5 √5 29. (2 √
5 ) = 20 = 6x

13. (6 √
2
13 ) = (18)(18 + z) x 2 = (8)(18) = 144 x = ___
10 = 3 __
1
3 3
468 = 324 + 18z x = 12
30. y; __
x = __ _____
x + y __
144 = 18z z 31. x + y; =u
z y u x
z=8
2
y = (8)(18 + 8) = 208 32. y; _____
x + y __
=v 33. z; __y = __z
v y z x
y = √
208 = 4 √
13
2 2
14. RS 2 = (64)(60) = 3840 34. v; v = y(x + y) 35. x; u = (x + y)x
RS = √3840 ≈ 62.0 m 36. BD 2 = (AD)(CD) 37. BC 2 = (AC)(CD)
= (12)(8) = 96 = (16)(5) = 80
BD = 4 √6 BC = 4 √5

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 188 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
38. BD 2 = (AC)(CD) 2 CHALLENGE AND EXTEND, PAGE 523
39. BC = (AC)(CD)
)( √2
= ( √2 ) = 2 5 = CD √
10 50. Let x be length of shorter seg.

BD = √2 5 √
10 = 10CD 8 2 = (x)(4x) = 4x 2
CD = ____ 8 = √
√
10 4x 2 = 2x
2 x=4
40. √
(0.1) (0.03) X 100% ≈ 5.5% Lengths of segs. are 4 in. and 4(4) = 16 in.
2
41. B is incorrect; proportion should be ___
12 = ___
EF . 21 ) = (x)(x + 5)
51. (2 √
EF 8 2
84 = x + 5x
2
42. a = (2)(5) = 10 0 = x 2 + 5x - 84
a = √10 ≈ 3.2 0 = (x - 7)(x + 12)
Altitude is about 3.2 cm long. x = 7 (since x > 0)
y 2 = (7)(5) = 35
43. By Corollary 8-1-3, a 2 = x(x + y) and b 2 = y(x + y).
y = √35
So a 2 + b 2 = x(x + y) + y(x + y). By Distrib. Prop.,
2
this expression simplifies to z = 5(5 + 7) = 60
(x + y)(x + y) = (x + y)2 = c 2. So a 2 + b 2 = c 2. z = 2 √
15
44a. SW 2 = (RS)(ST ) = (4)(3) = 12 52. Let AD = DC = a. By Corollary 8-1-3, AB 2 =
SW = √12 ≈ 3.46 ft, or 3 ft 6 in. (a)(2a) = 2a 2, and BC 2 = (a)(2a) = 2a 2. So
AB = BC = a √ 2 . Therefore ABC is isosc., so it is
b. RW 2 = (RS)(RT ) = (4)(7) = 28 a 45°-45°-90° .
RW = √28 ≈ 5.29 ft, or 5 ft 3 in.
2
53. Step 1 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BDE to find BF and BD.
45. Area of rect. is ab, and area of square is s . It is EF 2 = (BF)(FD)
2
given that s = ab, so s is geometric mean of a and b.
3.28 2 = 4.86BF
2
46. Let z be geometric mean of x and y, where x = a BF ≈ 2.214
and y = b . So z = √
2
a 2b 2 = ab, which is a whole BD ≈ 7.074
number. Step 2 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BDE to find BE.
TEST PREP, PAGE 523 BE 2 = (BF)(BD) ≈ 15.662
BE ≈ 3.958
47. D Step 3 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BCD to find BC.
XY 2 = (8)(11) = 88
BD 2 = (BE)(BC)
XY ≈ 9.4 ft
7.074 2 ≈ 3.958BC
48. H BC ≈ 12.643
BD 2 = (9)(4) = 36 Step 4 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in BCD to find CD.
BD = 6
CD 2 = (BC)(EC) ≈ 109.806
Area = __
1 (BD)(AC)
CD ≈ 10.479
2
= __
1 (6)(13) = 39 m 2 Step 5 Apply Cor. 8-1-3 in ABC to find AC.
2 BC 2 = (AC)(CD)
49. A 12.643 2 ≈ 10.479AC
2
RS = (1)(y + 1) = y + 1 AC ≈ 15.26 cm
RS = √
y+1 Step 6 Apply Pyth. Thm. in ABD to find AB.
AB 2 = BD 2 + AD 2
AB 2 ≈ 7.07 2 + (15.26 - 10.48) 2
AB ≈ 8.53 cm
SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 523
54. at x-intercept, y = 0 at y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 4 = 4 = 6x 3y + 4 = 6(0)
x = __4 = __
2 3y = -4
y = - __
6 3 4
3
55. at x-intercept, y = 0 at y-intercept, x = 0
x + 4 = 2(0) 0 + 4 = 2y
x = -4 y=2
56. at x-intercept, y = 0 at y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) - 15 = -15 = 15x 3y - 15 = 15(0)
x = -1 3y = 15
y=5

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 189 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
57. 58. 8-2 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS,
c c
PAGES 525–532
 
CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 526–528
1a. cos A = ___
24 = 0.96 b. tan B = ___
24 ≈ 3.43
Ȗе


  Ȗе
 



 Ȗе


25 7

c = 2(3) = 6 c = 2(7) = 14 c. sin B = ___

24 = 0.96 2.
25
59.
s

s Ȗе



c


s


 Ȗе


tan 45° = __
s=1
s
c = 2(2) = 4
3a. b.
60. ∠DEC is a rt. ∠, so 30y = 90 → y = 3
m∠EDC = 8(3) + 15 = 39°
61. DB bisects ∠ADC, so m∠EDA = m∠EDC = 39°
62. AB = BC
2x + 8 = 4x
8 = 2x tan 11° ≈ 0.19 sin 62° ≈ 0.88
x=4
c.
AB = 2(4) + 8 = 16

TECHNOLOGY LAB: EXPLORE

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS, PAGE 524
TRY THIS, PAGE 524 cos 30° ≈ 0.87
1. m∠A stays the same. Each  will have 2  (∠DEA −−
4a. DF is the hyp. Given: EF, opp. to given ∠D. Since
and ∠A)  to 2  in every other , so by AA ∼ Post., opp. side and hyp. are involved, use a sine ratio.
these are ∼ to each other.
sin D = _______ = ___
opp. leg EF
2. Values of ratios do not change, because ratios of hyp. DF
sin 51° = ___
side lengths are equal in ∼ . 17
3. As C moves, m∠A changes. Once C is in a new DF
position, moving D does not change the ratios. DF = ______
17 ≈ 21.87 m
sin 51°
4. ___
DE = 1, and m∠A = 45°. −−
b. ST is adj. to the given ∠. Given: TU, the hyp. Since
AE
adj. side and hyp. are involved, use a cosine ratio.
If ___
DE = ___
AE , then DE = AE, so ___
DE = 1. Since 2
cos T = ______ = ___
adj. leg ST
AD AD AE
sides are =, DEA is an isosc. . It is also a rt. . hyp. TU
Thus DEA must be a 45°-45°-90° special rt. , so cos 42° = ___
ST
m∠A = 45°. 9.5
9.5(cos 42°) = ST
ST ≈ 7.06 in.
−−
c. BC is adj. to the given ∠. Given: AC, opp. ∠B. Since
opp. side and adj. side are involved, use a tangent
ratio.
tan B = _______ = ___
opp. leg AC
adj. leg BC
tan 18° = ___
12
BC
BC = ______
12 ≈ 36.93 ft
tan 18°

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 190 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
 −−
d. JL is opp. the given ∠. Given: KL, the hyp. Since 9. 11.
opp. side and hyp. are involved, use a sine ratio.
x
sin K = _______ = ___
opp. leg JL x
s

s Ȗе



hyp. KL
sin 27° = ____
JL
13.6

x Ȗе



s
cos 60° = ___
x = __
13.6(sin 27°) = JL 1
JL ≈ 6.17 cm 2x 2 sin 45° = ____
s = ___
√2
s √
2 2
5. 1 Understand the Problem 10. tan 30° = ____
x = ___
√
3
Make a sketch. The answer is AC. x √3 3
2 Make a Plan
−− 12. 13.
AC is the hyp. You are given AB, the leg opp. ∠C.
Since opp. leg and hyp. are involved, write an
equation using a sine ratio.
3 Solve
sin C = ___
AB
AC
sin 4.8° = ___
1.2 tan 67° ≈ 2.36 sin 23° ≈ 0.39
AC
_______
AC = 1.2 ≈ 14.34 ft
14. 15.
sin 4.8°
4 Look Back
Problem asks for AC rounded to nearest hundredth,
so round the length to 14.34. Length AC of ramp is
14.34 ft.
sin 49° ≈ 0.75 cos 88° ≈ 0.03
THINK AND DISCUSS, PAGE 528
16. 17.
1. Solve sin 32° = ___
4 . 2. Solve cos 32° = ___
6.4 .
AB AB

!BBREVIATION 7ORDS $IAGRAM

3.
OPP LEG
SIN Ê???????
HYP
4HE SINE OF AN Ȝ IS THE RATIO OF (YPOTENUSE
THE LENGTH OF THE OPP LEG TO /PPOSITE
THE LENGTH OF THE HYP A cos 12° ≈ 0.98 tan 9° ≈ 0.16
−−
ADJ LEG
COS Ê???????
HYP
4HE COSINE OF AN Ȝ IS THE RATIO (YPOTENUSE 18. BC is opp. the given ∠. Given: AC, the hyp. Since
OF THE LENGTH OF THE ADJ LEG TO opp. side and hyp. are involved, use a sine ratio.
THE LENGTH OF THE HYP
sin A = _______ = ___
A opp. leg
!DJACENT BC
OPP LEG
TAN Ê??????? 4HE TANGENT OF AN Ȝ IS THE RATIO
hyp. AC
sin 23° = ___
BC
ADJ LEG
OF THE LENGTH OF THE OPP LEG TO /PPOSITE
THE LENGTH OF THE ADJ LEG A 4
!DJACENT
4(sin 23°) = BC
BC ≈ 1.56 in.
EXERCISES, PAGES 529–532 −−
19. QR is opp. the given ∠. Given: PQ, adj. to given
GUIDED PRACTICE, PAGE 529 ∠. Since opp. and adj. sides are involved, use a
tangent ratio.
1. sin J = ___
LK 2. tan N = ___
MP
tan P = _______ = ___
JL MN opp. leg QR
adj. leg PQ
3. sin C = __
4 = 0.8 4. tan A = __
3 = 0.75
___
QR
5 4 tan 50° =
8.1
5. cos A = __
4 = 0.8 6. cos C = __
3 = 0.6 8.1(tan 50°) = QR
5 5 QR ≈ 9.65 m
−−
7. tan C = __
4 ≈ 1.33 8. sin A = __
3 = 0.6 20. KL is adj. to the given ∠. Given: JL, the hyp. Since
3 5 adj. side and hyp. are involved, use a cosine ratio.
cos L = ______ = ___
adj. leg KL
hyp. JL
___
cos 61° = KL
2.5
2.5(cos 61°) = KL
KL ≈ 1.21 cm

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 191 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
21. 1 Understand the Problem 41. tan 61° = ___
9.5 42. EF = 83.1 tan 12°
The answer is XY, opp. the given ∠. KL ≈ 17.66 m
2 Make a Plan ______
KL = 9.5
You are given WZ, which is twice WY, the leg adj. to tan 61°
∠W. First, calculate WY. Then, since opp. and adj. ≈ 5.27 ft

43. sin 15° = ____

legs are involved, write an equation using a tangent 1.58
ratio.

3 Solve
= ______
1.58 ≈ 6.10 m
WY = __1 WZ sin 15°
2
44. If a and b are opp. and adj. leg lengths,
= __
1 (56) = 28 ft
tan (m∠) = __a =1
2 b
tan W = ____
XY a=b
WY  is 45°-45°-90°, so m∠ = 45°
tan 15° = ___
XY
28 45. sin 45° = ____
s = cos 45°
XY = 28(tan 15°) ≈ 7.5028 ft s √
2
4 Look Back So sine and cosine ratios
s

s Ȗе


are =.
Problem asks for XY rounded to nearest inch.
Height XY of pediment is 7 ft 6 in.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 529–531 s

22. cos D = ___

8 ≈ 0.47 23. tan D = ___
15 ≈ 1.88
46. sin 30° = ___
x = __
1
17 8 2x 2
x Sine of a 30° ∠ is 0.5.
24. tan F = ___
8 ≈ 0.53 25. cos F = ___
15 ≈ 0.88 x
15 17

26. sin F = ___

8 ≈ 0.47 27. sin D = ___
15 ≈ 0.88


x Ȗе



17 17

28. 29. sin 30° = ___

x = __
1 47. cos 30° = ____
x √
3
= sin 60°
2x 2 2x
x cos 30° = sine of a 60° ∠
x
48. h = 10 sin 75.5° ≈ 9.7 ft

49. BC = AD 50. SU = _______

RS


x Ȗе


cos 49°
= 3 tan (90 - 68)°
____
x √
3 ≈ 1.2 ft = _______
UT
tan 60° = = √
3 cos 49°
x
= _______
9.4 ≈ 14.3 in.
30. cos 45° = ____
s = ___
√2 cos 49°
s √2
 2 51. The tangent ratio is < 1 for  measuring < 45°
and > 1 for  measuring > 45°. In a 45°-45°-90°
s

s Ȗе



, both legs have same length, so tan 45° = 1. If
the acute ∠ measure increases, opp. leg length
also increases, so tangent ratio is > 1. If the acute
s ∠ measure decreases, the opp. leg length also
31. tan 51° ≈ 1.23 32. sin 80° ≈ 0.98 decreases, so tangent ratio is < 1.
33. cos 77° ≈ 0.22 34. tan 14° ≈ 0.25 52a. AC = _____
AB b. AD = AB sin ∠ABD
sin C = 25 sin (90 - 28)°
35. sin 55° ≈ 0.82 36. cos 48° ≈ 0.67
= ______
25
≈ 22.07 ft
37. PQ = 11 sin 19° 38. cos 46° = ____
19.2 sin 65°
≈ 22 ft 1 in.
AC ≈ 27.58 ft
≈ 3.58 cm
AC = _______
19.2 ≈ 27 ft 7 in.
cos 46°
53. From diagram, C
≈ 27.64 in.
sin A = __
3 = 0.6.
39. sin 34° = ___
11 40. cos 25° = ___
33 5

GH XZ 
GH = ______
11 XZ = _______
33
sin 34° cos 25°
≈ 19.67 ft ≈ 36.41 in. A  B

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 192 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
54. From diagram, D c. Derivation of identity uses fact that in a rt. ,
tan D = ___
2 2 2
24 ≈ 3.43.  a + b = c , which is Pyth. Thm.
sin A = ___
BC ; cos B = ___
7  BC ; sin A = cos B;
AB AB
F ∠ A and ∠ B are comp.; the sine of an ∠ is equal to
 E
the cosine of its comp.
55. Let 1 face be ABC with A the apex; let M be mdpt.
−− 62. P = 2 + 2 tan 24° + 2/cos 24° ≈ 5.08 m
A = __
of BC. 1 (2)(2 tan 24°) ≈ 0.89 m 2
BC = 2BM 2
= ______
2h
___
7.2 ___
7.2
tan 52°
63. P = 7.2 + _______
2
+ _______
2
≈ 18.64 cm
= ______ ≈ 753 ft
2(482) cos 51° cos 51°
A = __
1 (7.2) ___
tan 52°
56a, b. Check students’ work. 2 (2
7.2 tan 51°
) ≈ 16.00 cm 2

c. 20° d. sin 20° = 0.34 64. P = 4 + ______

4 + ______
4 ≈ 11.22 ft
cos 20° = 0.94 sin 58° tan 58°
A = __
1 (4) ______
( tan 58° ) ≈ 5.00 ft
4 2
tan 20° = 0.36
2
e. Values in part d should be close to estimate-based
values in part b. 65. P = 10 + 10 sin 72° + 10 cos 72° ≈ 22.60 in.
A = __
1 (10 sin 72°)(10 cos 72°) ≈ 14.69 in. 2
57a. tan 30° = ____
x = ___
√3 2

x √3 3 66. sin A = ___
BC ; cos B = ___
BC ; sin A = cos B; ∠A and ∠B
sin 30° = ___
x = __
1 x AB AB
x are comp.; sine of an ∠ is = to cosine of its comp.
2x 2
cos 30° = ____ ___
x √3
=
√3 67. Tangent of an acute ∠ increases as measure of the
_1 2x 2 ∠ increases.


x Ȗе



___
2
= ___
1 = ___√3
TEST PREP, PAGE 532
___ √3
√ 
3 3
2 68. A
So tan 30° = _______
sin 30°
69. H 70. C
cos 30°
17 tan 65° ≈ 36 ft cos N = ___
NP = sin M
b. tan A = __
a , sin A = __
a , cos A = __
b MN
b c c
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND, PAGE 532
_a
c. _____
sin A = __
c __a __c __a 71. AB tan A = BC
cos A _b = c · b = b = tan A (4x) tan 42° = 3x + 3
c
(4 tan 42° - 3)(x) = 3
x = ___________
3
2 2
58. (sin 45°) 2 + (cos 45°) 2 = ( ) ( )
___
√2
2

2
+ ___
√2
AB ≈ 4(5) ≈ 20
4 tan 42° - 3
≈5

= __
2 + __
2=1
BC ≈ 3(5) + 3 ≈ 18
4 4
2 AC ≈ √
20 2 + 18 2 ≈ 27
59. (sin 30°) + (cos 30°) = __
2 2 1 2 + ___
2
√3
2

() ( ) 72. AC cos A = AB
(15x) cos 21° = 5x + 27
= __
1 + __
3=1
(15 cos 21° - 5)(x) = 27
x = ____________
4 4 27 ≈3
2 15 cos 21° - 5
2 2
60. (sin 60°) + (cos 60°) =
√3
2(___) (__)

+ 1
2
2
AB ≈ 5(3) + 27 ≈ 42
AC ≈ 15(3) ≈ 45
__
3
= + =1 __
1
BC ≈ √
45 2 - 42 2 ≈ 16
4 4

61a. sin A = __
a , cos A = __
b 73. (tan A) + 1 = _____
sin A 2 + 1
( )
2
c c cos A
(sin A) 2 + (cos A) 2
b. (sin A) 2 + (cos A) 2 = __
a 2 + __ = ________________
2
c () ()
b
c (cos A) 2
2 2 _______
1
= _______
a + b =
c2 (cos A) 2

= __
2
c =1
c2

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 193 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
74. Int.  of a reg. pentagon CONNECTING GEOMETRY TO ALGEBRA:
measure INVERSE FUNCTIONS, PAGE 533
_____
( 5 )
5 - 2 (180) = 108°.
r r TRY THIS, PAGE 533
In the diagram, 1. x = 0° 2. x = 60°
cos -1 __
-1
m∠1 = __ 1 (108) = 54°.
2

 IN
sin (0) = 0°
()
1 = 60°
2
Therefore, 3. x = 45° 4. x = 90°
r = _______
0.5 ≈ 0.85 in. -1
tan (1) = 45° cos -1(0) = 90°
cos 54°
_____
1 76. sec Z = _____
1 5. x = 0° 6. x = 30°
tan -1(0) = 0° -1 __
75. csc Y =
sin Y cos Z
= ___
1
sin ()
1 = 30°
2
= ___
1
__
__
XZ
XZ
YZ
YZ
___
YZ = ___
YZ 8-3 SOLVING RIGHT TRIANGLES,
= XZ PAGES 534–541
XZ
__
= 5 = 1.25
= __
5 = 1.25
4 CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 534–536
4
_____
1 1a. ____
14.4 = ___
8 = sin A b. ____
27 = 1.875 = tan A
77. cot Y = 30.6 17 14.4
tan Y → ∠A is ∠2 → ∠A is ∠1
= ___
1
__
XZ 2a. b.
XY
___
= XY
XZ
= __
3 = 0.75
4

SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 532 tan -1(0.75) ≈ 37° cos -1(0.05) ≈ 87°
78.–80.Possible answers given.
c. 3. DF = ____
DE
78. (-3, -15), (-1, -9), (0, -6) sin F
= ______
14 ≈ 16.51
79. (-2, 11), (0, 10), (2, 9) 80. (-2, 14), (0, 2), (4, 2) sin 58°
81. Trans. Prop. of  82. Reflex. Prop. of  EF = _____
DE
tan F
83. Symm. Prop. of  84. √
3 · 27 = √
81 = 9 = ______
14 ≈ 8.75
sin -1(0.67) ≈ 42° tan 58°
85. √6 · 24 = √144
  = 12 86. √
8 · 32 = √
256 = 16 Acute  of a rt.  are
comp. So,
m∠D = 90 - 58 = 32°
4. Step 1 Find side lengths. R y S
Plot pts. R, S, and T. 
RS = 7 ST = 7
RT x

= √(-3 - 4)2 + (5 + 2)2  


= √
(-7) 2 + 7 2  T

= √
98 ≈ 9.90
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
m∠S = 90°
m∠R = tan -1 __()
7 = 45°
7
m∠T = 90 - 45 = 45°

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 194 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
 5. 38% = ____
38 13. tan P = ___
3.1
100 8.9
-1 ___
A 38% grade means Baldwin St. rises 38 ft for every
100 ft of horiz. dist.
m∠P = tan ( )
3.1 ≈ 19°
8.9
F Acute  of a rt.  are comp. So
 FT m∠R ≈ 90 - 19 ≈ 71°.
D E RP = _____
3.1
 FT sin P
m∠D = tan -1 ____ = ____________
3.1
100 ( )
38 ≈ 21°
( ( ))
sin tan -1 ___
3.1
8.9
≈ 9.42

THINK AND DISCUSS, PAGE 537 14. AB = 7.4 cos 32° ≈ 6.28
BC = 7.4 sin 32° ≈ 3.92
1. Find RS using Pyth. Thm. Then find m∠R using
Acute  of a rt.  are comp. So
-1 ___
m∠R = sin
4.1 ( )
3.5 , and find m∠T using either
m∠C = 90 - 32 = 58°.
-1 ___ 15. By Pyth. Thm.,
m∠T = cos
4.1 ( )
3.5 or m∠T = 90 - m∠R.
YZ = √
11 2 + 8.6 2
2. cos
-1
(0.35) = m∠Z = √
194.96 ≈ 13.96
3. tan Y = ___
8.6
4RIGONOMETRIC 2ATIO )NVERSE 4RIGONOMETRIC &UNCTION 11
-1 ___
3INE SIN A  ???

SIN т??? у 
MȜA
 m∠Y = tan ( )
8.6 ≈ 38°
11
#OSINE COS A  ??? COS т???у 
MȜA
 tan Z = ___
11

8.6
-1 ___
4ANGENT TAN A  ???


TAN т??? у 
MȜA

m∠Z = tan ( )
11 ≈ 52°
8.6
16. Step 1 Find side lengths. y
EXERCISES, PAGES 537–541 Plot pts. D, E, and F. 
GUIDED PRACTICE, PAGES 537–538 DE = 3 EF = 6 D
1. ___
8 = __
4 = sin A 2. __
8 = 1 __
1 = tan A DF = √
(-2 - 4)2 + (-2 - 1)2 x
10 5 6 3   
→ ∠A is ∠1 → ∠A is ∠1 = √
(-6) 2 + (-3) 2 F
 E
3. ___
6 = 0.6 = cos A 4. ___
8 = 0.8 = cos A = √
45 ≈ 6.71
10 10
→ ∠A is ∠1 → ∠A is ∠2
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
5. __
6 = 0.75 = tan A 6. ___
6 = 0.6 = sin A m∠E = 90°
m∠D = tan -1 __
8 10
→ ∠A is ∠2 → ∠A is ∠2 3 ()
6 ≈ 63°

7. 8. m∠F ≈ 90 - 63 ≈ 27°
17. Step 1 Find side lengths.
y
Plot pts. R, S, and T. 
S R
RS = 5 ST = 6
RT = √
(-2 - 3)2 + (-3 - 3)2 x

tan -1(2.1) ≈ 65° cos -1 __1
( 3 ) ≈ 71° = √
(-5) 2 + (-6) 2  

= √
61 ≈ 7.81
T 
9. 10.
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
m∠S = 90°
m∠R = tan -1 __ ()
6 ≈ 50°
5
m∠T ≈ 90 - 50 ≈ 40°
cos -1 __()
5 ≈ 34° sin -1(0.5) = 30°
6
11. 12.

sin -1(0.61) ≈ 38° tan -1(0.09) ≈ 5°

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 195 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
18. Step 1 Find side lengths. y 34. Step 1 Find unknown side length.
Plot pts. X, Y, and Z. 
XZ = 7 YZ = 7
Y
x √
DF = ( √5
2
2)
) + ( √
2

   = √5 + 2 = √7
  ≈ 2.65

XY = √(-3 - 4)2 + (1 + 6)2 Step 2 Find unknown ∠ measures.
= √
(-7) 2 + 7 2
= √
98 ≈ 9.90
Z


X
√
2
√
5( )
m∠D = tan -1 ___ ≈ 32°

Step 2 Find ∠ measures.

m∠F = tan-1
(___)
√
5
√2

≈ 58°

m∠Z = 90° 35. Step 1 Find unknown ∠ measures.

m∠X = tan -1 __
7 = 45°
() -1 ___
7
m∠Y = 90 - 45 = 45°
m∠P = cos ( )
6.7 ≈ 36°
8.3

19. Step 1 Find side lengths. m∠R = sin -1 ___

( )
6.7 ≈ 54°
y C 8.3

Plot pts. A, B, and C. Step 2 Find unknown side length.
AB = 2 BC = 4 QR = 8.3 sin P
-1 ___
AC = √
(1 + 1) 2 + (5 - 1) 2

A

B

x
(
= 8.3 sin cos
8.3 ( ))
6.7 ≈ 4.90

= √
22 + 42
36. Step 1 Find side lengths.
= √
20 ≈ 4.47 −− −−
AB is vert., AB = 5; BC is horiz., BC = 1
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
By Pyth. Thm., AC = √
5 2 + 1 2 = √
26 ≈ 5.10
m∠B = 90°
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
m∠A = tan -1 __
4 ≈ 63°
() m∠B = 90°
2
m∠C = 90 - 63 ≈ 27° m∠A = tan -1 ___
BC = sin -1 __
( ) ()
1 ≈ 11°
AB 5
20. 8% = ____
8 m∠C ≈ 90 - 11 ≈ 79°
100
An 8% grade means hill rises 8 m for every 100 m 37. Step 1 Find side lengths.
−−− −−
of horiz. dist. MN is vert., MN = 4; NP is horiz., NP = 4
m∠ = tan ____ ( )
-1 8
≈ 5° By Pyth. Thm., MP = √
4 2 + 4 2 = √
32 ≈ 5.66
100
Step 2 Find ∠ measures.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 538–540 m∠N = 90°
m∠M = tan -1 ___
NP = tan -1 __
( ) ()
4 = 45°
21. ___
5 = ___
7.5 = tan∠2 22. 2.4 = ___
18 = tan∠1 MN 4
12 18 7.5 m∠P = 90 - 45 = 45°
∠A = ∠2 ∠A = ∠1
38. Range of ∠ measures is between tan -1 ___ ( )
1 ≈ 3°
23. ___
12 = ____
18 = sin∠1 24. ___
5 = ____
7.5 = sin∠2
20
-1 ___
13 19.5
∠A = ∠1
13 19.5
∠A = ∠2
and tan ( )
1 ≈ 4°.
16

24. ___
12 = ____
18 = cos∠2 26. ___
5 = ____
7.5 = cos∠1
39. tan -1(3.5) ≈ 74° 40. sin -1 __
()
2 ≈ 42°
13 19.5 13 19.5 3
sin 42° ≈ __
∠A = ∠2 ∠A = ∠1 tan 74° ≈ 3.5 2
-1 3
27. sin (0.31) ≈ 18° 28. tan -1(1) = 45°
-1 41. cos 42° ≈ 0.74 42. cos 12° ≈ 0.98
29. cos (0.8) ≈ 37° 30. cos -1(0.72) ≈ 44° -1
cos (0.98) ≈ 12°
31. tan -1(1.55) ≈ 57° 32. sin -1 ___
( )
9 ≈ 32°
17 43. sin 69° ≈ 0.93 44. cos 60° = __
1
2
sin -1(0.93) ≈ 69°
33. Step 1 Find unknown side lengths.
JK = 3.2 cos 26° ≈ 2.88 45. Assume square has sides of length a. Then either
LK = 3.2 sin 26° ≈ 1.40 rt.  formed by a diag. has legs of length a. So
Step 2 Find unknown ∠ measure. measure of ∠ formed by diag. and a side is
m∠L = 90 - 26 = 64° tan -1 __
a = tan -1(1) = 45°.
()
a
46a. Possible answer: m∠P ≈ 40°
b. RQ ≈ 2.2 cm, PQ ≈ 3.1 cm

c. m∠P = tan -1 (___

PQ )
RQ

≈ tan
-1
(___
3.1 )
2.2 ≈ 35°

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 196 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
 d. Possible answer: Answer in part c is likely more 60. tan -1(m) = tan -1 __
()
2 ≈ 34°
accurate, since it is easier to measure lengths to 3
the nearest tenth than to measure  to the nearest 61. 5y = 4x + 3
y = __
4 x + __
degree. 3
5 5
47a. m∠1 = tan -1 (____
100 )
8 ≈ 5° -1
tan (m) = tan
-1 __
5 ()
4 ≈ 39°

b. m∠1 ≈ 90 - 5 ≈ 85° 62. Since  is not a rt. ., trig. ratios do not apply.
c. h = _________________
31 ≈ 31.10 ft, or 31 ft 1 in. 63. No; possible answer: you only need to know 2 side
(
sin 90 - tan -1 ___
8
100 ( )) lengths. You can use Pyth. Thm. to find 3rd side
length or use trig. ratios to find acute ∠ measures.
48. sin -1 __
3 ≈ 37°, sin -1 __
() ()
4 ≈ 53° 64. AD = AC cos A
5 5
-1 ___

(___ (___ ( ( ))
= 10 cos tan 6 ≈ 8.57

13 ) 13 )
49. sin -1 5 ≈ 23°, sin 12 ≈ 67°
-1 10
BD = BC cos B
-1 ___
50. sin -1 (___
17 )
8 ≈ 28°, sin
(___
17 )
15 ≈ 62°
-1
( ( ))
= 6 cos tan 10 ≈ 3.09
6

51. tan
-1
(___
28 )
45 ≈ 58°, tan
(___
28 )
-1
90 ≈ 73° CD = BC sin B
= 6 sin tan
-1 ___
( ( )) 10 ≈ 5.14
Acute ∠ measure changes from about 58° to about 6
73°, an increase by a factor of 1.26. (8.57)(3.09) ≈ 26 ≈ (5.14) 2
(8.57)(8.57 + 3.09) ≈ 100 = (10) 2
52. m∠ = tan -1 ____ ( )
28 ≈ 16°
(3.09)(8.57 + 3.09) ≈ 36 = (6) 2
100
TEST PREP, PAGE 540
53a. AB = √
(6 + 1) 2 + (1 - 0) 2
65. D 66. J
= √
72 + 12
50 = 5 √
= √ 2 67. A 68. 9°
 tan -1 ___
( )
1.4 ≈ 27° tan -1 ___
( )
3 ≈ 9°
BC = √(0 - 6) + (3 - 1)
2 2
2.7 20
= √
62 + 22 CHALLENGE AND EXTEND, PAGES 540–541
= √
40 = 2 √
10 69. LH = 10 sin J = 20 sin 25°

AC = √(0 + 1) + (3 - 0)
2 2
sin J = 2 sin 25°
√ m∠J = sin -1(2 sin 25°) ≈ 58°
= 1 2 + 3 2 = √
10
70. BD = 3.2 tan A = 8 cos 64°
b. AC 2 + BC 2 = 10 + 40 tan A = 2.5 cos 64°
= 50 = AB 2 m∠A = tan -1(2.5 cos 64°) ≈ 48°
So ABC is a rt. , and C is the rt. ∠. -1
71. Let ∠A be an acute ∠ with m∠A = cos (cos 34°).
___
c. m∠A = sin -1
( AB )
BC Then cos A = cos 34°. Since cos is a 1-to-1 function
on acute ∠ measures, m∠A = 34°.
= sin
-1
(_____)
2 √
√
10
5 2
72. Since tan is a 1-to-1 function on acute ∠ measures,
x = tan [tan -1(1.5)] → x = 1.5
2 √
5
5
= sin -1 (____)
≈ 63° 73. Since sin is a 1-to-1 function on acute ∠ measures,
y = sin(sin -1 x) → y = x
m∠B = 90 - m∠A ≈ 27°

54. m∠BDC = tan -1 __

2 ≈ 16°
7 () ( (____))
74. y = 40 sin tan -1 6
100
≈ 2.40 ft
-1
75. Possible answer: The expression sin (1.5)
55. m∠STV = tan -1
(___
4.5 )
3.2 ≈ 35°
represents an ∠ measure that has a sine of 1.5. The
sine of an acute ∠ of a rt.  must be between 0
56. m∠DGF = 2m∠DGH = 2 sin
-1
(___
4.4 )
2.4 ≈ 66° and 1, so the expression sin -1(1.5) is undefined.
−−
76. Let BD be altitude. Then
57. m∠LKN = tan
-1
(___
4.8 )
9 ≈ 62°
Area = __1 (base)(height)
2
58. tan 70° > tan 60°; possible answer: consider 2 rt. = __1 (AC)(BD)
, 1 with a 60° ∠ and 1 with a 70° ∠. Suppose that 2
legs adj. to these  have length 1 unit. Leg opp. 70°
__
= 1 (b)(c sin A)
2
∠ will be longer than leg opp. 60° ∠. So tan 70° is __
greaater than tan 60°. = 1 bc sin A.
2
59. tan -1(m) = tan -1(3) ≈ 72°

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 197 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 541 READY TO GO ON? PAGE 543
77. false; 6.8 ≯ 2 + 2.5 + 3.3 = 7.8

1. x = √(5)(12) 2. x = √
(2.75)(44)
78. true; _____________________
2 + 2.5 + 3.3 + 6.8 + 3.6
≈ 3.5 in. = 
√60 = 2 √
15 √
= 
121 = 11
5

√(__52 )(___158 )
79. False; rainfall decreased from April to May.  2
3. x = 4. x = (4)(8) = 32
80. ∠B  ∠E 81. ___
AB = ___
AC x = √32 = 4 √2
___
75 = ____ √
37 = 2x + 11 DE
______
DF
3y + 7 ________
1.4 + 1.6
= √
16
5 3
4
y 2 = (4)(12) = 48
y = √48 = 4 √3
26 = 2x = =1
2y + 6 1.4 + 1.6 z 2 = (8)(12) = 96
x = 13
3y + 7 = 2y + 6
z = √96 = 4 √6
y = -1
2
82. DF = 1.4 + 1.6 = 3 83. sin 63° ≈ 0.89 5. (12 √5 ) = (24)(x + 24) 6. 6 2 = 12x
720 = 24x + 576 36 = 12x
84. cos 27° ≈ 0.89 85. tan 64° ≈ 2.05
144 = 24x x=3
x=6 y 2 = 12(12 + x)
USING TECHNOLOGY, PAGE 541 y 2 = 24x = (12)(15) = 180
1.–5. Check students’ work. = 24(6) = 144 y = √180 = 6 √ 5
y = 12 2
z = (12 + x)x
MULTI-STEP TEST PREP, PAGE 542 z 2 = (24 + x)(x) = (15)(3) = 45
= (30)(6) = 180 z = √45 = 3 √5
1. (DB) 2 = (DA)(DC) 2. (AB) 2 = (AD)(AC) z = √180 = 6 √5
= (30 - 6)(6) = (24)(30)
= 144 = 720 7. (AB) 2 = (BC)(BD)
AB = √ = (22)(30) = 660
DB = √ 144 = 12 ft 720
≈ 26.83 ft AB = √ 660 ≈ 25.7 m
or 26 ft 10 in. 8. Let legs of 45°-45°-90°  have length x.
3. m∠ABD = tan -1 ___
AD
( ) tan 45° = __
x=1
DB x
-1 ___ 9. Let 30°-60°-90°  have side lengths x, x √
= tan 24
12 ( ) sin 30° = ___
x = __
1
3 , 2x.

= tan -1(2) = 63° 2x 2

4. ∠A and ∠ABD are comp. 10. cos 30° = ____

x √
3
= ___
√3
11. sin 16° ≈ 0.28
m∠A = 90 - m∠ABD 2x 2
≈ 90 - 63 ≈ 27° 12. cos 79° ≈ 0.19 13. tan 27° ≈ 0.51
5. grade = ___
DB · 100% = ___
6 · 100% = 50%
14. QR = ______
14 ≈ 23.30 in.
DC 12 tan 31°
15. AB = 6 cos 50° ≈ 3.86 m
16. LM = 4.2 sin 62° ≈ 3.71 cm
17. m∠A = 90 - 32 = 58°
BC = ______
22 ≈ 35.21
tan 32°
AC = ______
22 ≈ 41.52
sin 32°

18. HJ = √
7 2 + 10.5 2
= √
159.25 ≈ 12.62
-1 ____
m∠H = tan 10.5 ≈ 56°
7 ( )
-1 ____
m∠J = tan 7
10.5
≈ 34°( )
19. m∠Z = 90 - 28 = 62°
XY = 5.1 cos 28° ≈ 4.50
YZ = 5.1 sin 28° ≈ 2.39

20. tan -1 ___ ( )

1 ≈ 3°
18

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 198 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
8-4 ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND THINK AND DISCUSS, PAGE 546
DEPRESSION, PAGES 544–549 1. It increases, because height of skyscraper is
constant and horiz. dist. is decreasing.
CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 544–546
2.
1a. ∠5 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a !NGLE OF %LEVATION
pt. below the line. It is an ∠ of depression.
b. ∠6 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a 7ORDS $IAGRAM
pt. above the line. It is an ∠ of elevation. AN Ȝ FORMED BY
A HORIZ LINE AND
2. Let A represent airport A LINE OF SIGHT TO
and P represent plane. A PT ABOVE
Let x be horiz. distance P
between plane and !NGLE OF $EPRESSION
airport.
tan 29° = _____
3500  FT
7ORDS $IAGRAM
x AN Ȝ FORMED BY
x= ______
3500 A
o
x
A HORIZ LINE AND
tan 29° A LINE OF SIGHT
TO A PT BELOW
≈ 6314 ft

3. Let T represent top of T o EXERCISES, PAGES 547–549

tower and F represent  FT x F GUIDED PRACTICE, PAGE 547
S
fire. Let x be horiz.
distance between 1. elevation 2. depression
tower and fire. 3. ∠1 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠F = 3°. pt. above the line. It is an ∠ of elevation.
tan 3° = ___
90
4. ∠2 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
x
_____
x = 90 ≈ 1717 ft
pt. below the line. It is an ∠ of depression.
tan 3° 5. ∠3 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
4. Step 1 Let P represent P o pt. above the line. It is an ∠ of elevation.
plane, and A and B 6. ∠4 is formed by a horiz. line and a line of sight to a
represent two airports.   FT o
pt. below the line. It is an ∠ of depression.
Let x be distance o o
C yA x B 7. Let h be height of flagpole.
between airports. z
Step 2 Find y. tan 37° = ____
h
By Alt. Int.  Thm., 24.2
h = 24 tan 37° ≈ 18 ft
m∠CAP = 78°. In
APC, 8. Let H represent H o
tan 78° = ______
12,000 helicopter and A
y
represent accident.  FT
y= ______
12,000
≈ 2550.7 ft Let x be horiz. dist.
tan 78° x A
between helicopter
Step 3 Find z. and accident.
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠CBP = 19°. In BPC, By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠A = 18°.
tan 19° = ______
12,000
z tan 18° = _____
1560
x
z= ______
12,000
≈ 34,850.6 ft x = ______
1560 ≈ 4801 ft
tan 19° tan 18°
Step 4 Find x.
x=z-y
≈ 34,850.6 - 2550.7 ≈ 32,300 ft

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 199 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
 9. Step 1 Let T represent T TEST PREP, PAGE 549
top of canyon, and A o 28. D
dist. = ______
and B represent near o 1600 ≈ 2285 ft
and far sides of river. tan 35°
Let w be width of river.  M 29. J
Step 2 Find y. height = 93 tan 60° ≈ 161 ft
By Alt. Int.  Thm.,
m∠CAT = 74°. In 30. 4RAIL MARKER The ∠ of elevation
o o
ATC, C y A x B increases as Jim moves
z closer to trail marker.
tan 74° = ____
191
y
y = ______
191 ≈ 54.77 m ƒ
tan 74° *IM  *IM 
Step 3 Find z.
By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠CBT = 58°. In BTC, CHALLENGE AND EXTEND, PAGE 549

tan 58° = ____

191 31. Let x and y be dists. from Jorge and from Susan to
z foot of Big Ben; let h be height of Big Ben.
______
z = 191 ≈ 119.35 m Jorge: h = x tan 49.5°
tan 58°
Step 4 Find w. Susan: h = y tan 65°
w=z-y y = x - 38
≈ 119.35 - 54.77 ≈ 64.6 m h = x tan 49.5° = (x - 38) tan 65°
38 tan 65° = x(tan 65° - tan 49.5°)
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 547–548
x = _________________
38 tan 65°
10. ∠1: ∠ of depression 11. ∠2: ∠ of elevation (tan 65° - tan 49.5°)
h = x tan 49.5°
12. ∠3: ∠ of elevation 13. ∠4: ∠ of depression = _________________
38 tan 65° (tan 49.5°) ≈ 98 m
(tan 65° - tan 49.5°)
14. h = 1.5 + 100 tan 67° ≈ 237 m
_______
120 ≈ 1962 ft 32. Speed = 500 ___ mi · ______
1 h · ______
5280 ft = 44,000 ft/min
15. x = 16. z = y - x h 60 min 1 mi
tan 3.5° Let time until over lake be t. Then horiz. dist to lake is
= 1 tan 74° - 1 tan 16°
s = 44,000t = ______
≈ 3.2 mi 14,000
tan 6°
17. true 18. true
t = ___________ ≈ 3 min.
14,000
19. false; ∠ of elevation gets closer to 90° 44,000 tan 6°
20. true 21. ∠1 and ∠3 33. h = x tan 5° = (10 - x) tan 2°
22. m∠2 = 30° (given) x(tan 5° + tan 2°) = 10 tan 2°
m∠1 = 90 - m∠2 x = ____________
10 tan 2°
tan 5° + tan 2°
= 90 - 30 = 60° (comp. ) h = x tan 5°
= ____________
m∠3 = m∠1 = 60°, 10 tan 2° (tan 5°)
m∠4 = m∠2 = 30° (Alt. Int.  Thm.) tan 5° + tan 2°
≈ 0.2496 mi ≈ 1318 ft
23. Possible answer: As a hot air ballon descends
vertically, ∠ of depression to an object on the ground 34. h = y - x
decreases. = 46 tan 42° - 46 tan 18°
≈ 26.47 ft or 26 ft 6 in.
24. By Alt. Int.  Thm.,
∠ of depression = tan -1 ____
165 ≈ 73°
( ) SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 549
50
35. Let x and y be dists. run by Emma and mother in
25a. x = ______
1000 ≈ 424 ft b. z = y - x time t. When they meet,
tan 67°
= ______
1000 - ______
1000 x+y=1
tan 55° tan 67° 6t + 4t = 1
≈ 276 ft 10t = 1
26. When the ∠ of elevation is exactly 45°, the length t = 0.1 h or 6 min
of the shadow will be the same as the length of 36. Let p be original price.
telephone pole, since a rt. isosc.  is formed and discounted price = 0.7p
tan 45° = 1. price after coupon = 0.85(0.7p) = 17.85
27a. x = ______
1250 ≈ 2080 ft b. v = __
s p = ________
17.85 = 30
tan 31° t 0.85(0.7)
t = __
s Original price was $30.
v
37. rhombus, square 38. rectangle, square
_____
≈ 2080 ≈ 14 s
150

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 200 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
39. rectangle, rhombus, 40. rectangle, rhombus, 2a. ____
sin N = _____
sin M b. ____
sin L = ____
sin K
square square MP NP JK JL
______
sin 39° = ______
sin 88° ____
sin L = _______
sin 125°
42. __ = __
y 5
41. x 2 + 3 2 = 5 2 22 NP 6 10
x 3
x 2 + 9 = 25 NP sin 39° = 22 sin 88° ________
6 sin 125°
y = ___
5x sin L =
NP = ________
22 sin 88°
2 10
x = 16 3
x=4 ____
5(4) ___
sin 39° m∠L = sin-1 ________
(6 sin 125°
)
= = 20 ≈ 34.9 10
3 3 ≈ 29°

c. ____
sin X = ____
2 sin Y
43. x = 3z d. m∠A = 180 - 67° - 44°
4 2 = 3z YZ XZ = 69°
z = ___
16 ____
sin X = ______
sin 50°
____
sin A = ____
sin B
3 4.3 7.6
sin X = _________
4.3 sin 50° BC AC
7.6
______
sin 69° = ______
sin 67°
18
m∠X = sin ________
AC
GEOMETRY LAB: INDIRECT
MEASUREMENT USING TRIGONOMETRY, (
-1 4.3 sin 50°
7.6 ) AC sin 69° = 18 sin 67°
PAGE 550 ≈ 26° AC = ________
18 sin 67°
sin 69°
TRY THIS, PAGE 550 ≈ 17.7
2 2 2
1. The ∠ reading from clinometer is comp. of ∠ of 3a. DE = DF + EF - 2(DF)(EF) cos F
2 2
elevation. = 16 + 18 - 2(16)(18) cos 21°
DE 2 ≈ 42.2577
2. Check students’ work.
DE ≈ 6.5
3. Check students’ work. Results should be similar.
b. JL2 = JK 2 + KL2 - 2(JK)(KL) cos K
4. Possible answers: Measuring the distance between
8 2 = 15 2 + 10 2 - 2(15)(10) cos K
observer and object, measuring height of observer’s
64 = 325 - 300 cos K
eyes, and reading the ∠ measure from clinometer.
-261 = -300 cos K
5. It can be used to measure height of tall objects that cos K = ____
261
cannot be measured directly. 300
-1 ____
m∠K = cos ( )
261 ≈ 30°
300
8-5 LAW OF SINES AND LAW OF 2 2 2
c. YZ = XY + XZ - 2(XY)(XZ) cos X
COSINES, PAGES 551–558 2 2
= 10 + 4 - 2(10)(4) cos 34°
CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 551–554 YZ 2 ≈ 49.6770
YZ ≈ 7.0
1a.
d. PQ 2 = QR 2 + PR 2 - 2(QR)(PR) cos R
2 2
9.6 2 = 10.5 + 5.9 - 2(10.5)(5.9) cos R
92.16 = 145.06 - 123.9 cos R
-52.9 = -123.9 cos R
cos R = _____
52.9
tan 175° ≈ -0.09 123.9
-1 _____
b. m∠R = cos (
123.9 )
52.9 ≈ 65°

4. Step 1 Find length of cable.

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 - 2(AB)(BC) cos B
= 31 2 + 56 2 - 2(31)(56) cos 100°
2
AC = 4699.9065
AC = 68.6 m
cos 92° ≈ -0.03
Step 2 Find angle measure between cable and
c. ground.
____
sin A = ____
sin B
BC AC
____
sin A = _______
sin 100°
56 68.56
sin A = _________
56 sin 100°
68.56
sin 160° ≈ 0.34 -1 _________
m∠A = sin (56 sin 100° ≈ 54°
68.56 )

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 201 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
THINK AND DISCUSS, PAGE 554 6.
1. m∠A.
2.
'IVEN )NFORMATION -ETHOD %XAMPLE

4WO ANGLE MEASURES ,AW OF 3INES 

AND ANY SIDE LENGTH ƒ ƒ sin 150° = 0.5
7.
4WO SIDE LENGTHS AND ,AW OF 3INES 

A NONINCLUDED ANGLE ƒ
MEASURE

4WO SIDE LENGTHS AND ,AW OF #OSINES 

THE INCLUDED ANGLE ƒ
MEASURE 
sin 147° ≈ 0.54
4HREE SIDE LENGTHS ,AW OF #OSINES 
 8.


EXERCISES, PAGES 555–558

GUIDED PRACTICE, PAGE 555
1. tan 164° ≈ -0.29

9.

sin 100° ≈ 0.98

2. cos 156° ≈ -0.91

10. ____
sin R = ____
sin S 11. ____
sin B = ____
sin C
ST RT AC AB
______
sin 36° = ______
sin 70° ____
sin B = _______
sin 101°
15 RT 14 20
RT sin 36° = 15 sin 70° sin B = _________
14 sin 101°
cos 167° ≈ -0.97 RT = ________
15 sin 70° 20
-1 _________
3.
sin 36°
≈ 24.0 (
B = sin 14 sin 101°
20 )
≈ 43°

12. ____
sin F = ____
sin D
DE EF
____
sin F = ______
sin 84°
20 31
tan 92° ≈ -28.64 sin F = ________
20 sin 84°
31
________
4.
F = sin
-1 20
(
sin 84°
31 )
≈ 40°
2 2 2
13. PR = PQ + QR - 2(PQ)(QR) cos Q
2 2 2
7 = 6 + 10 - 2(6)(10) cos Q
49 = 136 - 120 cos Q
tan 141° ≈ -0.81 -87 = -120 cos Q
5. cos Q = ____
87
120
-1 ____
m∠Q = cos
120 ( )
87 ≈ 44°

2 2 2
14. MN = LM + LN - 2(LM)(LN) cos L
2 2
= 30 + 25 - 2(30)(25) cos77°
cos 133° ≈ -0.68 MN 2 ≈ 1187.5734
MN ≈ 34.5

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 202 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
15. AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 - 2(AC)(BC) cos C 35. EF 2 = 8.4 2 + 10.6 2 - 2(8.4)(10.6) cos 51°
= 8 2 + 11 2 - 2(8)(11) cos 131 ≈ 70.8506
2
AB ≈ 300.4664 EF ≈ 8.4
AB ≈ 17.3
36. LM 2 = 10.1 2 + 12.9 2 - 2(10.1)(12.9) cos 112°
16. Think: Find each ∠ using Law of Cosines. ≈ 366.0350
20 2 = 24 2 + 30 2 - 2(24)(30) cos∠1 LM ≈ 19.1
400 = 1476 - 1440 cos∠1
37. 5 2 = 13 2 + 14 2 - 2(13)(14) cos G
-1076 = -1440 cos∠1
25 = 365 - 364 cos G
m∠1 = cos -1 _____
1076 ≈ 42°
( ) -340 = -364 cos G
1440
24 2 = 20 2 + 30 2 - 2(20)(30) cos∠2 m∠G = cos -1 ____ ( )
340 ≈ 21°
364
576 = 1300 - 1200 cos∠2
2 2 2
-724 = -1200 cos∠2 38. AB = 108 + 55 - 2(108)(55) cos 59°
m∠2 = cos -1 _____ (
724 ≈ 53°
) ≈ 8570.3477
1200 AB ≈ 92.6
30 2 = 24 2 + 20 2 - 2(24)(20) cos∠3 ____
sin B ≈ ______
sin 59°
900 = 976 - 960 cos∠3 55 92.576
-1 ________
76 = -960 cos∠3
m∠3 = cos -1 ____
m∠B ≈ sin (
55 sin 59° ≈ 31°
)
960 ( )
76 ≈ 85°
____
sin B = ____
92.576
sin A
39.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 555–557 b a
______
sin 22° = ______
sin 74°
17. cos 95° ≈ -0.09 18. tan 178° ≈ -0.03 3.2 a
19. tan 118° ≈ -1.88 20. sin 132° ≈ 0.74 a= _________
3.2 sin 74° ≈ 8.2 cm
sin 22°
21. sin 98° ≈ 0.99 22. cos 124° ≈ -0.56
2 22
40. c = a + b - 2ab cos C
23. tan 139° ≈ -0.87 24. cos 145° ≈ -0.82
= 9.5 + 7.1 2 - 2(9.5)(7.1) cos 100°
2

25. sin 128° ≈ 0.79 ≈ 164.0851

26. ____
sin C = _______
sin 122° c ≈ 12.8 in.
6.8 10.2 41. b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
-1 __________
m∠C = sin (
6.8 sin 122°
10.2 ) 3.1 2 = 2.2 2 + 4 2 - 2(2.2)(4) cos B
9.61 = 20.84 - 17.6 cos B
≈ 34°
-11.23 = -17.6 cos B
27. ______
sin 17° = _______
sin 135° 28. _______
sin 140° = ______
sin 20°
m∠B = cos -1 _____
8.5 PR
__________
8.5 sin 135°
9 JL
_______
9 sin 20°
(
17.6 )
11.23 ≈ 50°

PR = JL =
sin 17° sin 140° 42. ____
sin C = ____
sin A
≈ 20.6 ≈ 4.8 c a
____
sin C = ______
sin 45°
29. ______
sin 56° = ______
sin 47° 30. ____
sin J = ______
sin 80° 8.4 10.3
11.7 EF 61 100 -1 _________
EF = _________
11.7 sin 47°
m∠J = sin-1 ________
( )
61 sin 80° m∠C = sin (
8.4 sin 45° ≈ 35°
10.3 )
sin 56° 100
≈ 10.4 ≈ 37° 43. No; 3 ∠ measures do not uniquely determine a .
There is not enough information to use either Law
31. ____
sin X = ______
sin 78°
of Sines or Law of Cosines.
3.6 3.9
m∠X = sin -1 _________
(
3.6 sin 78° ≈ 65°
) 44. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
3.9 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos 90°
2 2 2 = a2 + b2
32. AB = 13 + 5.8 - 2(13)(5.8) cos 67°
Law of Cosines simplifies to Pyth. Thm.
≈ 143.7177
AB ≈ 12.0 45. Let ∠ of turn be ∠1 and let ∠2 be opp. 6-km side.
2 2 2 6 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 - 2(3)(4) cos ∠2
33. 9.7 = 14.7 + 6.8 - 2(14.7)(6.8) cos Z 36 = 25 - 24 cos ∠2
94.09 = 262.33 - 199.92 cos Z 11 = -24 cos ∠2
-168.24 = -199.92 cos Z
m∠2 = cos -1 - ___ ( )
11
m∠Z = cos -1 ______
168.24 ≈ 33°
( ) 24
199.92
m∠1 = 180 - m∠2
= 180 - cos - ___
2 2 2
34. 5 = 12 + 13 - 2(12)(13) cos R
25 = 313 - 312 cos R
-1
24 ( )
11 ≈ 63°

-288 = -312 cos R

m∠R = cos -1 ____
288 ≈ 23°
( )
312

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 203 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
46. Step 1 Find 3rd side length. Think: Use Law of c. Dist. = speed · time
Cosines. AF = 150t 1
x 2 = 5 2 + 9 2 - 2(5)(9) cos 109° BF = 150t 2
≈ 135.3011 BF - AF = 150(t 1 - t 2)
x ≈ 11.6 cm t 1 - t 2 = ________
BF - AF
Step 2 Find perimeter. 150
P ≈ 5 + 9 + 11.6 ≈ 25.6 cm ≈ __________
14.2 - 11.3
150
47. Step 1 Find 2nd side length. Think: Use  ∠ Sum ≈ 0.193 h or 1.2 min
Thm., Law of Sines. 51. Given ∠ is opp. one of given sides, so use Law of
m∠3 = 180 - (93 + 24) = 63° Sines.
______
sin 63° = ______
sin 24°
16 x 52. Given ∠ is included by given sides, so use Law of
x= ________
16 sin 24° ≈ 7.30 ft Cosines.
sin 63° 53. One of given  is opp. given side, so use Law of
Step 2 Find 3rd side length. Think: Use Law of
Sines.
Sines.
______
sin 63° = ______
sin 93° 54a. RS = √
3 2 + 2 2 = √
13 ≈ 3.6
16 y
√
2 2
y= ________
16 sin 93° ≈ 17.93 ft ST = 6 + 2 = 40 = 2 √
√ 10 ≈ 6.3
sin 63° RT = √
32 + 42 = 5
Step 3 Find perimeter.
P ≈ 16 + 7.30 + 17.93 ≈ 41.2 ft b. ∠R, because it is opp. the longest side.
2 2 2
48. Step 1 Find 2nd side length. Think: Use Law of c. ST = RS + RT - 2(RS)(RT) cos R
Sines. 40 = 13 + 25 - 2( √13)(5) cos R
______
sin 45° = _______
sin 115° 2 = -10 √
13 (cos R)
7.3 x
R = cos - ______
x= _________
7.3 sin 115° ≈ 9.36 in.
sin 45°
-1
( 2
10 √13 )
≈ 93°

2 2 2
Step 2 Find 3rd side length. Think: Use  ∠ Sum 55. BC = 6.46 + 7.14 - 2(6.46)(7.14) cos 104°
Thm., Law of Sines. ≈ 115.12197
m∠3 = 180 - (45 + 115) = 20° BC ≈ 10.73 cm
______
sin 45° = ______
sin 20° AB 2 = 3.86 2 + 7.14 2 - 2(3.86)(7.14) cos 138°
7.3 y ≈ 106.84194
y= _________
7.3 sin 20° ≈ 3.53 in.
AB ≈ 10.34 cm
sin 45° _______
sin ABE ≈ _______
sin 138°
Step 3 Find perimeter. 3.86 10.34
P = 7.3 + 9.36 + 3.53 ≈ 20.2 -1 ___________

49. B
m∠ABE ≈ sin (
10.34 )
3.86 sin 138° ≈ 14.47°

_______
sin EBC ≈ _______
sin 104°
 6.46 10.73
 
-1 ___________
o
m∠EBC ≈ sin (
10.73 )
6.46 sin 104° ≈ 35.74°

A C m∠ABC = m∠ABE + m∠EBC

C
≈ 14.47 + 35.74 ≈ 50°
Figure shows two possible positions for C. Since
−− −−− 56. A is incorrect; possible answer: the fraction on the
BC  BC', ∠C  ∠BC'C, so ∠C and ∠BC'A are
supp. right side of the proportion is incorrect.
____
sin C = ______
sin 30° It should be ______
sin 70° = ______
sin 85° , as in B.
12 9 12 x
m∠C = sin -1 ________
(
12sin 30° ≈ 42°
) 2
57a. y + h
2
b. b 2
9
m∠BC'A = 180 - m∠C c. a 2 = c 2 - 2cx + x 2 + h 2
≈ 180 - 42 ≈ 138°
d. a 2 = c 2 + b 2 - 2cx
50a. Think: Use  ∠ Sum Thm.
m∠F + 51 + 38 = 180 e. b cos A f. Subst.
m∠F + 89 = 180 58. No; possible answer: to use Law of Sines, you need
m∠F = 91° to know at least 1 side length and ∠ measure opp.
that side.
b. ______
sin 91° = ______
sin 38° ______
sin 91° = ______
sin 51°
18.3 AF 18.3 BF
AF = _________
18.3sin 38° BF = _________
18.3sin 51°
sin 91° sin 91°
≈ 11 mi ≈ 14 mi

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 204 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
TEST PREP, PAGE 558 2. Step 1 Draw vector y
59. A on a coord. plane. Use 
Ͱ ͱ
AB 2 = 12 2 + 14 2 - 2(12)(14) cos 23° origin as initial pt. Then x
≈ 32.71 (-3, 1) is terminal pt.   
AB ≈ 5.7 cm Step 2 Find magnitude. 
Nearest given value is 5.5 cm. Use Dist. Formula.

60. H
〈-3, 1〉 = √
(-3 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 = √
10 ≈ 3.2
61. C
m∠Y = 180 - (25 + 135) = 20° 3. Step 1 Draw vector y
______
sin 20° = ______
sin 25° on a coord. plane. Use Ͱ ͱ
100 XY origin as initial pt. 

XY = _________
100 sin 25° ≈ 124 m Step 2 Find direction. x
sin 20° Draw rt. ABC as    
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND, PAGE 558
shown. ∠A is ∠ formed
by vector and x-axis,
62. AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 - 2(AC)(BC) cos ACB and tan A = __ 3 . So
(2 + 3) 2 = (2 + 4) 2 + (3 + 4) 2 7
- 2(2 + 4)(3 + 4) cos ACB m∠A = tan -1 __ ()
3 ≈ 23°
7
25 = 85 - 84 cos ACB
-60 = -84 cos ACB  = RS
4a. PQ  (same magnitude and direction)
m∠ACB = cos -1 ___ ( )
60 ≈ 44°   RS
b. PQ  and XY
  MN
 (same or opp. direction)
84
5. Step 1 Sketch vectors for kayaker and current.
63. Let pts. be A(-1, 1), B(1, 3), and C(3, 2)
N N
AB = √ 8 ; AC = √
2 2 + 2 2 = √ 4 2 + 1 2 = √
17 ; +AYAKER

BC = √
2 2 + 1 2 = √
5

BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 - 2(AB)(AC) cos A y
5 = 8 + 17 - 2( √ 17 ) cos A
8 )( √ #URRENT
W E W E
-20 = -4 √34 (cos A) x
-1 _____
m∠A = cos
4 
√ 34(
20 ≈ 31°
) S S

Step 2 Write vector for kayaker in component form.

64. Let P be position of boat after 45 min = 0.75 h. It has magn. 4 mi/h and makes ∠ of 70° with x-axis.
Given information: AB = 5 mi, AP = (6 mi/h)(0.75 h) cos 70° = __
x , so x = 4 cos 70° ≈ 1.37
4
= 4.5 mi, ∠A = 180 - 32 = 148°
sin 70° = __ , so y = 4 sin 70° ≈ 3.76
y
BP 2 = AB 2 + AP 2 - 2(AB)(AP) cos A 4
= 5 2 + 4.5 2 - 2(5)(4.5) cos 148° Kayaker’s vector is 〈1.37, 3.76〉.
≈ 83.4122 Step 3 Write vector for current in component form:
BP ≈ 9.1 mi 〈1, 0〉.
.
Step 4 Find and sketch resultant vector AB
SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 558
Add components of kayaker’s vector and current’s
65. 3n 66. 2n + 1 vector.
67. 2n + 2 68. Alt. Ext.  Thm. 〈1.37, 3.76〉 + 〈1, 0〉 = 〈2.37, 3.76〉
69. Alt. Int.  Thm. 70. Same-Side Int.  Thm. 2ESULTANT
N B
71. Alt. Ext.  Thm. 72. ∠2
 
73. ∠1 74. ∠1 

W E
8-6 VECTORS, PAGES 559–567 A  C
S
CHECK IT OUT! PAGES 559–562
Step 5 Find magn. and direction of resultant vector.
1a. Horiz. change along u is -3 units. Magn. of resultant vector is kayak’s actual speed.
Vert. change along u is -4 units.
So component form of u is 〈-3, -4〉. 〈2.37, 3.76〉 = √
 (2.37 - 0)2 + (3.76 - 0)2 ≈ 4.4 mi/h
∠ measure formed by resultant vector gives kayak’s
b. Horiz. change from L to M is 7 units. actual direction.
tan A ≈ ____
3.76 , so m∠A = tan -1 ____
Vert. change from L to M is 1 unit.
So component form of LM is 〈7, 1〉. 2.37 2.37 ( )
3.76 ≈ 58°, or N 32° E.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 205 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
THINK AND DISCUSS, PAGE 563 11. Step 1 Draw vector y
on a coord. plane. Use  Ͱ ͱ
1. It does not have a direction.
origin as initial pt. x
2. Pyth. Thm. Step 2 Find direction.   
3. Possible answer: Write each vector in component Draw rt. ABC as 
form and add horizontal and vertical components. shown. ∠A is ∠ formed
4. ƽ by vector and x-axis,
and tan A = __
$EFINITION A QUANTITY WITH .AMES vť AB OR Ͱx yͱ 1 . So
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION
5
6ECTOR m∠A = tan -1 __ ()
1 ≈ 11°
%XAMPLES THE VELOCITY 5
OF A SHIP THE FORCE
12. Step 1 Draw vector on a y
APPLIED TO AN OBJECT  Ͱ ͱ
coord. plane. Use origin
as initial pt. 
EXERCISES, PAGES 563–567 Step 2 Find direction. x
GUIDED PRACTICE, PAGES 563–564 Draw rt. ABC as   
1. equal 2. parallel shown. ∠A is ∠ formed
3. magnitude by vector and x-axis,
4. Horiz. change from A to C is 5 units. and tan A = __ 3 . So
6
Vert. change from A to C is 3 units. m∠A = tan -1 __ ()
3 ≈ 27°.
So component form of AC  is 〈5, 3〉. 6
5. Horiz. change from M to N is 8 units.  = EF
13. CD  (same magn. and direction)
Vert. change from M to N is -8 units.   EF
 and AB  (same or opp. direction)
  GH
14. CD
So component form of MN  is 〈8, -8〉.
 = XY
15. RS  (same magn. and direction)
6. Horiz. change from P to Q is 2 units.
Vert. change from P to Q is 5 units.   XY
16. RS  and MN  (same or opp. direction)
  PQ
So component form of PQ  is 〈2, 5〉. 17. Step 1 Sketch vectors for 2 stages of hike.
7. Step 1 Draw vector y
 Ͱ ͱ
N N
on a coord. plane. Use
origin as initial pt. Then 
(1, 4) is terminal pt. x  y
Step 2 Find magnitude.    o 
Use Dist. Formula. E x W E W

〈1, 4〉 = √
  (1 - 0) 2 + (4 - 0) 2 = √ 17 ≈ 4.1 S S
Step 2 Write vector for 1st stage in component
8. Step 1 Draw vector y
 form. It has magn. 2 mi and makes ∠ of 50° with
on a coord. plane. Use  x x-axis.
origin as initial pt. Then
(-3, -2) is terminal pt.
 cos 50° = __x , so x = 2 cos 50° ≈ 1.29
 2
sin 50° = __ , so y = 2 sin 50° ≈ 1.53
Step 2 Find magnitude. Ͱ ͱ y
Use Dist. Formula. 2
Vector for 1st stage is 〈1.29, 1.53〉.
〈-3, -2〉 = √
 (-3 - 0) 2 + (-2 - 0) 2
Step 3 Write vector for 2nd stage in component
= √13 ≈ 3.6 form: 〈3, 0〉.
9. Step 1 Draw vector y .
Step 4 Find and sketch resultant vector AB
on a coord. plane. Use x Add components of 1st- and 2nd-stage vectors.
 
origin as initial pt. Then 〈1.29, 1.53〉 + 〈3, 0〉 = 〈4.29, 1.53〉
(5, -3) is terminal pt. N
Step 2 Find magnitude.  Ͱ ͱ
Use Dist. Formula. B
 
〈5, -3〉 = √
(5 - 0) 2 + (-3 - 0) 2 = √
34 ≈ 5.8 

10. Step 1 Draw vector E x W

y Ͱ ͱ A  C
on a coord. plane. Use  S
origin as initial pt. Step 5 Find magn. and direction of resultant vector.
Step 2 Find direction. 
Magn. of resultant vector is straight-line dist. to
x
Draw rt. ABC as campsite.
  
shown. ∠A is ∠ formed 〈4.29, 1.53〉 = √
(4.29 - 0) 2 + (1.53 - 0)2 ≈ 4.6 mi
by vector and x-axis, ∠ measure formed by resultant vector gives
and tan A = __ 6 . So
direction of hike.
4
m∠A = tan -1 __ tan A ≈ ____
1.53 , so m∠A = tan -1 ____
( )
1.53 ≈ 20°, or N 70° E.
4 ()
6 ≈ 56°
4.29 4.29

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 206 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
PRACTICE AND PROBLEM SOLVING, PAGES 564–566 31. Step 1 Write airplane’s vector in component form.
18. 〈9, 2〉 19. 〈-3.5, 5.5〉 x = 200 cos 65° ≈ 84.524; y = 200 sin 65° ≈ 181.262
Airplane’s vector is 〈84.524, 181.262〉.
20. 〈-4, -4〉 Step 2 Write windspeed vector in component form.
21. Step 1 Draw vector y x = 40 cos 45° ≈ 28.284; y = -40 sin 45° ≈ -28.284
on a coord. plane. Use  Windspeed vector is 〈28.284, -28.284〉.
origin as initial pt. Ͱ ͱ x . Add components
Step 3 Find resultant vector AB
Step 2 Find magnitude.   
of airplane’s and windspeed vectors.
Since vector is horiz.,  〈84.524, 181.262〉 + 〈28.284, -28.284〉
≈ 〈112.81, 152.98〉
〈-2, 0〉 = -2 = 2.0 Step 4 Find magn. and direction of resultant vector.
22. Step 1 Draw vector y 〈112.81, 152.98〉 = √
 112.812 + 152.982

on a coord. plane. Use  Ͱ ͱ
≈ 190.1 km/h
______
origin as initial pt.
Step 2 Find magnitude.   
x m∠A ≈ tan
-1
( 112.81 ) ≈ 54°, or N 36° E.
152.98

Use Pyth. Thm.  32. 〈1, 2〉 + 〈0, 6〉 = 〈1 + 0, 2 + 6〉 = 〈1, 8〉

33. 〈-3, 4〉 + 〈5, -2〉 = 〈-3 + 5, 4 + (-2)〉 = 〈2, 2〉
〈1.5, 1.5〉 = √
1.5 2 + 1.5 2 = √
4.5 ≈ 2.1
34. 〈0, 1〉 + 〈7, 0〉 = 〈0 + 7, 1 + 0〉 = 〈7, 1〉
23. Step 1 Draw vector y
on a coord. plane. Use x 35. 〈8, 3〉 + 〈-2, -1〉 = 〈8 + (-2), 3 + (-1)〉 = 〈6, 2〉
   36. Yes; possible answer: if you use head-to-tail method
origin as initial pt.
Step 2 Find magnitude.  in both orders, you end up with a  and its diag.
Use Pyth. Thm.  Ͱ ͱ Resultant vector is the diag. See figures below.

〈2.5, -3.5〉 = √

2.5 2 + 3.5 2 = √
18.5 ≈ 4.3
uť
Ê Ê
ÊÊÊvť vťÊ uť
Ê
24. Step 1 Draw vector on a y

coord. plane. Use origin uť
Ê vťÊ Ê
ÊÊÊuť
as initial pt.  Ͱ ͱ vťÊ
Step 2 Find direction. x

m∠A = tan -1 ___ ( )

1.5 ≈ 21°     be a vert. line. Use Alt. Int  Thm.
37a. Let FG
4 m∠F = m∠GFH + m∠GFX
25. Step 1 Draw vector on a y = 45 + 53 = 98°

coord. plane. Use origin Ͱ ͱ b. HX 2 = 50 2 + 41 2 - 2(50)(41) cos 98°
as initial pt. 
≈ 4751.6097
Step 2 Find direction. x
HX ≈ 68.9 mi/h
m∠A = tan -1 ___ ( )
2.5 ≈ 36°   
3.5 c. _______
sin FHX ≈ ______
sin 98°
41 68.9
26. Step 1 Draw vector
m∠FHX ≈ sin -1 ________ ( )
y 41 sin 98° ≈ 36°
on a coord. plane. Use Ͱ ͱ
 68.9
origin as initial pt.
Step 2 Find direction.  d. direction ≈ 45 + 36 = 81° E of N, or N 81° E

m∠A = tan -1 __ ()
5 ≈ 68° x 38. 〈15 cos 42°, 15 sin 42°〉 ≈ 〈11.1, 10.0〉
2   
39. 〈7.2 cos 9°, 7.2 sin 9°〉 ≈ 〈7.1, 1.1〉

27. DE = LM 28. All 4 vectors are . 40. direction relative to x-axis = 90 - 57 = 33°
〈12.1 cos 33°, 12.1 sin 33°〉 ≈ 〈10.1, 6.6〉
29. RS = UV
41. direction relative to x-axis = 90 - 22 = 68°
30. RS  UV  AB and CD  XY 〈5.8 cos 68°, 5.8 sin 68°〉 ≈ 〈2.2, 5.4〉
42a. 10 sin 45° ≈ 7.1 lb b. 10 sin 75° ≈ 9.7 lb
c. Taneka; she applies more vert. force.

43a. Prob. of 1 on 1st draw is __

1 ; prob. of then drawing
4
2 is __
1 . So Prob. 〈1, 2〉 = __
( ) 1 · __
1 = ___
1.
3 4 3 12
b. Prob.(vector  to 〈1, 2〉)
= Prob.(〈1, 2〉 or 〈2, 4〉)
= ___
1 + ___
1 = __1
12 12 6

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 207 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
44a. b. Estimates should be b.  v = √
1 2 + 3 2 = √
10 ; 2 v = √
2 2 + 6 2 = 2 √
10
between 50° and 60°. 2 v is twice the magnitude of v.

c. direction of v = tan -1 __
()
3 = 72°
1
-1 __
6 = tan -1 __
direction of 2 v = tan
Directions are the same.
() 2 1 ()
3 = 72°

c. Answers should be close to 56°.

d. Multiply each component by k.
d. direction = tan -1 __
6 ≈ 56°
()
4 e. - v = (-1) v = (-1)〈x, y〉
e. Possible answer: Estimate is accurate only to = 〈(-1)x, (-1)y〉 = 〈-x, -y〉
within ≈ 5°; measurement is accurate to within 1 58. If u > v, resultant points due west, with magn. u - v.
or 2°; calculation is accurate to nearest degree. If v > u, resultant points due east, with magn. v - u.
45.  u = 4 = 4 46.  v = 3 = 3 If u = v, resultant is 〈0, 0〉.
direction of u = 0° direction of v = 90° 59. A line seg. has magnitude (or length), but no
direction. A ray is a part of a line that continues
47. w = √
2 2 + 3 2 = √
13 ≈ 3.6 indefinitely in one direction. Thus it has direction
-1 __
direction of w = tan 3 ≈ 56°
2 () and infinite magnitude. A vector has both direction
and magnitude.
48.  z = √
4 2 + 1 2 = √
17 ≈ 4.1 TEST PREP, PAGE 567
-1 __
direction of z = tan 1 ≈ 14°
4 () 60. C 61. G
w = (-2)〈2, 1〉 tan -1 __
()
9 ≈ 52°
49. Pass pattern vectors are 〈0, 10〉 and 〈10, 0〉. 7
Resultant vector is 〈0, 10〉 + 〈10, 0〉 = 〈10, 10〉.
62. C
Magn. of resultant is √
10 2 + 10 2 = 10 √
2; √
5 2 + 11 2 = √
146 ≈ 12
-1 ___
Direction of resultant is tan 10 = 45°.
10 ( ) 63. 8.2
Jason’s move is equivalent to resultant. AB
 = √
(-5 + 3) 2 + (-2 - 6) 2 = √
68 ≈ 8.2
50.–52. Possible answers given.
CHALLENGE AND EXTEND, PAGE 567
50. Think: Change sign of one component only.
64. 〈-2, 3〉 is in 2nd quadrant, so direction is between
〈3, 6〉 has same magn. but different direction.
90° and 180°.
direction = 180 + tan -1 ___ ( )
Think: Multiply both components by the same factor. 3 ≈ 124°
〈-6, 12〉 has same direction but different magn. -2
51. 〈-12, -5〉 has same magn. but different (opp.) 65. 〈-4, 0〉 lies along negative x-axis, so direction = 180°.
direction. 66. 〈-5, -3〉 is in 3rd quadrant, so direction is between
〈24, 10〉 has same direction but different magn. 180° and 270°.
-1 ___
52. 〈-8, 11〉 has same magn. but different (opp.)
direction.
direction = 180 + tan
-5 ( )
-3 ≈ 211°

〈4, -5.5〉 has same direction but different magn. 67. Let v = 〈x, y〉 be required velocity vector. Then
〈x, y〉 + 〈4, 0〉 = 〈10 cos 20°, 10 sin 20°〉
53. u + v = 〈1 + 2.5, 2 + (-1)〉 = 〈3.5, 1〉
x + 4 = 10 cos 20°
u + v = √
3.5 2 + 1 2 = √13.25
 ≈ 3.6 x = 10 cos 20° - 4 ≈ 5.40 mi/h
-1 ___
direction of u + v = tan 1 ≈ 16°
3.5 ( ) y = 10 sin 20° ≈ 3.42 mi/h
 v = √
5.402 + 3.422 ≈ 6.4 mi/h
54. u + v = 〈-2 + 4.8, 7 + (-3.1)〉 = 〈2.8, 3.9〉
bearing = tan ____ ( )
-1 3.42
≈ 32°, or N 58° E
u + v = √
2.8 2 + 3.9 2 = √
23.05 ≈ 4.8 5.40
-1 ___
direction of u + v = tan 3.9 ≈ 54°
2.8 ( ) 68. v = 〈x, y〉 = 〈3 cos 60°, 3 cos 60°〉 + 〈6, 0〉
+ 〈4 cos 40°, 4 sin 40°〉
55. u + v = 〈6 + (-2), 0 + 4〉 = 〈4, 4〉 x = 3 cos 60° + 6 + 4 cos 40° ≈ 10.56 km
u + v = √
4 2 + 4 2 = 4 √2
 ≈ 5.7 y = 3 sin 60° + 0 + 4 sin 40° ≈ 5.17 km
-1 __  v = √
10.56 2 + 5.172 ≈ 11.8 km
direction of u + v = tan 4 = 45°
() bearing = tan _____
4
56. u + v = 〈-1.2 + 5.2, 8 + (-2.1)〉 = 〈4, 5.9〉
(
-1 5.17
10.56 )
= 26°, or N 64° E

u + v = √

4 2 + 5.9 2 = √50.81
 ≈ 7.1
-1 ___
direction of u + v = tan 5.9
4
≈ 56° ( )
57a. v = 〈1, 3〉; 2 v = 〈2, 6〉

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 208 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
SPIRAL REVIEW, PAGE 567 READY TO GO ON? PAGE 569
 x - y = -5
1. By Alt. Int.  Thm., dist. = ______
y
69.   1600 ≈ 2372 ft.
 y = 3x + 1 tan 34°
 y=x+5
→ x 
y 

2. height = 6 tan 78° ≈ 28.2 m
 y = 3x + 1
 y 
x 
3. ____
sin A = _______
sin 118°
14 20
A = sin -1 _________
( )
x 14 sin 118° ≈ 38°
Lines intersect at (2, 7).
  20

 x - 2y = 0 y 4. ______
sin 41° = ______
sin 84°
70. 
y
x 
 7 GH
GH = _______
 2y + x = 8  7 sin 84° ≈ 10.6
 y = 0.5x sin 41°
→ x
 y = -0.5x + 4
  5. m∠X = 180 - (92 + 62) = 26°
x 
y 


______
sin 26° = ______
sin 92°
 8 XZ
Lines intersect at (4, 2). _______
8 sin 92° ≈ 18.2
XZ =
sin 26°
x+y=5 y 6. UV 2 = 12 2 + 9 2 - 2(12)(9) cos 35°
71.  
 3y + 15 = 2x ≈ 48.0632

x
y 

 y = -x + 5 UV ≈ 6.9
→
 y = __
2x - 5
 
x 7. 4 2 = 5 2 + 6 2 - 2(5)(6) cos F
3
y
 
x

16 = 61 - 60 cos F
Lines intersect at -45 = -60 cos F

(6, -1). m∠F = cos -1 ___
( )
45 ≈ 41°
60
2
72. NP = 3JL 73. Area = (3) (6) 2 2 2
8. QS = 10.5 + 6 - 2(10.5)(6) cos 39°
Perim. = 3(12) = 36 cm = 54 cm 2 ≈ 48.3296
74. BC 2 = 3.5 2 + 4 2 - 2(3.5)(4) cos 50° QS ≈ 7.0
≈ 10.2519
9. 〈3, 1〉 = √
32 + 12 
y
BC ≈ 3.2
= √
10 ≈ 3.2
75. ____
sin B ≈ ______
sin 50°  Ͱ ͱ
4 3.20 x

m∠B ≈ sin -1 _______


3.20(
4 sin 50° ≈ 73°
)  

76. m∠C ≈ 180 - (50 + 73) ≈ 57° 10. 〈-2, -4〉 = √
22 + 42 y
x
= √
20 
 
MULTI-STEP TEST PREP, PAGE 568 ≈ 4.5

1. By Alt. Int.  Thm., dist. = ______

1500 ≈ 6016 ft. 
Ͱ ͱ
tan 14°
11. 〈0, 5〉 = 5 = 5 y
2. By Alt. Int.  Thm., m∠S = 57° Ͱ ͱ
HA2 = 100 2 + 30 2 - 2(100)(30) cos 57° 
≈ 7632.1658 
HA ≈ 87 mi/h x

3. ____
sin H ≈ ______
sin 57°   
30 87.4
m∠H = sin -1 ________(
30 sin 57°
) 12. direction = tan -1 __
87.4
≈73° 1
2 () 
y

 is N 17° E.
So direction of HA ≈ 27° Ͱ ͱ
x
  


Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 209 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
13. direction = tan -1 __
3
() 
y 14. cos 33° = ____
XY 15. tan 47° = ___
1.4
5 Ͱ ͱ 12.3 JL
≈ 31°
 XY = 12.3 cos 33° ______
JL = 1.4
x ≈ 10.32 cm tan 47°
  
≈ 1.31 cm

LESSON 8-3, PAGE 573

14. direction = tan -1 __
4
() y
4 Ͱ ͱ 16. m∠C = 90 - 22 = 68°
= 45° 
AB = 5.2 cos 22° ≈ 4.82
 AC = 5.2 sin 22° ≈ 1.95
x
   17. m∠H = tan -1 ___ ( )
4.7 ≈ 53°
3.5
m∠G ≈ 90 - 53 ≈ 37°
15. Let 〈x, y〉 be resultant vector.
HG = √
3.5 2 + 4.7 2 ≈ 5.86
〈x, y〉 = 〈6 sin 32°, 6 cos 32°〉 + 〈8, 0〉
x = 6 sin 32° + 8 ≈ 11.18 km 18. m∠S = 90 - 50 = 40°
y = 6 cos 32° ≈ 5.09 km RS = ______
32.5 ≈ 42.43
 sin 50°
dist. = √11.1 8 2 + 5.09 2 ≈ 12.3 km
RT = ______
32.5 ≈ 27.27
direction = tan
-1
(_____
11.18 )
5.09 ≈ 24°, or N 66° E tan 50°

STUDY GUIDE: REVIEW, PAGES 572–575

19. m∠Q = tan
-1
(___
9.9 )
8.6 ≈ 41°

m∠N ≈ 90 - 41 ≈ 49°
VOCABULARY, PAGE 572 QN = √
9.9 2 + 8.6 2 ≈ 13.11
1. component form 2. equal vectors
3. geometric mean 4. angle of elevation
LESSON 8-4, PAGE 574
20. ∠ of depression 21. ∠ of elevation
5. trigonometric ratio
22. height = 5.1 tan 82° ≈ 36 ft
LESSON 8-1, PAGE 572
23. horiz. dist. = _____
32 ≈ 458 m
6. PRQ ∼ RSQ ∼ PSR tan 4°

7. x 2 = __ ()
1 (100) = 25 2
8. x = (3)(17) = 51 LESSON 8-5, PAGES 574–575
4
x = √
51
x = √
25 = 5 24. ____
sin Z = ______
sin 40° 25. ______
sin 23° = _______
sin 130°
4 7 16 MN
-1 _______
MN = _________
2 2
9. x = (5)(7) = 35
x = √
35
10. 6 = (x)(12)
36 = 12x
m∠Z = sin (
4 sin 40°
7 ) 16 sin 130°
sin 23°
2 x=3 ≈ 22° ≈ 31.4
y = 5(5 + 7) = 60
y = √
60 = 2 √
15 y 2 = (3)(3 + 12) = 45 2 2 2
26. EF = 14 + 12 + 2(14)(12) cos 101°
2 y = √
45 = 3 √5 ≈ 404.1118
z = 7(5 + 7) = 84
2 EF ≈ 20.1
84 = 2 √
z = √ 21 z = (12)(3 + 12) =
180 27. 10 2 = 6 2 + 12 2 - 2(6)(12) cos Q
z = √
180 = 6 √5 100 = 180 - 144 cos Q
2 -80 = -144 cos Q
11. ( √6
) = (1)(1 + x) 2
y = (1)(5) = 5
6=1+x 
y = √5 m∠Q = cos -1 ____ ( )
80 ≈ 56°
144
x=5
z 2 = (5)(1 + 5) = 30 LESSON 8-6, PAGE 575
z = √30  = 〈-2 - 5, 3 - 1〉 = 〈-7, 2〉
28. AB
 = 〈-1 - (-2), -2 - 4〉 = 〈1, -6〉
29. MN
LESSON 8-2, PAGE 573
 = 〈-2, -5〉
30. RS
12. sin 80° = ___
11 13. cos 29° = ___
PR
UV 7.2 31. 〈-5, -3〉 = √
52 + 32 y
UV = ______
11 PR = 7.2 cos 29°  ≈ 5.8
= √34

x
sin 80° ≈ 6.30 m 
≈ 11.17 m 
Ͱ ͱ 

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 210 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
32. 〈-2, 0〉 = 2 = 2 
y 8. AB = ______
9 9. FG = ______
6.1
cos 51° tan 34°
Ͱ ͱ x
≈ 14.30 cm ≈ 9.04 in.

10. m∠ = tan -1 ___

( )
3.5 ______
910
  
11. horiz. dist. =
 10 tan 61°
≈ 19° ≈ 504 ft
33. 〈4, -4〉 = √
42 + 42 y
x 12. ____
sin B = ______
sin 85° 13. ______
sin 35° = _______
sin 108°
 ≈ 5.7
= √32 4 9 11 RS
-1 _______
( ) RS = _________
   4 sin 85° 11 sin 108°

m∠B = sin
9 sin 35°
≈ 26° ≈ 18.2

Ͱ ͱ
14. 7 2 = 10 2 + 15 2 - 2(10)(15) cos M
34. direction = tan -1 __
5
() y Ͱ ͱ 49 = 325 - 300 cos M
4  -276 = -300 cos M
m∠M = cos -1 ____
= 51°
 ( )
276 ≈ 23°
300
x
   15. 〈1, 3〉 = √
12 + 32 
y
√
= 10 ≈ 3.2 Ͱ ͱ

__2
35. direction = tan -1
() 7 
y
  
x

= 16°  Ͱ ͱ
x
    16. 〈-4, 1〉 = √
42 + 12 
y
 ≈ 4.1
= √17
Ͱ ͱ 
36. plane’s vector = 〈600 cos 35°, 600 sin 35°〉 x
crosswind vector = 〈50, 0〉   
resultant vector = 〈600 cos 35° + 50, 600 sin 35°〉
≈ 〈541.49, 344.15〉
 17. 〈2, -3〉 = √
22 + 32 y
speed ≈ √541.49 2 + 344.15 2 ≈ 641.6 mi/h  ≈ 3.6

= √13
-1 ______ x
direction ≈ tan
541.49 ( )
344.15 ≈ 32°, or N 58° E
  

Ͱ ͱ
CHAPTER TEST, PAGE 576
18. direction = tan -1 __
5
() y Ͱ ͱ
1. 4 2 = (x)(8) y 2 = 8(2 + 8) = 80 3 
16 = 8x y = √80 = 4 √
5 = 59°
x=2 
2 x
z = 2(2 + 8) = 20   
z = √ 
20 = 2 √5
2. x 2 = (6)(12) = 72 y 2 = 12(6 + 12) = 216 19. direction = tan -1 __
1
() 
y
x = √72 = 6 √2 y = √216 = 6 √
6 4
= 14°  Ͱ ͱ
2
z = 6(6 + 12) = 108 x
z = √ 
108 = 6 √3   
2 2
30 ) = 10(10 + x)
3. (2 √ y = (2)(10) = 20
120 = 100 + 10x y = √
20 = 2 √5 20. boat’s vector = 〈3.5 cos 50°, 3.5 sin 50°〉
20 = 10x current’s vector = 〈2, 0〉
x=2 resultant vector = 〈3.5 cos 50° + 2, 3.5 sin 50°〉
≈ 〈4.25, 2.68〉
z 2 = 2(2 + 10) = 24

speed ≈ √4.25 + 2.68 2 ≈ 5.0 mi/h
2
z = √ 
24 = 2 √6
4. Let 30°-60°-90°  have 5. Let 45°-45°-90°  have direction ≈ tan
-1
(____
4.25 )
2.68 ≈ 32°, or N 58° E
, 2x.
sides x, x √3 sides s, s, s √
2.
cos 60° = ___
x = __
1 sin 45° = ____
s = ___
√
2
2x 2 s √
2 2

6. tan 60° = ____

x √
3 
= √3 7. PR = 4.5 sin 18°
x
≈ 1.39 m

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 211 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAM PRACTICE,
PAGE 577
1. A 2. D
-x + 4y = 12 cos F = ___
EF = ___
36 = ___
12
DF 39 13
4y = x + 12
y = __
1x + 3
4
tan P = slope = __
1
4
m∠P = tan -1 __ ()
1 ≈ 14°
4
3. C 4. D
______
sin 61° = _______
sin 100° swimmer’s vector = 〈0, 2〉
8 x current vector = 〈7, 0〉
x= ________
8 sin 100° resultant vector = 〈7, 2〉
sin 61°
≈ 9 cm speed = √
72 + 22
= √
53 ≈ 7.3 m/s
5. B
16 2 = 17 2 + 17 2 - 2(17)(17) cos A
256 = 578 - 578 cos A
-322 = -578 cos A
-1 ____
m∠A = cos
578 ( )
322 ≈ 56.1°

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 212 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.
 −−
3. Let P and Q be pts. on AD directly below B and C. CHAPTER 10, PAGES 740–741
Then
AP = PB = 310 ft, PQ = BC = 60 ft, and QD THE MELLON ARENA, PAGE 581
satisfies 1. The area is a circle with a diameter of 400 ft.
QD 2 + QC 2 = CD 2 area in square feet:
QD 2 + 310 2 = 314.8 2 A = πr 2 = π(200) 2 ≈ 126,000 ft 2
QD 2 = 2999.04 Area in acres:
QD = √
2999.04 ≈ 54.8 ft A = 126,000 ft 2 · ________
1 acre ≈ 3 acres
AD = AP + PQ + QD 43,560 ft 2
≈ 310 + 60 + 54.8 ≈ 425 ft __
= ___
40
4. XY = _ 1 (AD + BC) 2.
w 17
2 ___

= 40 w
≈_ 1 (424.8 + 60) ≈ 242 ft
17
2 P = 2
+ 2w
CHAPTER 8, PAGES 582–583 570 = 2 ___
( )
40 w + 2w
17
THE JOHN HANCOCK CENTER, PAGE 582 570(17) = 80w + 34w
9690 = 114w
1. By Alt. Int. Thm., height and horiz. dist. x are opp. w = 85 ft

= ___
and adj. sides for 10° ∠. 40 (85) = 200 ft
tan 10° = _____
1000 17
x The dimensions are 200 ft by 85 ft.
x= ______
1000 ≈ 5671 ft
tan 10° 3.
= w + 130
P = 2
+ 2w
2. tan 61° = _____
h
740 = 2(w + 130) + 2w
818.2
h = 818.2 tan 61° ≈ 1476 ft 740 = 2w + 260 + 2w
480 = 4w
3. tan 39° = ____________
(818.2 tan 61°) w = 120 ft
x
= (120) + 130 = 250 ft
x= ___________
818.2 tan 61° ≈ 1823 ft
The dimensions are 250 ft by 120 ft.
tan 39°
4. Step 1 Find the probability of sitting under the fixed
4. Shadow is longest when ∠ of elevation is smallest,
sections.
on Dec 15.
area under fixed sections:
tan 25° = ____________ A = _2 π(200) 2 = 10,000π ft 2
(818.2 tan 61°)
x 8
x = ___________
818.2 tan 61° ≈ 3165 ft total area: A = π(200) 2 = 40,000π ft 2
P = _______ = __
tan 25° 10,000π 1
40,000π 4
ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S BIRTHPLACE , Step 1 Find the probability of sitting under the open
PAGE 583 sky.
area under open sky:
1. perim. of dining room on plan ≈ 3.5 in. A = 40,000π - 10,000π = 30,000π ft 2
___________
3.5 ≈ ___
1
P = _______ = __
30,000π 3
actual length 16
actual length ≈ 16(3.5) ≈ 56 ft 40,000π 4

2. area of parlor and living room on plan ≈ 1 __

1 in. 2 THE U.S. MINT, PAGE 582
__________ 8
≈ ___ = ____
2
1.125
actual area
1
16 ( ) 1
256
1. Assume the quarters are stamped out in a
rectangular grid pattern, with each quarter
actual area ≈ 256(1.125) = 288 ft 2 occupying a 1-in. square. Then the number of
3.
= w + 4 and 2
+ 2w = 40 quarters that can be stamped out of each strip
2(w + 4) + 2w = 40 equals the area of the strip in square inches.
4w + 8 = 40 # quarters = A =
w
4w = 32 = (13 in.) 1500 ft · _____
( 12 in.
)
w =8 1ft

= 8 + 4 = 12 ≈ 234,000
plan dimensions are ___
12 = __
3 in. by ___
8 = __
1 in. 2(234,000) < 700,000 < 3(234,000)
16 4 16 2 So, for 700,000 quarters, 3 strips are needed.

2. V penny = πr 2h = π(9.525) 2(1.55) ≈ 442 mm 3

V copper
% (copper) = ______ · 100% ≈ ____ 11 · 100% ≈ 2.5%
V penny 442

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 336 Holt Geometry

All rights reserved.