Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.

23−30, January, 2023

Clean Energy Technologies Journal CLEAN ENERGY

Web page info: https://cetj.yildiz.edu.tr TECHNOLOGIES
DOI: 10.14744/cetj.2023.0004 JOURNAL

Research Article

A new line stability index for voltage stability analysis based on line
loading
Kadir DOĞANŞAHİN1* , Murat ÇIKAN2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Türkiye
1

2
Adana Organize Industrial Region of Vocational School Technical Sciences,Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye

ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history
Received: 16 January 2023 Voltage stability has always been a very important issue in the planning and operation of pow-
Revised: 29 March 2023 er systems, but today it is much more serious. Power systems are in a transition period. The
Accepted: 10 April 2023 conventional centralized configuration of the power system has been transforming into a de-
centralized and deregulated form. The electrification of different sectors is accelerating the
Keywords: increase in demand for electrical energy. Increasing energy demand, differentiating consump-
Line stability; Voltage stability tion profiles, and diversifying consumers have made power system operations more complex.
indices; VSI; Loadability All these transformations take place in the shadow of rising economic and environmental con-
cerns. Therefore, a general approach has been adopted to derive the greatest possible benefit
from existing systems, rather than constructing new facilities. As a result, it is aimed to operate
the systems close to limit values as much as possible.
The voltage stability of systems operating close to the limit values needs to be examined more
precisely. There are many voltage stability indices in the literature. However, most of them are
based on various ignorance or assumptions. In this study, a new index is proposed, which is
based on line loading and considering multiple line parameters. It has been observed that the
suggested index gives consistent results in all varying conditions and different loading types.

Cite this article as: Doğanşahin K, Çıkan M. A new line stability index for voltage stability
analysis based on line loading. Clean Energy Technol 2023;1(1):23−30.

INTRODUCTION
Highlights
Voltage stability is an essential issue in the planning and
operation of power systems. Voltage stability denotes “the • A new voltage stability index
• An approach by using quadratic equation of the two-bus net-
ability of the power system to maintain steady voltages all work model
buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance” • Voltage stability assesment based on line loadability
[1]. Loss of supply-demand balance, switching events,
generators exceeding reactive limits or loss of function of Voltage stability analyzes are performed on planning
on-load tap changer transformers are some of the distur- and operation of the power systems in order to minimize
bances that cause voltage instability in power systems. the risk of voltage instability. Two main approaches are

*Corresponding author.
*E-mail address: [email protected]

Published by Yıldız Technical University Press, İstanbul, Turkey

Copyright 2021, Yıldız Technical University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
24 Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023

generally adopted for voltage stability analysis. The first, another recent study, in addition to the components consid-
and also the most former, is on the examination of PV and ered in [5], a VSI has been proposed that takes into account
QV curves. This approach is a computationally demanding the phase difference between the line sending and receiving
option as it requires sequential power flow analyses. The voltages [6]. In a different study, in order to increase the
second approach is to make an estimation by using volt- sensitivity of the FVSI index, which is widely accepted in
age stability indices (VSIs). The analyzes by using indices the literature, it has been modified by including the active
are faster and require less computational effort. In today’s power component that has not been included in the origi-
power systems, even at the distribution level, it has become nal expression of the index [7].
possible to take instantaneous measurements from the sys- In this study, a new voltage stability index based on system
tem with phasor measurement units (PMUs), collect the loadability has been proposed. In the mathematical expres-
measurements in a center, process the collected data, and sion of the proposed voltage stability index, the components
send the control signals to the system. It is important that of the delivered power and the system impedance take place
all these operations need to be implemented promptly, with together with the line charging currents. In this aspect, the
the data, which are less, and accurate, as much as possible proposed index is differentiating from others with the num-
[2]. With these aspects, voltage stability indices are widely ber of parameters has been considered in its derivation. In
used especially in the operation of power systems. addition, the parameters of power lines may vary by being
In the literature, there are quite up-to-date and com- affected by environmental conditions [8]. The proposed
prehensive survey studies on voltage stability indices. In index is quite functional in terms of observing the effect of
the review study performed by Salama et al., the applica- the variation of the line parameters on voltage stability.
tion areas of VSIs and their use in various problems have In the second section of the study, the steps followed
been examined comprehensively [2]. In the paper, a sum- in the derivation of the proposed voltage stability index
mary table is presented with information about the equa- have been given. In order to test the performance of the
tions, critical values, assumptions on which they are based, proposed VSI, various case studies have been performed on
and pros and cons of the 48 VSIs. In the study by Modaressi the 118 bus IEEE test system. In the third part the result
et al., the assumptions, equations and critical values of the obtained from analyzes have been shared comparatively
indices based on the derivation of the VSIs have been exam- with the results for different VSIs and the finding have been
ined in detail [3]. In another study, the performances of the discussed. In the last part of the study, a brief information
VSIs proposed in the last three decades have been tested on about the study and remarkable findings are given.
two different test system with different case studies and the
results have been compared [4]. When the above-mentioned
studies are examined, it is seen that most of the studies in the PROPOSED VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX
literature aim to obtain VSIs in the form of simple expres- In the derivation of the proposed voltage stability index,
sions that can give approximate estimates about the state of the single line diagram given in Figure 1 is taken as the basis.
the system. There are 48 different VSIs in the table compiled where Sr, is the receiving end apparent power. Pr and
from the studies examined within the scope of Reference Qr are the active and reactive power components of this
[2]. In half of these 48 VSIs power components have not value. Vs and Vr represent the amplitudes of the sending
been taken into account. On the other hand, line charging and receiving end voltages, respectively. δs and δr are for the
current, which is an important support for voltage stability, phase angles of these voltages. δ indicates the angular dif-
has not been ignored in the derivation of only 8 VSIs. ference between the voltages (δ = δs – δr). R and X are for the
The transition process in power systems, increas- resistance and reactance values of the line, Z and θ express
ing electrical energy supply, participation of new types of the amplitude and the angle of the line impedance.
consumers into the system, and diversifying consumption
profiles have made the operation of power systems more
complicated. On the other hand, obtaining the highest
possible benefit from the systems is essential due to the
increasing economic and environmental sensitivities in the
market. Therefore, power systems are operated near critical
points more than ever before. This has made power systems
more susceptible to disturbances and has forced operators
to be more precise in planning and calculations regarding
the operation of the system. The effect of this issue is also
felt in the literature that the number of studies performed
in recent years to obtain VSIs based on less negligence and
assumptions has been increasing. Mokred et al. has pro-
posed a VSI in which the components of the power deliv-
ered and the impedance of the system are included [5]. In Figure 1. Considered model of a transmission line.
Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023 25

The proposed voltage stability index has been obtained

using the quadratic equation given by Equation 1. The (12)
expressions for the ABCD variables in the equation are
given in Equation 2 – 5. To simplify the equation, the angles of the parameters
C and D can be assumed as 90 and 0 degrees, respectively.
(1) Thus the equation for the proposed voltage stability index
has been obtained as given in Equation 13.

(13)
(2)

where C and D are the line constants. The sending end

voltage, on the other hand, can vary in a small range. The
(3) index value being less than or equal to one means that there
is an acceptable set of solutions for the end-of-line voltage.
Otherwise, it indicates voltage instability in the system. On
(4) the other hand, apparent powers of receiving and sending
ends constitute a proportional relationship in the mathe-
matical expression, as (Sr/Ss). This ratio is always less than
one in real systems. Besides, since the sending end apparent
(5) power is located in the denominator with its second power,
it has a dominant effect on the index value. Obviously, as
The current injected into the system from the sending the sending end apparent power increases, the index value
end can be expressed with the voltage and current at the will approach zero. In this case, we can say that the value of
receiving end by Equaiton 6. the proposed index approaches zero at the maximum load
point.
(6) The line admittance is included as a coefficient in the
variable C in the numerator of the proposed index. In cases
The expressions for the currents in terms of apparent where the admittance value is neglected and taken as zero,
power and voltage variables are given by Equation 7-8. the suggested index will be directly equal to zero. In these
conditions, the index loss its function. Most of the VSIs
(7) in the literature have several similar drawbacks. However,
with the line admittance value included in the index, an
expression with high voltage sensitivity has been obtained.
In this study, different cases have been studied to test the
(8) performance of the proposed index. The performance of
the proposed index have been compared with that of differ-
where γ and α are the angles of the C and D variables, ent VSIs in the next section.
which is given in Equation 4 and Equation 5. The angular
phase difference between voltage and current, also known
as the power angle, is denoted by φ. Equation 9 is obtained CASE STUDIES
when the active parts of the expressions on both sides of the In order to test the performance of the proposed volt-
Equation 8 are equalized. age stability index IEEE 118-bus test system [9] have been
used. The obtained results have been compared with the
(9) results of 5 different indices: Lmn (Line Stability Index) [10],
FVSI (Fast Voltage Stability Index) [11], LQP (Line Quality
Proximity Index) [12], LCPI (Line Collapse Proximity
(10) Index) [13] and LVSI (Line Voltage Stability Indicator)
[14]. Calculated values for the chosen VSIs over the results
A quadratic equation has been optained in the Equation from the power flow analysis for the base case of the test
10. In order to have a solution for the system, the discrim- system have been given in Table 1.
inant of this expression must be greater than or equal to In the case analysis based on the base values of the test
zero. (Equation 11-12). system, the lowest value for the proposed index has been
obtained for the line between the 26 and 30 buses. The
(11) lowest value obtained for LVSI, derived by using ABCD
26 Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023

Table 1. Indices for base case loading of IEEE 118 bus test system

Branches Voltages Lmn FVSI LQP LCPI LVSI Prop. Index

from - to x<1 x<1 x<1 x<1 1<x<2 x<1
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
11 – 12 V11 = 0.985 0.0307 0.0310 0.0286 -0.0200 1.9520 -0.0260
V12 = 0.990
26 – 30 V26 = 1.015 0.1345 0.1232 0.1845 0.1897 0.6425 -0.0011
V30 = 0.985
34 – 37 V34 = 0.984 0.0181 0.0182 0.0173 0.0268 1.9303 -0.0115
V37 = 0.991
39 – 40 V39 = 0.970 0.0214 0.0218 0,0211 0.0010 1.8836 -0.1015
V40 = 0.970
41 – 42 V51 = 0.967 0.0475 0.0473 0.0470 0.0797 1.7983 -0.2269
V58 = 0.985
55 – 56 V55 = 0.952 0.0041 0.0043 0.0039 0.0085 1.9759 -0.0157
V56 = 0.954
56 – 57 V55 = 0.954 0.0402 0.0420 0.0396 0.0708 1.8564 -0.0880
V56 = 0.971
62 – 67 V62 = 0.998 0.0702 0.0680 0.0773 0.0889 1.7609 -0.0439
V67 = 1.020
38 – 65 V38 = 0.961 0.2443 0.2269 0.3548 0.2844 0.6381 -0.0899
V65 = 1.005
68 – 81 V68 = 1.003 0.0038 0.0038 0.0045 0.0068 1.8132 -0.2705
V81 = 0.997
69 – 70 V69 = 1.035 0.0784 0.0700 0.1272 0.1855 1.2382 0
V70 = 0.984
86 – 87 V86 = 0.987 0.1258 0.1238 0.1280 0.1253 1.8818 0.1152
V87 = 1.015
96 – 97 V96 = 0.992 0.0731 0.0725 0.0702 0.0772 1.8994 -0.0295
V97 = 1.011
108 – 109 V108 = 0.966 0.0141 0.0145 0.0130 -0.0031 1.9593 -0.0272
V109 = 0.970
12 - 117 V12 = 0.990 0.0484 0.0482 0.0490 0.0724 1.7659 -0.2100
V117 = 0.974

parameters of the transmission line as similar to the pro- The value of the proposed index for the line between
posed index, belongs to the line determined by the pro- 69 - 70 buses is 0. This is because the admittance value
posed index. For the other voltage stability indices, Lmn, of this line is 0. The reason for having some results with
FVSI, LQP and LCPI, the line between the 38 - 65 buses, negative sign is because of opposite signs of the trigono-
has been determined as the one that is closest to instabil- metric expressions in the nominator part of the equation.
In Table 2, the results obtained from the voltage stability
ity. The difference between the proposed index and these
indices for the heavy active loading case have been shared.
indices may be explained by the fact that the admittance
The load of the selected bus is increased until the power
of the line is neglected in the calculations. Only in the flow algorithm cannot converge. The values of indices for
LVSI, the admittance of the line is taken into consider- the highest loading factor and the address of the critical
ation. Therefore, the consistency between the proposed lines have been shared in Table 3. The proposed index has
index and the LVSI has been examined more closely in the yielded very successful results for heavy active loading
following case studies. case. While all of the other indices have been out of the
Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023 27

Table 2. Indices for heavy active loading of IEEE 118 bus test system

Bus No Active Lmn FVSI LQP LCPI LVSI Prop. Index

Loading x<1 x<1 x<1 x<1 1<x<2 x<1
k × Pbase [10] [15] [12] [13] [14] |x| → 0
4 27.45 >>1 2.2206 3.7636 0.4010 1.0026 0.0001
Cr.. Line 38 – 65 24 – 70 24 – 70 45 – 49 14 – 15 4–5
13 16.14 1.1848 0.0036 1.2330 0.0068 1.0375 0.0002
Cr.. Line 49 – 69 49 – 69 24 – 70 11 – 13 85 – 89 85 – 88
14 48.44 2.7961 1.0471 2.8346 0.7785 1.0368 0.0022
Cr.. Line 38 – 65 49 – 69 38 – 65 12 – 14 69 – 75 88 - 89
15 12.38 >>1 1.9485 >>1 0.3837 1.0411 0.0030
Cr.. Line 38 – 65 24 – 70 24 – 70 26 – 30 85 – 89 88 – 89
16 25.24 2.1659 0.8390 2.1340 0.7609 1.0069 0.0035
Cr.. Line 16 – 17 49 – 69 38 – 65 12 – 16 65 - 68 85 – 88
20 22.18 0.6623 0.4701 0.8939 0.6861 1.0022 0.0005
Cr.. Line 49 – 69 49 – 69 19 – 20 19 – 20 49 – 69 92 – 102
21 21.7 0.4884 0.4179 0.7624 0.6476 1.0345 ~0.0001
Cr.. Line 19 – 20 19 – 20 22 – 23 22 – 23 85 – 89 84 – 85
27 14.52 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.4112 1.0304 0.0001
Cr.. Line 24 – 70 24 – 70 24 – 70 8 – 30 33 -37 114 – 115
50 36.75 0.0421 0.0148 0.0288 0.7397 1.0287 ~0.0001
Cr.. Line 49 – 69 49 – 69 49 – 69 49 – 50 55 – 59 85 – 88
70 20.23 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.2735 1.0188 0.0059
Cr.. Line 69 – 70 69 – 70 69 – 70 49 – 54 85 – 89 88 - 89
109 82.84 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.8796 1.0023 0.0007
Cr.. Line 98 – 100 98 – 100 98 – 100 109 – 110 75 – 77 105 – 108
110 18.12 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.4524 1.0531 0.0007
Cr.. Line 103 – 110 98 – 100 103 – 110 92 – 94 89 – 92 105 - 108
112 8.75 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.3921 1.0448 0.0006
Cr.. Line 103 – 110 103 – 110 103 – 110 92 – 94 92 – 94 105 – 108
114 112.88 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.4605 1.0194 0.0001
Cr.. Line 24 – 70 24 – 70 24 – 70 27 – 115 44 – 45 32 - 114
115 41.3 >>1 >>1 >>1 0.4749 1.0339 0.0001
Cr.. Line 24 – 70 24 – 70 24 – 70 27 – 115 33 – 37 27 - 115

limit values at the highest active loading factor, the pro- until the power flow algorithm cannot converge. The sys-
posed index has achieved to remain below the value of 1. tem has been loaded till 1.81 times base loading. According
The critical line shared in the table for the LVSI index is to the result obtained from the proposed index, the line
the line with the smallest value in the defined range for the between the 4 and 5 buses is the most critical line in the
LVSI index (2>LVSI>1). However, the LVSI index have the system at maximum MVA loading. In Table 3, the results of
values out of this range. When the results are examined, the indices for the line between the 4 and 5 buses in the case
it is seen that the critical lines indicated by the proposed of MVA loading are given.
index are the lines loaded more than the lines indicated by In order to have a better understanding on the behavior
the other indices. of the proposed VSI, the response of the index against the
In the following case, the MVA loads of all buses in IEEE variation of active loading of receiving end bus has been
118 bus test system have been increased simultaneously examined. The LVSI index has been also subjected to the
28 Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023

Table 3. indices for MVA loading of IEEE 118 bus test system

Loading factor Prop. Index Lmn FVSI LQP LCPI LVSI

x<1 x<1 x<1 x<1 x<1 1<x<2
|x| → 0 [10] [15] [12] [13] [14]
1.81 0.0013 0.0034 0.0033 0.0039 0.0150 1.0192
Critical Line for indices 4-5 69 – 77 114 – 115 114 – 115 45 – 46 8 – 30

same examination. At first bus 117 has been selected for the In the Figure 2, the proposed index has been approached
examination. It is at the end of a radial line and only sup- from the negative side towards zero. At the initial step, LVSI
plied from Bus 12. The active power of the bus at the receiv- have given a value around its upper limit of two. By each
ing end has been increased step by step till the 13 times of step it has approached its lower limit value of one. It has
the base loading and the results have been plotted for each reached the value of one at eight times the base loading and
step in Figure 2.
then continued its decline.
The line between the buses 12 - 117 have been an exam-
ple of a radial system. In order to make the same exam-
ination for a line in network structure, bus - 50 has been
selected. Bus - 50 is located in a ring within the network
structure of 118 bus test system and it is connected to buses
of 49 and 57. The active power of the Bus - 50 has been
increased step by step until the power flow analysis could
not converge. The obtained results have been presented in
Figures 3 and 4.
As can be seen, the proposed index moved away from 0
for a while, and then it tended to zero again. Likewise, the
LVSI also progressed towards 2 for a while and then turned
back to 1. The reason for this behavior is the change of
power flow direction. In the base loading, the power flows
from Bus - 50 to Bus - 57 until the moment of loading fac-
tor reached 10, the power flow is against that direction for
Figure 2. Variation of Proposed Index and LVSI against ac- greater loading factors. In the face of this change, the pro-
tive power loading of Bus – 117. posed index gave very consistent results.

Figure 3. LVSI and Proposed index variation for Branch 49 – 50 for loading Bus-50.
Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023 29

Figure 4. LVSI and Proposed index variation for Branch 50 – 57 for loading Bus-50.

CONCLUSION CONFLICT OF INTEREST

In the study, a new voltage stability index, which is The author declared no potential conflicts of interest
obtained by using the quadratic equation of the two-bus with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication
network model, is proposed. This index has the advantage of this article.
that it takes into account the line admittance, which has a
significant effect on voltage stability. On the other hand, it ETHICS
also considers the active and reactive power balance in the
system, as it includes the apparent power of the sending There are no ethical issues with the publication of this
end and receiving end in the calculation. As with all volt- manuscript.
age stability indices in the literature, the proposed index has
various negative aspects. These are that if the line admit- REFERENCES
tance is zero, the index directly gives the value of zero, and
[1] Kundur P, Paserba J, Ajjarapu V, Andersson G, Bose
the trigonometric expressions included in the mathemat-
A, Canizares C, et al. Definition and classification of
ical expression of the index drag the index to undefined
power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force
at some points. The case studies proved that it would be
on stability terms and definitions. IEEE Trans Power
a more accurate approach to consider more than one volt-
Syst 2004;19:1387−1401. [CrossRef]
age stability indices instead of a single index in the voltage
[2] Salama HS, Vokony I. Voltage stability indices-A
stability analysis of systems. Among the voltage stability
comparison and a review. Comput Electr Eng
indices considered within the scope of the study, only LVSI 2022;98:107743. [CrossRef]
was able to show this compatibility with the proposed volt- [3] Modarresi J, Gholipour E, Khodabakhshian A. A
age stability index. As the future study, the proposed index comprehensive review of the voltage stability indices.
may be used within algorithms in optimization studies such Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;63:1−12. [CrossRef]
as DG sizing and placement studies. It may contribute to [4] Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Danish SMS, Sabory NR,
obtaining more consistent and descriptive results. Mandal P. A recap of voltage stability ındices in the
past three decades. Energies 2019;12:1544. [CrossRef]
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTIONS [5] Mokred S, Wang Y, Chen T. Modern voltage stability
index for prediction of voltage collapse and estima-
Authors equally contributed to this work. tion of maximum load-ability for weak buses and
critical lines identification. Int J Electr Power Energy
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Syst 2023;145:108596. [CrossRef]
[6] Ismail B, Wahab NIA, Othman ML, Radzi MAM,
The authors confirm that the data that supports the Vijayakumar KN, Rahmat MK, et al. New Line volt-
findings of this study are available within the article. Raw age stability ındex (BVSI) for voltage stability assess-
data that support the finding of this study are available from ment in power system: the comparative studies.
the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. IEEE Access 2022;10:103906−103931. [CrossRef]
30 Clean Energy Technol J,, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23−30, January, 2023

[7] Mokred S, Wang Y, Chen T. A novel collapse predic- [12] Mohammed A, Jasmon GB, Yusof S. A static voltage
tion index for voltage stability analysis and contin- collapse ındicator using line stability factors. J Ind
gency ranking in power systems. Prot Control Mod Technol 1989;7:73−85.
Power Syst 2023;18:7. [CrossRef] [13] Tiwari R, Niazi KR, Gupta V. Line collapse prox-
[8] Ay S. Enerji İletim Sistemleri. 1st ed. Istanbul: Birsen imity index for prediction of voltage collapse in
Yayınevi; 2018. [Turkish] power systems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
[9] Power Systems Test Case Archive. Available at https://
2012;41:105−111. [CrossRef
labs.ece.uw.edu/pstca/ Accessed on May 2, 2023.
[14] Ratra S, Tiwari R, Niazi KR. Voltage stability
[10] Moghavvemi M, Omar FM. Technique for contingency
assessment in power systems using line voltage sta-
monitoring and voltage collapse prediction. IEE Proc
Gener Transm Distrib 1998;145:634−640. [CrossRef] bility index. Comput Electr Eng 2018;70:199−211.
[11] Musirin I, Abdul Rahman TK. Novel fast voltage [CrossRef]

stability index (FVSI) for voltage stability analysis [15] Mohd Ali NZ, Musirin I, Mohamad H. Fast voltage
in power transmission system. Student Conference stability index (FVSI) based technique for conges-
on Research and Development; 2002 Jul 16-17; Shah tion management assessment. Appl Mech Mater
Alam, Malaysia: IEEE; 2002. pp. 265−268. 2015;793:49−53. [CrossRef]