EE8016–ENERGYMANAGEMENTANDAUTI

TING
UNIT3
Ener
gymanagementf
orl
ight
ingsy
stems

1)Ex
plai
nal
lthepossi
bleener
gyconser
vat
ionmeasur
espossi
blei
nli
ght
ning
sy
stem.

Conceptofl
i
ght
ingsy
stems

I
nt hesucceedi
ngsubcl
auses,themajorel
ementsofthel i
ghti
ngsyst
em wi
llbeanaly
z ed.Formor
e
det
ail
edinf
ormati
ont
hereadershoul
dconsul
ttheappr
opr
iat
erefer
encei
nthebi
bli
ogr
aphy(7.14)
.

Al i
ght i
ngs y
stem isthatpor t
ionoft hebr anch-ci
rcuitwir
ingsyst
em thatsuppli
esthel ampsorbal l
asts
togetherwi ththeas soci
at edc ontr
olss uchass wi
t chesanddimmers.Thes yst
em alsoi ncl
udestheli
ght
source(s), l
uminaire,shi
elding,andopt i
c alcontr
olmedi a,theent
ir
espac etobelight
ed, andthenatureof
theillumi nati
onr equi
red.Theef f
ectiv
enes soft heent ir
es yst
em i
sex pr
essedi nf i
guresofmer it
.A
generalizeddiagram ofthiss ystem andt heas sociatedfi
guresofmer
itaregiveninfigure7-1.Speci
ali
zed
l
ighti
ngt er msusedi nthi
sc hapterarebriefl
ydesc r
ibedin7.2

Thehumaney eisnotequallysens i
ti
vetoal lwavelengthsinthevisi
blespectr
um.Col or
sinthegreenand
yel
low r egion wil
lproduc eas ensati
on ofbr i
ght nessint he eye wi
thl essradiantpowerthan will
wav el
engt hsinthebl ueandr edr egi
onoft hes pec t
rum.Lighti
ngunisorphot
t ometri
cunit
stak ethi
s
sens i
ti
vit
yr esponseintoac countint hei
rdef i
nit
ions .Photometr
icquantit
iestheref
oreapplytohuman
vi
sual responseratherthanthestri
ctl
yradianteff
ec tsofenergy.

Thet
askandt
hewor
kingspace

Taski
ll
umi
nat
ion

Usual
lyav i
sualtaskisconsi
deredthegiveni
nal i
ghtings ystem andthedesignprocessst
artsfrom there.
However,opti
mi zi
ngenergyforli
ghti
ngrequi
resthatc onsiderat
ionbegivent ot
hepos si
bil
it
yofc hanging
andimprovi
ngt hevisual
taskcharact
eri
sti
cssothatthel i
ghtingrequi
rementsofthetaskarelessstr
ingent.

Visi
onrequi
ressuff
ici
entli
ght(br
ightness)andsi
zefortheeyetoresol
veanimage,s uf
fi
cientt
imet
o
recogni
zeanimage,
andc ont
rastt
os epar
atethebr
ight
nessofanobj
ectfr
om i
tsbackgr
ound.

Ac enturyofresearchinformat i
onhasresul
tedintablesofr ecommendedi l
luminati
onv al
uesfordiff
erent
vi
sualt asks,scaled tor eflectthe accuracy wi
th whi cht he t
askc an be per for
med.I mprov ed
i
nstrument at
ionandunder st
andingofthev i
sualperf
or manc eprocessareresul
ti
ngi nbettermethodsof
det
er mining opt
imum t aski l
luminat
ion.Meas ur
ess uch ast askdiff
icul
tyand c ri
ti
cal
nes sar
e bei ng
combi nedwi t
hc haract
erist
icsofthehumans eei
ngmec hanism,incl
udi
ngs uchv ar
iabl
esasageandey e
def
ec ts.

Mos tl
ighti
ngrecommendationsaregivenfori
lluminati
ononthet askandpresumet hatther
eisli
tt
leneed
t
oi l
l
umi natet
heenti
respacet ot
het ask-
il
l
umi nati
onrequir
ements .Recentst
udi
esinvolvi
ngworks t
ati
ons
r
atherthangenerall
ight
inghaves hownthatunderc ert
aincondit
ionstheenergyrequir
ementsforli
ghti
ng
spacesc anbesubst
anti
all
yreducedwithoutsac r
if
ici
ngtaskvi
sibi
lity
.

1
 Fi
gur
e7-
1—Tot
all
ight
ingsy
stem

2
Gener
all
y,i
mpr
ovingther
eflect
ancecharact
eri
sti
csoft
hetaskandt
hequal
i
tyort
hequant
it
yofi
ts
i
ll
uminat
ionwi
l
limprovecontr
ast.Thecont
rasti
sdefi
nedasfol
lows:

Contrastimprovementmaynotbes i
mpl ewhereotherthanmat teobject
sandbac kgr
oundsar ei
nv ol
ved.
Evenwithmat t
esur
faces,
c ont
rastmaybes ubt
lyreducedbyaphenomenonk nownasv eil
ingref
lecti
ons,
ac ondi
tionwher econt
rastislostbecaus eoftherefl
ec t
ionofthelightsour
cei nport
ionsofthet ask.
Contrastlossesmaybelargeevenonor dinar
ytaskssuc hasreadingpri
ntedwordsonpaper .

Design and ev al
uation techniquesar eav ai
lablet hatcan impr ovet askcontrastbyr educi
ng v ei
l
ing
refl
ecti
ons .Atpresent,calculat
iontechniquesinvolvethedet ermi nat
ionofequivalentspher eil
l
umi nat
ion
(ESI).I
ll
umi nat
ion(foot
candl es)isref
erencedt oak nownt aski l
l
umi natedbyal i
ghts ourcec onsi
sti
ngofa
perfectl
ydiffusi
nghemi spher eplacedoverthet ask.ESIcalculationsarerefer
encedt os phereil
l
umi nat
ion
toc ompar ewhet heragi v
enl ight
ings yst
em i swor seorbet terthans phereil
lumi nati
oni nproducing
contrast.

Ef
fi
cientl
ight
ingdesi
gn

Sincet
heroom actsaspartoftheli
ghti
ngs yst
em, carefulat
tent
ions houldbepaidtohowl ightisdir
ected
fr
om theli
ght
ingequi pmenttothet askareas.Thec ont
rol
li
ngf actorsinthisprocessaret hes i
zeand
shapeofthes pace,theref
lect
ancesoft hes ur
faces ,andthec harac t
eri
sti
csoft heroom f urni
shi
ngs.
Li
ghtmaybet rapped,absor
bed,refl
ected,ormodifiedbyanys ur f
ac ewithi
nthes pace.Subs t
anti
alli
ght
mayalsobeall
owedt oenterorescapebymeansofent r
ancesandwi ndows.

Whilethe mostenergy-ef
fi
ci
entroom mayr esultfrom the us e ofhighl
yr efl
ect
ing surfaces and
fur
nishi
ngs,suchas pace may be psy
chol
ogical
ly and aesthet
ical
l
y object
ionabl
e.Tr ade-off
s are
necessar
y.Ty
pical
recommendati
onsforroom sur
facerefl
ectancesareshownintable7-1.

Tabl
e7-
1—Recommendedsur
facer
efl
ect
ancesf
orof
fi
ces
Sur
face Ref
lect
anceequi
val
ent
r
ange
Cei
l
ingf
ini
shes 80–90%

Wal
l
s 40–60%

Fur
nit
ure 25–45%

Offi
cemachi
nesand 25–45%
equi
pment
Fl
oor
s 20–40%

I
tisal soimpor tanttoconsiderthelumi nanceofthesurf
acess urr
oundingthev i
sualtasktoav oi
dgreat
changes inc ontrast
,whi chc an caus e ey
ef ati
gue and discomfort.Keeping wit
hinr ecommended
l
umi nancer at
iosi spart
icul
arl
yi mportantwherelocal
i
zedort askli
ghtingisuseds i
ncelightedareasare
morec oncentratedandgener alroom i l
l
uminat
ionmaybes ubstanti
all
ybelow tasklevels.Table7-2
summar i
zesrec ommendedr ati
ost hatmaybeus efuli
nov er
allpl
anning.

3
 Tabl
e7-
2—Recommendedl
umi
nancer
ati
os
Toachi
eveacomfor
tabl
ebalancei
ntheof
fi
ce,i
tmaybedesir
abl
eandpr
ac t
ical
toli
mit
l
uminancer
ati
osbet
weenareasofappr
eci
abl
es i
zef
rom nor
malvi
ewpoi
ntsasfoll
ows:

1to1/ 3betweent
askandadj
acentsurr
oundings
1to1/ 5betweent
askandmoreremotedarker
surf
ac es1to5betweent
askandmor eremote
l
ightersur
faces

Theser
ati
osar
erecommendedasmaxi
mums;
reduct
ionsar
egener
all
ybenef
ici
al.

2.Ex
plai
nthev
ari
ousl
i
ght
ningdesi
gncal
cul
ati
on.
Li
ght
ingdesi
gncal
cul
ati
ons

I
ngeneral
,thezonalcavi
tymet hodofperformingli
ghti
ngcal
c ulati
onshasgainedrapi
dac cept
anceasthe
pr
efer
redwaytoc al
culat
enumberandpl acementofluminar
iesr equi
redtosati
sfyas peci
fi
edil
lumi
nance
l
evelr
equi
rement.Howev er
,thereisst
il
lcons i
derabl
emeriti
nt hepoint-
by-
pointmethod.

Zonalcav
itymet
hod

Thebasi
clumenmet
hodi
sbasedont
hedef
ini
ti
on:

I
nordertotakei
ntoconsi
derat
ionsuchfact
orsasdi
rtonthel
umi
nai
re,gener
aldepr
eci
ati
oni
nlumen
out
putoft
helamp,et
c.,
theabovefor
mulaismodi
fi
edasfol
l
ows:

Inthedeter
minati
onofCU,thecavi
tyrat
iooftheroom iseminentl
yinv
olved. Roomsar eusuall
ycl
assi
fi
ed
accordi
ngtos hapeby10r oom cavi
tynumbers .Tabl
espreparedbyl uminairemanuf act
urer
snormally
provi
dethedes i
gnerswi
theasys el
ecti
onofpr operCUstobeus ed.Lightlossf act
or(LLF)isafactor
usedincalcul
ati
ngil
l
uminanceaft
eragivenperi
odoft i
meandundergi venc ondit
ions.

*
REFERSUPPLI
MENTMATERI
AL

Poi
nt-
by-
poi
ntmet
hod

I
nt hismet hod, i
nformat ionfrom l
uminair
ec andlepowerdist
ributionc ur
v esisappliedtot hemat hematical
relationship.Thet otalc ontr
ibut
ionforallluminai
restotheil
lumi nationlevelonthet askplaneiss ummed
from t hedi r
ec til
l
umi nat i
onc omponentandt heref
lect
edill
umi nationc omponent .Calc ul
ati
ondet ail
sare
quit etimec ons uming.Comput erprogramsf orsuchcomput ationsar enowav ai
lable.Thedes ignerneeds
onlyt os upplyt hedet ail
soft her oom,t hegeomet ryoft hel i
ght i
ng instal
lati
on,t her oom s urf
ace
reflec t
ances ,andt hec andlepowerdataf ortheluminair
e.Apr intoutoff ootcandlesatt hedes ir
edpoi nt
s
canbeobt ai
ned.

4
5
6
7
3.Expl
ainl
ightsour
cesandt
hei
rchar
act
eri
sti
cs.
Li
ghtsour
ces

Li
ghtsour
ceef
fi
cacy

Tabl
e7- 3s howst heapproximateall
ocati
onofenergyusei nv ar
iousli
ghtsour
ces.Alightsour
cec anbe
character
izedbyl ightout
put,l
if
e,maintenanceofli
ghtoutput,color
,et
c.Amor eusefulmeasureislamp
l
uminouse ff
icacy,whichistheamountofv i
sibl
eli
ghtemi t
tedbyt helampperwat tofinputpower .As
tabl
e7- 4indicates,thei
ncandescentl
amphast hel
owestef fi
cacyatbetween10–20l m/W,andmer cur
y
i
sappr oxi
mat elydoublethatatabout50lm/W. Lampeff
icaciesmayi mprov
easnewl ampsar edeveloped.

8
 Tabl
e7-
3—Lampener
gydat
a(nomi
naldat
ain%)i
nit
ialr
ati
ngs
Radi
atedener
gy Conducted
Lampt
ype and Bal
l
ast
Li
ght I
nfr
ared UV convect
ed

I
ncandescent(
100W) 10 72 — 18 —
Fl
uor
escent(
40W) 20 33 — 30 17
Fl
uorescent(
40W ex
c l
udi
ng 24 40 — 36 —
bal
last
)
Mer
cur
y(400W del
uxewhi
te) 15 47 2 27 9
Met
alhal
i
de(
400W cl
ear
) 21 32 3 31 13
Hi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um (
400W) 30 35 0 20 15
Low-
pressur
esodi
um (
180W) 29 4 0 49 18

Whilel ampef f
icacyisgoodindicat
orofthelamp'sabil
it
ytoc onvertelect
ri
cenergyi ntovi
sibl
ee ner
gy,i
t
doesnoti ncludethelossesthattakeplaceintheluminai
reandt heroom ast heli
ghti sdir
ectedtoward
thet askar ea.At r
uemeas ureofs ystem ef
fi
cacys houl
dinc l
udet heut i
l
izat
ionc haract
eri
sti
csoft he
fi
xture, t
her oom, andtheeffectofdir
taccumulati
on.Theselossf actorsmaybel i
ght -
sourcedependent
;
therefore,usingthemos tef
fici
entlampmaynotal waysresul
tinthemos teff
ici
entl
ightingsyst
em.

Li
ghtsour
cechar
act
eri
sti
cs

Theli
ghts ourceshal
lmatc ht
heenv i
ronmentalconstrai
nts.Forex ample,f
luor
escentl ampsaregeneral
l
y
themos teffi
ci
entforaninter
iorgener all
ight
ingsystem wher ethelargeli
ghtedar eaofthelampc anbe
eff
ectiv
el yuti
li
zedtodist
ribut
elight.Athighmount i
nghei ghtsorwher etheli
ghti
ngar eashallbeopt
ical
l
y
contr
olledmor etight
ly,small
er,higherintensi
tysourcesgener al
lyaremor eeffi
cient.Tabl
e7- 5pr
ovi
des
generalguideli
nesastolampper formanc eandapplicati
onc haracter
ist
ics.

Tabl
e7-
4—Lampl
umenef
fi
caci
es
Approxi
mate
Sour
ce Wat
tage l
umens/ wat
t
i
nput*

I
ncandescent 40W gener
alser
vice 11
I
ncandescent 1000W gener
alser
vice 22
Fl
uor
escent 224i
ncool
whi
te—T12 50
Fl
uor
escent 248i
ncool
whi
te—T12 77
Fl
uor
escent 296i
n(800mA)cool
whi
te 73
Hi
gh-
int
ensi
tydi
schar
ge(
HID) 400W phosphor
-coat
ed 50
mercur
y
1000W phosphor
-
HI
D 55
coat
edmer cur
y
HI
D 400W met
alhal
i
de 75
HI
D 1000W met
alhal
i
de 85
HI
D 400W hi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um 100
*
Lamponl
y.

Chr
omat
ici
tyandcol
orr
ender
ing

Lightsourcesdonotemitl
ightequal
lyatal
lwavel
engthsint
hevisibl
espectr
um,andcolordist
ort
ion
result
s.Theref
ore,
thel
ightsourcecol
orspect
rum shoul
dbec ar
efull
yeval
uated.I
fpossi
ble,
anac tual
9
sy
stem ora

10
demonstr
ationareashouldbeusedtoseehowthecol
orsappearbeforefi
nali
nstall
ati
on.Twomeasur
es
gener
all
yindicat
ethecolorchar
act
eri
sti
csofl
i
ghtsour
ces:chr
omatici
tyandcolorrenderi
ng.

Chromatici
tyisanindi
catonofwar
i mthorcoolnessofal ightsourceandismeasuredint
ermsofac ol
or
temperatur
es cal
einkelv
in(seefigur
e7- 2)
.Thehi ghertheappar entcolort
emperatur
eofali
ghtsource,
thecooleritappearstotheey e.Sourceswithhi ghc olortemper at
uresseem t
obepr efer
redathigh
i
llumi
nationlevel
sbutper
sonalprefer
enceisalsoinvolved.

Colorrender i
ngdes cribeshow wel lthelights ourcemak esobj ec tcolor sappearac cor
dingt oadef ined
standard.Of tenthisi shighlys ubjecti
veandpeopl erefertot heirownex peri
enc eort oout doorday -
li
ght
conditi
onsast heirper sonals tandard.Lights ources pec t
raldistri
butionc haract
er i
sti
cspr ovi
deac l
uet o
thec ol
orr enderi
ngabi li
tyofl i
ghts ources.Ifthev isi
bles pectrum i sgener all
yfil
ledbet weent helimitsof
humanv isi
on( wav elengthsf rom 400nm t oappr oximat el
y750nm) ,colorrenderingwi l
lbebet terthani f
thes ourcehasemi ssionsonl yinanar row bandorpor ti
onsoft hev isiblespec t
rum.Si de-by-si
dev i
s ual
compar i
s onsandt esti nstall
ati
onsar e,howe v er
,amor ereliablegui det oc olorrender i
ngandc olor
acceptabili
ty.TheCI Ec olorrenderingindex( Ra)isaf requentlyus edmeas ureofal ightsour ce'
sabili
tyt o
renderc olorsinanat uralandnor malway .Itmayal sobeus edt oc ompar elights ourcec olor
si fthe
sourceshav et hesamec hromat i
cityandmeetc ert
ainotherc ri
teria.

4.Expl
ainindetai
labouti
ncandescentl
ampandal
sodi
scusst
heener
gysav
ing
opport
unit
ies.
I
ncandescent

Incandes centlampshav emanydesir

abl
ec har
ac t
erist
ics;howev er,t
heyar
everyineff
ici
entconver
ter
sof
electri
cit
yi nt
ol i
ght.Approxi
mat
ely90–95%oft heener gyc onsumedbyani ncandescentli
ghtsourcei
s
conv ert
ednott oli
ght,butt
oheat
.Theeffi
cacyofi ncandesc ent(gener
all
i
ghti
ngt y
pes)isapproxi
matel
y
20l m/W.

Recentt echnicaladv anceshav emadepos si

blesli
ghtl
ymor eeffi
cientreducedwattageincandescent
l
amps .I
mpr ovedmounts tr
uctures,smoot
hertungst
enf i
lamentwire,andt heuseoff i
llgass uchas
Kryptonwor kt ogethertopr ov
idethes amelumenandl if
ec har
acteri
sti
csaspr ev
iouslamps ,butwith
approximately5%l esswat t
age.

Ener gy-
sav i
ngpot enti
alalsoex ist
sf ori ncandescentlampswhenr ef
lect
orl ampsc anbeempl oyed.
Incandes centlampsus i
ngbui l
t-
inreflector
sof f
erbett
erut i
li
zati
onoft helightproducedc ompar
edt o
nonr efl
ect
ort ypes.Inthisfamilyoflampsar et heRlampsori ndoorrefl
ect
orl amps,PAR,orparabolic
alumi ni
zedr efl
ect
orlamps ,andanewerl ineofi ndoorr
eflect
orlampsc al
ledERorel l
ipt
icalr
efl
ect
ortypes.
ERl ampsper mitl
ampwat t
agereduc t
ionsupt o50%byi mpr ovi
ngr ef
lect
or'
sopt i
caleff
ici
ency.

Mor er ecentdev elopment sar et heappl icationofat ungsten-hal

ogenc y
c l
eandt heus eofs electi
ve
refl
ectingt hi
nf il
ms .Inthet ungsten-halogenl amps ,thegasc ombineswi ththet ungs t
enev aporati
ngf r
om
thef i
l
amentt of orm at ungsten-hal ogenc ompound.Whent hehal i
dec ont actst hehotf i
l
ament ,the
compounddi s soci
atesandt het ungs teni sdepos i
tedbackont othef i
lament .Thi sreduc esther ateof
evaporat i
onandi nc r
eas eslampe ff
icacy .Thes elect
iveref
lecti
ngthinfil
mi sc ompr isedofmanyl ayersof
apar t
ic ul
art hicknessoft heorderoft hewav elengthofli
ght.Thef il
mi strans parenttov isi
bleli
ghtand
highl
yr eflectivetot henearandf arinfraredr adiati
on(IR)greatert
han7000A.Thebul bwal liss haped
sucht hatt heI Risreflectedbac kont ot hefilament ,furt
herheatingthefil
ament .Thi stechniqueincreases
thelampef fi
c acybyaf actorapproac hingt wo.

11
 Tabl
e7-
5—Lampout
putchar
act
eri
sti
cs
Copy

MANAGEMENTI
I
nter
iorgener
all
ight
ing(
commercialandi
ndust
ri
al)l
ampsel
ect
ion
ri

guide
ght©1996I

Lamp I
ncandescen Fl
uor
escen Hi
gh-
int
ensi
tydi
schar
ge
t t
Tungst
en Del
uxecool Del
uxewar
m Del
uxe Warm del
uxe Hi
gh-
Ty
pe St
andar
d Coolwhi
te War
m whi
te Met
alhal
ide

NI
EEEAl

hal
ogen whi
te whit
e whit
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temercur
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NDUSTRI
mercur
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Generaland
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Generaland
ght

Most Many di
splay
Locallighting Accent , di
splay Storeand I
ndustrial
, I
ndustrial
,
sReser

commer cial commer ci

al l
ighti
ngwhere Storeand

ALANDCOMMERCI
accent , display l
ighti
ngwher e other commer cial general
and andi ndustri
al goodcol or other
Appl
icat
ion display.Low gener al goodcol or commer cial general l
ight
ing.
industr
ial gener al i
ncandescent- commer ci
al-
init
ialcost l
ighti
ngi n day l
ight
-like andindustri
al- l
ighti
ng,pools, Some
ved

general l
ight i
ng li
ke gener al
gener al l
obbies, atmospher e general arenas commer cial
li
ghti
ng syst ems atmospher e l
ighting
l
ighting t
heaters, etc. i
mpor t
ant l
ighti
ng appli
cati
ons
sy st
ems i
mpor t
ant

Lampopt i
cal Excel
l
ent Excel
l
ent Fai
r Fai
r Fai
r Fai
r Good Good Excel
l
ent Excel
l
ent
contr
oll
abi
li
ty

ALFACI
potenti
al

Gl
arecontr
ol Good Excel
l
ent Good Good Good Good Ex
cel
l
ent Excel
l
ent Good Good
wi
thtypi
cal

LI
l
uminair
e

TI
ES
Color War
m col
ors War
m col
ors Yel
l
ow, bl
ue, Yel
l
ow,
green None- Yell
ow,orange, Red,y
ell
ow, Red,or
ange, Yel
l
ow, een, Yel
gr l
ow,
orange
eff
ects: green excell
ent red-
li
ke blue,
green y
ell
ow,green bl
ue
accents color i
ncandescent
balance
Col
or Bl
ues Bl
ues Reds Red,
blues None Bl
ues Deepr
eds Deepreds, Reds Deepreds,
ef
fect
s: bl
ues greens,
gr
ays bl
ues
Rangeoflamp 30–1000 100–1500 20–215 20–215 20–215 20–110 40–1000 175–1000 175–1500 35–1000
wattagesfor
ty
pical
appli
cati
ons

Rangeofinit
ial 210–23740 3450–34730 1300–16000 1300–15000 850–11000 820–6550 1575–63000 6500–58000 14000–155 3600–140000
l
ampl umens 000
fort
ypical
appl
icati
ons

I
I
nit
ial
lamp 7–24 17–24 65–85 65–85 40–60 40–60 30–65 35–60 80–100 100–140

EEESt
l
umens/wat
t

Average 750–2000 1500–4000 9000(

3hour
s/st
art
)—30000(
cont
inuousbur
ningf
orF40 16000–24 24000+ 7500–20000 16000–24

d739-
rat
edlamp ty
pes) 000+ (10or 000+
l
ife(h) more (10ormor e
hour
s/st
ar hours/st
art
)

1995
t)
1
24

Lightoutput Good Excel

l
ent Good Good Fai
r Fai
r Fai
r Fai
r Fai
r Excel
l
ent
depreci
ation
charact
erist
ics
 Fi
gur
e7-
2—Col
orchar
act
eri
sti
csofl
ightsour
ces

5.Expl
aini
ndetai
laboutFl
uor
escentl
ampandal
sodi
scusst
heener
gy
savi
ngopport
unit
ies.
Fl
uor
escent

Fluorescentlamps,intr
oducedinthelat
e1930s ,offer
edt heusertwo majorbenef
it
sc omparedto
i
nc andescentlamps:incr
easedef
fi
ci
encyandsigni
fi
cantl
ylongerl
i
fe.Ty
picalst
andar
dfl
uorescentl
amps
todayhav eeffi
caci
esover80lm/
W. Thec har
ac t
eri
sti
csofmodernfl
uor
escentl
ampsar easfoll
ows:

a) Highlumenperwat t(l
m/ W)effi
cacy(80+)
b) Longlif
e(20000+h)
c) Avail
abil
it
yinawidev ari
etyofsizesandshapes
d) Rapidstart
ingandrel
ighti
ngaftermoment ar
youtage
e) Avail
abil
it
yofhighcolorrender
ingtypesforcol
or-
cri
ti
cal
appl
i
cat
ions
f) Goodmai ntenanceofli
ghtoutputoverlampli
fe

Copy
right©1996I
EEEAl
lRi
ght
sReser
ved 13
I
EEESt
d739-
1995 I
EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Si
ncet heear
ly1970s,ther
ehasbeenalineofreduc edwattager
eplacement
sforstandardfluor
escent
l
amps .Theselampsar enow av
ail
abl
einallpopularsizesandcolor
sf ormostappl
icat
ions.Howev er
,
l
imit
ati
onsofthereducedwatt
agelampsareasfol
lows :
a) Useonl
ywhereambienttemperatur
edoesnotdr opbelow60 F(16C).
b) Useonl
yonhigh-
power-f
actorfl
uorescentbal
last
s( CBM orotherapprov
edt
ypes)
.
c) Donotusewherecol
dairwill
bedi r
ect
edont othelamps urf
ac e.

Wa t
tagereduc t
ionspossi
blewiththeser
educedwatt
agelampt ypesareintherangeof10–20%f orthe
populart
ypes .Lightout
putisalsoreducedby3–18%,dependingupont hespeci
fi
clampus ed.Typical
energysavingswi l
lbeapproxi
mately5–6W perl
ampf orthepopular4ft40W replacementand17.5W
perlampf orthepopular8f tsl
i
mline75W repl
acement.Savi
ngsinenergycostsnormall
ypaybac kthe
newl ampc ostinoneyear.

Anothert ype off l

uor escentl amp avail
ablef orfurt
herwat tage and l
ightoutputreduct
ions isthe
i
mpedanc emodi fi
edf luorescent.Thesel
ampsc ontai
nc apaci
torsthataddimpedancetothelampc i
rcui
t
andt herebyreduc et hec ur
rentandwat tageoft helamps .Thes elampsoper at
elikeaf i
xed-di
mmer
controlandallow fluor escentlight
ingsystemst ober educedi nwat t
ageby33%,50%,ormor e.Li
ght
outputisalsor educedi npr oporti
on.Theses peci
alli
ghtingdevicesmaybec onsi
der
edwher ethelower
l
ightlevelscanbet oleratedorwher eenergyguideli
nesaremandat edbylegisl
ati
on.

Recentsi
gni
fi
canti
mpr
ovement
sinf
luor
escentl
ampsar
easf
oll
ows:

a) Cat
hodecut
outlamp
b) 32W F32T-
8lamp

Thec at
hodec utoutlamphasat hermalc utoutswitchinserieswitht
hefi
lament .Theswitchopensthe
cir
cuitt
hatappli
est helowv ol
tage(3.6V)ac rosstheelect
rodesaftert
hedi
s chargehasbeenignit
ed.The
eff
icacyofthelampi sincreasedby6%( 81lm/ W)forthes t
andard40W F40r apid-
star
tlamp.Thisl
amp
i
snotr ecommendedf orus ewit
helectronicball
asts,anditshoul
dnotbeoper atedinthedimmedmode
(whichsubstant
ial
lyreduceslamplife)
.

The32W F32T- 8l
ampisrapi
dlyr
eplaci
ngthest
andard40W T12lamp.Thi
slampusest
herareear
th70
CRIphosphorandhasalampef f
icacyof90lm/W at60Hz .Whenoperat
edathi
gherf
requencyi
nthe
i
nstantmode,i
tsef
fi
cacyappr
oaches100lm/W,buti
tsli
fei
sratedat15000h.

Growi nginpopulari
t yarefix
tureswiththreel ampsi nthes tandard2f tby4f tfix
ture.Formax i
mum
effi
ciency
,thefixtureus eslow-lossbal
lasts,c one-
on-conedi f
fuser
s,ands peci
alrefl
ector
s.Switchi
ng
providesfur
therpot ent
ialenergyreduct
ions.As econdc i
rcui
tpermitstheinsi
de,thetwoout si
de,orall
threelampstooper ate—givi
ngf i
xed33%,55%, and100%l i
ghtoutputadj
ustment.

Appl
i
c at
ionl
i
mit
ati
onsoff
luor
escentl
amps,
incl
udi
ngener
gy-
sav
ingt
ypes,
areasf
oll
ows:

a) Li
mi t
ed, nor
mal l
y,t
oindoorappl
i
cati
onsduetolar
geopti
cal
s i
zeofthel
amps
b) Temper atur
es ensi
ti
ve:hi
ghandlowambientt
emperat
uresreducel
i
ghtout
put
c) Highestwattagelamp:215W

Compac tfluor
escentlampshav esingle-
endedel ectr
icalsoc ket
ssuchthattheyc anbepl acedinabase
contai
ningabal l
astwi t
hanEdi son-t
y pec onnectorfordirectrepl
acementofi ncandescentlamps.The
effi
cacycanbeashi ghas65l m/Wc ompar edto16l m/ Wf ora75W incandesc entl
amp.Whi lemostof
themodul arty
pesar eoperat
edi nthepr eheatmode,t heel ectr
oni
cball
astedlampsar eoper at
edinthe
rapi
d-st
artmodeandi npr i
nci
plecouldbedi mmed.

6.Ex
plai
nindet
ailaboutHi
ghi
ntensi
tydi
schar
gel
ampandal
sodi
scusst
he
ener
gysavi
ngoppor
tuni
ti
es.
 Hi
gh-
int
ensi
tydi
schar
ge

High-
intensit
ydischar
ge(HID)li
ghtsourcesfal
lintof
ourmajorcat
egor
ies—mercur
y,met
alhal
ide,hi
gh-
pressures odium and l
ow-pr
essuresodium.The HI D gr
oup ofsour
ces of
fer
s manyenergy-sav
ing
opportunit
iesduetohighl
umen-per
-wattpotent
ial
.

Mer cur
ylights ourceshav ebeenav ail
abl
ei nthei
rpresentformsi
nceabout1934.Theef fi
cacyandl
i
fe
haves t
eadilyincreasedtoapoi ntwher etheynowhav eeffi
caci
esupto63lm/W andt y
picalaver
agel
i
fe
rati
ngsexc eeding24000
h.Improvement sinphos phortechnologyhavemademer cur
ylampsav
ail
abl
ewithcolorrenderi
ng
propert
iess ui
tableforal
l butt
hemos tcri
ti
calappl
icat
ions.
Mercurylampsareav ai
labl
einnumer ouswattagesrangi
ngfrom 40W to1000W i
nsever
alphosphor
col
ors.Ty pi
calappl
icat
ionsincl
udes tr
eetli
ghting,i
ndust
ri
alli
ghti
ng,ar
eaandsecur
it
ylight
ing,and
merchandisi
ngli
ghti
ng,bothi
ndoorsandoutdoors.

ThenewHIDlamps,however,off
ersigni
fi
cant
lyhigheref
ficacyandevenbet
tercolorr
enderingpr
oper
ti
es
thanmercur
ytypesnow av ail
able.Thus,economicall
y,mer cur
yhasbeens ur passed,and f
ew new
mercur
ysyst
emsarebeinginstal
ledwherecostandenergyeffici
encyhav
ebeenc onsi
dered.

Metal-
halidel
ampswereintr
oducedinthemi d-
1960sandhavecont
inuedt
ogainwi
deaccept
ancefora
broadr angeofappl
i
c at
ions,i
ndustr
ialandc ommerci
al,i
ndoorandoutdoor
,andhav
ebeenal most
univer
sall
yaccept
edf
ors por
tsl
ight
ingappli
cati
ons.

Whileoper ati
nginas imilarmannert omer curylamps ,metal
-hal
idetypesuti
li
zerareearthmet ali
odides
orhalidest oimprovebot heffi
cacyandc olorrendit
ion.Metal-
hali
del ampsoffereffi
caciestodayupt o
125lm/ W ofwhi t
elight.Thecolorrender i
ngoft heses our
cesall
owst heiruseinvi
rtual
lyallappl
icat
ions
wherehi ghl i
ghtoutputandgoodc olorarer equi
red.Thebr oadc ol
ors pect
rum ofmet al-
hali
delamps
coupledwi ththeex cell
entopti
calc ontrolpotenti
aloft hesources,mak esthem i
dealf orfl
oodli
ghting,
areali
ghting,andhigh-quali
tyi
ndustri
al l
i
ghting.

Limitat
ionsofmetal-
hali
delampsincl
uderelat
ivelylongrestar
torrest
ri
k eti
me(8-15min)ifthelampi s
turnedoffmoment ari
l
y.Anotherl
imi
tat
ionisthatl ow-wat
tagelampsareonl yr
ecentl
yavail
able.Typi
cal
wat t
agesare175,250,400,1000,
and1500.Wat tagesunder100wouldi ncr
easetheappl
icat
ionpotenti
al
forlowmountingheight.

Thes mal
l
ermet
al-
hali
delamphasanoutputof2580lumensat40W,
andanef
fi
cacyof65l
m/W.I
tcan
repl
acea150W i
ncandescentl
ampoper
ati
ngdai
lyforl
onghour
s.

Ty
pical
rat
edl
ampl
i
fei
s7500–20000hwi
thf
airt
ogoodmai
ntenanceofl
i
ghtout
putov
eri
tsl
i
fe.

Hi
gh-
pressuresodium (
HPS)lampsoffereff
icaci
esthatexceedt
hoseavail
abl
efr
om mos tmet
al-
hali
de
l
amps.Currentavail
abl
etypesof
fereffi
caci
esupt o140lm/ W.Abroadrangeofwat
tagesisavai
labl
e
wi
tht
ypesnowr angingfr
om 35W to1000W.

Themai nadvantageofHPScompar
edtomercur
yandmetalhali
deisshor
terhotr
est
artt
ime.Lamps
ty
pical
l
yr est
arti
n2–3minaft
eramoment
aryout
age(
seet
able7-6).

Tabl
e7-
6—Lampst
artt
imes
I
nit
ialst
ar*
t Rest
ri
ke*
Lamp
(min) (min)

Mer
cur
y 5-
7 3-
6

Met
alhal
i
de 3-
5 10-
15

Hi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um 3-
4 1

*
Timet
oreach80%l
umenout
put
.

Copy
right©1996I
EEEAl
lRi
ght
sReser
ved 15
I
EEESt
d739-
1995 I
EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Maj
ordi
sadv
ant
agesofhi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um l
ampsar
easf
oll
ows:

a) Colorrenderi
ngi ndexisl ow ( t
y pical
ly25) ,l
imit
ingappl
icat
ionsforthi
ss our
ce.Thisc anbe
i
mpr ovedtoaCRI ofapprox i
mat ely55–60, butatt
heexpenseofreducedl
i
feande f
fi
c acy
.
b) Lampss houl
dber emovedf rom c ir
cuitwhenl ampsbegintoc ycl
eON andOFFdueei t
hert
o
prematureornor malend- of-
li
fef ail
ure.Thisi salamp/ball
astcompati
bil
i
typroblem thatwi
ll
eventual
lyberesolvedbyt hebal las tmanuf act
urer
s.
c) Colortemperatureisrel
ati
v el
yl owat1900–2100K
d) Stroboscopi
cef f
ectsaregr eatert hanot herHIDlamps.
Ty
pical
appl
i
cat
ionsofhi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um l
ampsi
ncl
udel
i
ght
ingf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

a) St
reetsandhi ghway s
b) I
ndus t
ri
alinteri
or
c) Outdoorarea( parki
nglots,
stor
age,
spor
ts,
andr
ecr
eat
ional
)
d) Br
idgesandt unnel
s
e) Cl
os ed-
cir
c ui
ttelevi
sion

HPSisalsonow bei ngus edf

ormanyof f
iceandcommer ci
alint
eri
orappl
icat
ions,someti
mescoupled
wi
thmetal-hali
des ources.AcombinedHPS/metal
-hali
desy
stem off
ershi
ghef fi
cacyandsubst
ant
iall
y
i
mprovedcolorrendi
tion.Thel
i
ferat
ingoft
ypical
HPSl ampsi
s24000+hf ormos ttypes.

Low-pressures odi
um (LPS)is,
att hi
sti
me,t
hemostef
fi
c i
entl
i
ghts our
cewi
thl
ampeffi
c aci
esr
angingup
to183l m/W. Sizesavai
labl
eare18W, 35W,55W,
90W, 135W, and180W.Maj
orappl
i
c ati
onsofLPSare
securi
ty,ar
ea, androadwayli
ghting.

LPSismor eclosel
yrelatedtofl
uorescentt hanHIDsi
ncei tisalow pressur
e,l
ow-int
ensi
tydi
scharge
sour
ceandi salinears our
celi
kefluorescent.Aswithfl
uorescent,t
hissourcedoesnotlendit
selfto
appl
icat
ionswher
eahi ghdegreeofopti
c al
c ontr
oli
snecessarysuchaslongthr
owfloodl
ight
s.

Themajordi
s advantageofLPSi sthatitisamonoc hromati
cs ource,
i.
e.,i
tpr ovi
deslightofonlyonec ol
or
(y
ell
ow),whi
c hgivest helampapoorc ol
orrender
ingindex.Otherdisadvantagesarehi gh-bal
lastl
osses
andlowsystem effi
ciency.Majoradvantagesarethatthi
ssour cedeli
versitsfullr
atedout putthr
oughout
l
ifeandwil
lrestri
keins t
ant l
ywhenhot .Lif
erati
ngsofLPSs ourcesaregener al
ly18000hf oral
lbutthe
18W, whi
chisc ur
rentl
yr atedat10000h.

Economi
cconsi
der
ati
ons

Alt
houghpr icesv aryc onsider
ablyamongener gy -
effici
entli
ghts our
c ess uchasf l
uorescentandHI D
l
amps ,themaj orfactorthatdeterminesl i
ghtingc ostsisnotlamporf i
x t
ur ecos tbutener gyc ost.Today
thi
spor t
ionoft hetotalcostofprov i
dingl ightwi t
hagener all
ight
ingsy stem isty picall
y80%mor eoft he
tot
al.Beforeanydec isi
oni smadec onc erningthec hoiceofli
ghti
ngs ys t
em,t heus ers houldfi
rstdec i
de
whatthec olorrequi
rement sareforthes pec i
fi
cappl icati
on.Oncethisisdet ermined, theus ershouldthen
completeanec onomicanal ysi
sforthev ariouslights ourcesands yst
emsheors hewi shestoc onsider.
Theec onomi canaly
siss houldi
ncludet hei nit
ialowner shipandoperati
ngc osts.

Mos tlampandl uminai

remanuf act
urersofferfreec omputeri
zedanalysesforthi
spur pose,andthese
sourcesofinfor
mations houl
dbec onsul
ted.Inaddi ti
on,manymanuf act
urer
sof f
erawi dev ar
ietyof
l
iter
atureonproductappli
cati
onsandener gyc onservat
ionfortheprospect
ivebuyer.Thesesourceswil
l
helptheusermakebettereconomicjudgmentsf orspeci
ficappl
icat
ions.

7.Di
scussi
ndet
ailaboutBal
last
s.

Gener
aldef
ini
ti
ons
 f
iguresofmeri
t:El
ect
ri
callossesinbal
l
ast
smaybecal
cul
atedbydet
ermi
ningt
hedi
ff
erencebet
ween
t
heinputpowerandthewatt
agedel i
ver
edtot
hel
amp.
Bal
l
astl
osses=bal
l
asti
nputwat
ts-l
ampwat
ts

Copy
right©1996I
EEEAl
lRi
ght
sReser
ved 17
 I
EEESt
d739-
1995 I
EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Tabl
e7-
7—Ty
picalHI
Dlampbal
lasti
nputwat
ts
6
24

I
EEESt
Bal
l
astt
ype
Highreactance High
ANSI

d739-
Lampt
ype Wat
ts React
or autot
ransf
ormer Const
antwatt
age Constant r
eactance
designat
ion autot
ransf
ormer wattage
(LAG) regulat
ed
(CWA) r
egulated

1995
(
regulated
(CW) l
ag)
Mer
cur
y H46 50 68 74 74 — —
H43 75 94 91–94 93–99 — —

H38/
44 100 115–125 117–127 118–125 127 —

H39 175 192–200 200–208 200–210 210 —

H37 250 272–285 277–286 285–300 292–295 —

H33 400 430–439 430–484 450–454 460–465 —

H36 1000 1050–1070 — 1050–1082 1085–1102 —

Met
al-
hal
i
de M57 175 — — 210 — —

M58 250 — — 292–300 — —

M59 400 — — 455–465 — —

M47 1000 1050 — 1070–1100 — —

I
M48 1500 — — 1610–1630 — —

EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
Hi
gh-
pressur
e S76 35 43 — — — —
sodi
um S68 50 60–64 68 — — —
Copy

S62 70 82 88–85 95 — 105

r

S54 100 115–117 127–135 138 — 144

ight©1996I

S55 150(
55V) 170 188–200 190 — 190–204
S56 150(
100V) 170 188 188 — —
EEEAl

S66 200 220–230 — 245–248 — 254

CEFORENERGY
S50 250 275–283 296–305 300–307 — 310–315
lRi
ght

S67 310 335–345 — 365 — 378–380

sReser

S51 400 440–463 464–470 465–480 — 480–485

S52 1000 1060–1065 — 1090–1106 — —

ved
 Tabl
e7-
8—Ty
picalf
luor
escentl
ampbal
l
asti
nputwat
ts
Copy

MANAGEMENTI
Sy
stem i
nput(
W)
right©1996I

Nomi nal Nomina Standar

d Energy
-savi
ng
El
ect
roni
cbal
l
ast
s
Lampt
ype lamp l
lamp ball
ast
s bal
last
s Ci
rcui
tty
pe
current (
W)
One- Two- One- Two- One- Two- Three- Four
-

NI
EEEAl

l
amp l
amp l
amp l
amp l
amp l
amp lamps l
amp

NDUSTRI
s s s s
lRi

F20T12 0.
380 20 32 53 — — — — — — Rapidstar
t,
ght

preheat
sReser

ALANDCOMMERCI
l
amp
F30T12 0.
430 30 46 81 — — 31 61 92 — Rapi
dst
art
ved

F30T12,
ES 0.
460 25 42 73 — — 27 52 81 — Rapi
dst
art

F32T8 0.
265 32 — — 37 71 36 58 87 112 Rapi
dst
art

F40T12 0.
430 40 57 96 50 86 36 71 109 — Rapi
dst
art

ALFACI
F40T12,
ES 0.
460 34/
35 50 82 43 72 31 59 93 — Rapi
dst
art

F48T12 0.
425 40 61 102 — — — — — — I
nst
antst
art

LITI
ES
F96T12 0.
425 75 100 173 — 158 88 140 — — I
nst
antst
art

F96T12,
ES 0.
455 60 83 138 — 123 73 116 — — I
nst
antst
art

F48T12,
-800mA 0.
800 60 85 145 — — — — — — Rapi
dst
art

F96T12,
-800mA 0.
800 110 140 257 — 237 — — — — Rapi
dst
art

F96T12,
ES,
800mA 0.
840 95 125 227 — 207 — — — — Rapi
dst
art

F48-
1500mA 1.
500 115 134 242 — — — — — — Rapi
dst
art

F96-
1500mA 1.
500 215 230 450 — — — — — — Rapi
dst
art

I
EEESt
d739-
1995
7
24
I
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1995 I
EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Suchi nformationmaybeobt ai
nedf rom c atalogsofbal las tmanuf ac t
urer
s.Not ecar eful
lytheli
sti
ngsof
thedifferencesinbal
lastlossesasaf unctionofs upplyv oltage.Ball
as t
sdes i
gnedf orhigh-wattagelamps,
whichhav ehigherst
arti
ngv olt
ages ,maybemor eef fi
cientonhi gh-volt
agedistri
butions yst
emsandv ice
versa.Car ef
ullycal
culatethewi ri
nganddi stri
buti
onl os sesandc omparet hesel ossesagai nstball
ast
l
os sest o obtainthemos teff
ici
entov er allelectri
cals ystem.Ta bl
es7- 7 and 7-8 pr ov
idegui del
ine
i
nformat ionforcommont ypesoffluorescentandhi gh-i
nt ensitydischargel
ampbal las ts.
ball
astfactor:Theball
astfact
orist
heratiobet
weenthel
ightoutputf
rom alampoperat
ingona
commer ci
alball
astandtheli
ghtout
putf
rom t
hesamelampoperat
ingonarefer
encebal
l
ast
.Theball
ast
f
actorofareferencebal
l
astis100.
bal
lastl
if
e:FluorescentandHIDbal l
astsar elongli
vedandmaybeex pectedt olast12-15y earsin
nor
maloper ati
on,pr ovi
de nameplaterati
ngs ar e notexceeded.Howev er
,hi gh temperatures are
det
ri
mentaltoball
as tli
feanda10 C(50
F)i ncreasei
nthehotspottemperatur
eofaf l
uorescentlamp
bal
l
astmayr educeex pect
edlif
eby50%.Ret r
of i
tt
ingol
dlow-ef
fi
ciencybal
last
swi thnewhigh-effici
ency
uni
tsmaypr ovi
deadoubl ebonus:energys avingsandlongerbal
lastoper
ati
nglifesincemor eef f
ici
ent
bal
l
astsgeneral
lyoperateatl
owertemperatures .
Dependi ngupont hec ircui
tused, i
tmaybei mport
anttobal l
astli
fetoprompt l
yreplac efail
edlamps .Thi
s
i
spar t
icular
lytrueofi nst
ant
-s t
artfluorescentsyst
emswher ef ai
ledlampsc anr ecti
fy,drawingheavy
currentthroughbal l
as twindi
ngs ,whichr esul
tsi
nbal l
astfail
ures.I
flampsar eremov edf r
om soc ket
sto
reducel ighti
ngener gyus e,ballast
swi l
lnormall
yremai nener gi
zed,exceptint hec aseofs liml
ineor
i
ns t
ant-startcir
c uitswher eremov i
ngt helampdi sconnectsthebal l
astfr
om t heel ectr
icalsystem.For
otherfluorescentandHI Dsystems ,anener gi
zedbal
lastwilldrawsomepowerandmaynegat iv
elyaffect
system powerf ac tor.Rapid-
startfluorescentbal
lastsshouldbedeener gizedi flampsar eremov edto
preventbal l
astfailure.
ballastefficacyfact
or :Theball
asteffi
cacyfactor(BEF)istherelati
veli
ghtoutputdivi
dedbythepower
i
nputofaf luorescentlampbal l
ast.Ball
astsmeet ingthenews t
andar dwil
lbemar kedwit
hac api
tal“E”
pri
ntedwi thinac i
rcl
e.Somebal l
as t
sar eexcludedf rom meetingt hesestandards.Dimmingballasts,
bal
lastsdes ignedforus einanambi enttemperatureof0 Corless ,andbal
last
shav ingapowerfactorof
l
esst han90%madef orr esi
dent
ialappli
cati
onsar eexcluded.Table7-9showst hemi ni
mum BEFrequired
byPubl i
cLaw100- 357.
ball
asti nt
erchangeabili
ty:Theopt i
mum per f
ormanc eofanyHI Dl amp can beobt ained onl
yby
operati
ngi twithaballastdes i
gnedf orthelamp.Howev er,i
nrecentyearsanumberofl ampshav ebeen
developedt hatcanbeus edonv arioust ypesofex i
sti
ngbal l
astcir
cuit
s.Speci
almetal-hal
idelampsar e
avail
ablethataredes i
gnedt obeus edwi thmer cur
yball
as t
s;as peci
alt
ypeofhigh-
pressures odi
um (HPS)
l
ampc aledPenni
l ngStar
tcanal sobeoper atedonmer curyball
asts.
Itmaybedes ir
ablet oupgradetheeffici
encyofal ight
ings yst
em byreplaci
ngamer curylampwi theit
her
amet al-hal
ideoranHPSt ypethatoper at
esathi gherlumensperwat t.Thelightgeneratedis,ther
efore,
avail
ableatl owerc ostanditmaybepos sibl
et oreduc ethenumberofl umi nair
esdependi ngupon
mount i
nghei ght,spac i
ng,andf i
xturecons i
derati
ons.Somer et
rof
itlampdes i
gns ,howe v
e r
,arenotas
eff
ici
entast heirstandardcounterpart
s.Theymaypr ovidesomewhatl esslumi nouse f
ficacy,andmay
haves hort
erl i
fe.Lampr ati
ngss houldbec areful
lychec kedandanylimitat
ionsonbal lastuses houl
dbe
noted.

248 Copy
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ALANDCOMMERCI
ALFACI
LITI
ES I
EEESt
d739-
1995

Tabl
e7-
9—Bal
lastef
fi
cacyf
act
ors
Bal
l
ast Nominall
amp BEF
watt
s
1-
F40T12
120V 40 1.
805
277V 40 1.
805
2-
F40T12
120V 80 1.
060
277V 80 1.
050
2-
F96T12
120V 150 0.
570
277V 150 0.
570
2-
F96T12H0
120V 220 0.
390
277V 220 0.
390

8.Expl
aint
hefol
lowi
ngi)Fluorescentball
ast
sii
)energyeff
ici
entbal
lasti
i
i)
el
ect
roni
cball
asti
v)High-i
ntensit
ydischar
ge(HID)ball
asts
Fl
uor
escentbal
last
s

Ef
fectoft
emper
atur
eandv
olt
agev
ari
ati
ons

Thelampbul bwal lt emperatur

eaf f
ectst
heef f
ici
enc yandout putofaf l
uorescentlightmor et hanany
otherenvi
ronment alf act
or,Theoptimum temperatureis40 C( 104F).ANSIt estpr oceduresc al
lfor
manufacturer
st or atelampsi nfreeai
ratanambi enttemperatureof25 C0.5 C( 77F0.9 F)
.To
deter
minet helightout putofl ampsi npract
icalappli
c at
ions,test
sc ert
if
iedbyt heCer t
if
iedBal l
ast
Manufacturer
s( CBM)or gani
zati
onmaybeempl oyed.Thebal l
astisoperat
edati tsrat edcenterv ol
tage
andtheinit
iall
ampl i
ghtoutputcannotbel
es st
han95%oft hemanuf act
urer
'srat
edout put.

Rat
edlumenv al
uesar ebasedonmeasurement
smadeatanambi enttemperatureof25C(77
F)insti
l
l
ai
r.Theef
fectofhigherorl
owertemper
atur
esvari
eswithl
ampty
pe.Ther el
ationshi
poflumenvari
ati
ons
ver
susambienttemperatur
efort
hreet
ypesoffl
uor
escentl
ampsi
ss howninfigure7-3.

Bal
lastsaret
ypi
call
ydesi
gnedtooperat
ef l
uor
escentl
ampsoverarangeof10%aboutther
atedcent
er
vol
tage.Thepoweri
nputandl
ightout
puttendt
odec r
easewi
thdecr
easingi
nputv
olt
age.

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I
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1995 I
EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Fi
gur
e7-
3—Rel
ati
onshi
pofl
umensv
ersusambi
entt
emper
atur
e

Ener
gy-
eff
ici
entbal
last
s

I
ngener al
,thegreatert heball
astsize(powerrating),t
hegreateristheballasteff
ici
ency
.Thati s,the
r
elati
veball
astlossesar elessf
ora40W bal l
astthana20W bal l
ast.At wo-l
ampbal l
astismoreeffici
ent
t
hanaone- l
ampbal last.Theballastef
fici
enci
esc angener
all
ybec al
culat
edf r
om themanuf acturers'
catal
ogdata.Howev erthedesignershallbecertainthemanufacturerspecif
iesthetestcondit
ionsat
whichtheball
asti
sr ated.

Theinternalball
astl
ossesaredeter
mi nedbyc oi
lconstr
ucti
on,thenatureofthemagneticmateri
als,and
resi
stancesoft heconduct
ingcoi
lwire.Overtheyears,st
andar
dballastdesignshavebeenthevict
imsof
costreduc t
ion,whichhastendedtodec r
eas eball
asteff
ici
enci
es.Wi t
hi ncr
easi
ngenergyc ost
s,ball
ast
manuf actur
ershaveintr
oducedener
gy -ef
fi
cientbal
last
sthatminimi
z etheball
astl
osses.

Thef
oll
owi
ngdet
ail
ssomeoft
henewbal
l
ast
s.

a) Low-ener gybal l
asts.Fl uorescentlampsmaybeoper at edatl esst hanr atedpowerandout put,
provideds tart
ingv oltageandoper at i
ngv oltager equi
rement sar emet .Inthec aseofr apidstart,
l
ampsandc athodess hallbeheat edr egardlessoft hec urrentt hrought hel ampt opr oviderated
l
amp l i
fe.Low ener gy bal l
asts ar el ow-currentdes igns t hatc an pr ovi
de ener gyr educ t
ions
compar edt ot hes tandar dunits.Theyar eus efulwher ec er t
ainlumi naires pacingt omount i
ng
heightc r
iteri
as hal
l bef oll
owed, andt hedes iredill
uminat ionl evelislesst hant hatobt ainedbyf ull
outputoper ationoft hel amp.Bef or eoperatingf l
uoresc entl ampsatl esst hant her atedout put,it
i
swi s et oc hecktheambi enttemper atur
esoft heairs ur
roundi ngt hel amps .Highermi ni
mum
ambi entsar er equiredwhenl ow- energyl ampsors tandar dl ampsar eus edwi thl ow-energy
250 Copy
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ALANDCOMMERCI
ALFACI
LITI
ES I
EEESt
d739-
1995

bal
l
ast
s.

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I
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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

b) High/low bal l
asts.Thi st y peofbal l
ast,whi chisgener al
lyav ai
l
ableonl yf orr apid-startc i
rcuit
operation, contai
nsex t
ral eadst hatc anbec onnectedors wi t
c hedtopr ovi
demul t
ileveloper ati
on
ofthel amp.Two- levelandt hree-lev elrapid-
s tar
tballas t
sar eav ai
lable,andfixtureout putmaybe
setac cordingtot helightingr equi rement soft hearea. Operati
onoff l
uorescentl ampsatl es sthan
rat
edout putmayr ai
semi ni mum oper ati
ngt emper aturerequirement s.
c) Low-lossbal l
asts.Bal l
astsmaybedes i
gnedt oreduc einternalloss esbyi mpr ovingmec hanical
and elec tr
icalc haracteristics.Mor eef fici
entmagnet i
cc i
rcuits,closers pac i
ng ofc oil
s,and
i
mpr ov edi nsul
ations ys t
emsc anr esultinl ossreduc ti
onsofappr oximately50%,c ompar edt o
convent i
onaluni ts.Agai n,t hebal lastmanuf acturers'rati
ngss houldbec onsul t
edt odet ermine
whichbal lastwi l
lhavet hel eas tlos sesf orthepowers y st
em andl ampc ombi nationi nvolved.

El
ect
roni
cbal
last
s

Theef
fi
ci
encyoffl
uor
escentandHI
Dlampsyst
emscanbei
mpr
ovedev
enmor
ebyut
il
izi
ngel
ect
roni
c
bal
l
ast
s.I
mprovement
soccuri
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
woways:

 Bywayofl
oweri
nternall
osseswithi
ntheballast
s.
 Bymaki
nguseofthef actt
hatf
luorescentl
ampef f
icacyi
ncr
easesasaf
unct
ionoft
hef
requency
oft
heappl
i
edpowe r
.

Elect
roni
cballast
sus ual
lyoperat
elampsatf r
equenci
esabout20kHz.Ingeneral
,oper
ati
ngafl
uor
escent
l
ampwi t
hanel ect
ronicbal
lastwil
lreal
iz
ea20–25%i ncr
easeinsyst
em effi
cacycomparedt
oas t
andard
core-
coilbal
l
as t
.Theelectr
onicball
astoff
ersi
mprovedperf
ormancethati
ncludes:

a) Reducedf l
i
cker
b) I
mpr ovedvolt
ageandther
malregul
ati
on
c) Theabili
tytodimfl
uor
escentl
ampsov eral
arger
angewi
thoutaf
fect
ingl
ampl
i
fe

Tabl
e7-10showst heperf
ormanceoft
hest
andar
dandener
gy-
eff
ici
entcor
e-coi
lbal
l
ast
saswel
last
he
el
ectr
onichi
gh-f
requencybal
last
s.

Thedat aisfortwo-l
amps yst
ems .The40W F40T12CW l ampissti
lli
ngener aluse;howev er,the32W
F32T8l ampi sgaininginpopul ari
tybas edoni tshighs yst
em eff
ici
ency
.Tabl e7- 10s howst hatthe
elect
ronicball
astcanmeetal lnecessarylamppar ameter
st omaint
ainlamplif
e.Thehi ghharmoni cdata
fortheT8el ectr
onicbal
lastwasdes i
gnedbef or
eharmoni csbecameani ssue.Todayt hetechnologyis
avai
labletor educet he harmonicc ontents wi
thinas pec i
fi
ed l
i
mi t
.The c onst
r aintwould be c ost
considerat
ions.

252 Copy
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ALANDCOMMERCI
ALFACI
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ES I
EEESt
d739-
1995

Tabl
e7-
10—Per
for
mancedat
aofsomef
luor
escentl
amp-
bal
lastsy
stems
Bal
l
ast EEmag EEmag El
ect
roni
cbal
l
ast
s

40W F40 40W F40 40W F40 32W 32W

Lamp
T-
12CW T-
12CW T-
12CW F32T-
8 F32T-
8
41K 41K
Power(
W) 85 81 74 69 65

Fi
l
amentv
olt
age(
V) 3.
5 0 2.
6 3.
4 0

Lampcur
rentcr
estf
act
or 1.
7 1.
7 1.
4 1.
5 1.
5

Bal
l
astf
act
or(
%) 93 93 93 100 100

Li
ghtout
put(
lm) 5690 5680 5670 5820 5820

Fl
i
c ker(
%) 30 30 1 1 1

3r
dhar
moni
c(%) 12 12 5 43 43

Bal
l
astef
fi
ciency(
%) 87 87 89 90 90

Lampef
fi
cacy(
lm/
W) 77 80 86 93 100

Sy
stem ef
fi
cacy(
lm/
W) 67 70 77 84 90

El
ectr
onicballast
sar eavai
labl
ef oral
loft hec ommonlyus edfluorescentl
amps ,i
ncludingt he40W
F40T12,t
he34W F40T12, t
he40W F40T10, andthe32W F32T8( rapidandinst
antstar
t),alloftheF96-
ty
pelamps ,andthehigh-
outputF96lamps.Ther eareone-
,two-,t
hree-,andfour
-l
ampbal lasts.Thenew
gener
ati
onofel ect
roni
cball
astsforcompactf l
uor
escentl
amps( CFLs)haspowerf act
orsabov e90%wi th
harmoni
csbel ow20%.

Hi
gh-
int
ensi
tydi
schar
ge(
HID)bal
last
s

Ball
astfactor
sf orHIDl
ampsar
eusual
lycl
osetouni
ty,andbal
l
as tci
rcui
tr
yissomewhatsi
mpl
ert
hani
n
fl
uorescentbal
lasts,
duetot
hewi
despr
eaduseofsi
ngl
e-lampci
rcuit
s.

Formercuryvaporlamps ,bal
lastscir
cui
tsmaybeofther
eact
or,aut
otr
ansf
ormer,orregul
atort
ypes.
Regul
atorbal
l
as t
sc ontai
nc i
rcuit
rythati
sdesi
gnedt
ooper
atethelampatrel
ati
vel
yc onst
antwattage
event
houghnomi nali
nputli
nev ol
tagemayvar
y.

I
ngener al
,HI
Dball
astl
ossesrangebetween10%and20%oflampwat
tage.However
,sinceeachbal
l
ast
ci
rcui
tissomewhatdi
ff
erent
,catal
ograt
ingsshoul
dbeusedf
ormor
epr
eciseinf
ormat
ion.

Bal
last
sforhi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um (
HPS)l
amps

Atpresent,
fourgener
alt
ypesofbal
l
ast
sar
eav
ail
abl
etot
heHPSl
ampuser
.Eachhasi
tsadv
ant
agesand
di
sadvantages.

Thelagc i
rcui
tball
as tissimplyani nduc t
anceplacedi
ns er
ieswiththelamp.Ithasthepoor
estwatt
age
regul
ati
onduet oc hangesi nli
nev oltagesbutc anbeusedeffecti
vel
yonc ir
cuit
swheretheli
nevolt
age
vari
esbynomor et han5%.I thasar elat
ivel
yhighstar
ti
ngc ur
rentthatcanproduceadesir
abl
yfaster
l
ampwar m-up.I
tisrelati
vel
yinexpens iveandsmallinsi
zeandhasl owpowerlosses.

Thel ead c i
rcui
tballastisbuiltwit
h ac apaci
tanceins eri
eswitht heinductanceand thelamp,i n
combi nat
ionwi t
hanaut otransf
ormer.Theball
astsizeiskeptsmallbykeepingapor t
ionofthepri
mar y
windingc ommont ot hesecondarywindi
ng.Wit
ht hesecondarywi
ndingprovi
dingthewat t
ageregul
ati
on,
the effecti
veness ofthe regul
ati
on depends on the amountofc oupli
ng between the pr
imaryand
secondary .Avari
ati
onoflinevolt
ageby10%wi ll
onlyresul
tina
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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

5%v
ari
ati
oni
nlamppower
.Thel
eadci
rcui
tbal
l
asthasl
owst
art
ingcur
rent
.

254 Copy
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ALANDCOMMERCI
ALFACI
LITI
ES I
EEESt
d739-
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Themagnet i
c-regulatorballastisessent
iall
yavoltage-
regulati
ngisolat
iont r
ansformerwithi t
spr i
mar y
ands econdarywi ndingsmount edonthes amecore,andc ontai
nsat hir
dc apacit
ivewindi
ngt hatadjusts
themagnet icf luxwi thc hangei neit
herpr i
maryors econdaryv ol
tage.I tprovi
dest hebes twat tage
regul
ati
onwi thc hangeofei theri
nputvol
tageorlampv ol
tage.Howev er,iti
sthemos tcost
lyandhast he
great
estwat tagel oss .Fi
gur e7-4showst heeff
ectofl i
ne-v ol
tagevariati
ononl ampwat tsf orvarious
ball
asttypes.

El
ect
roni
cbal
last
s

Themaj orprobl em wi t
hex isti
ngHPSl ampbal l
as t
si stheirinabil
i
tyt ooper atet helampatr atedpowe r
.
Electr
oni callyc ontroll
edbal lastshav ebeendes ignedandbui l
twit has olid-statecont r
olc ir
cuitanda
reactor.Fi gure7- 5s howst hec ircuitofones uc hballastc al
ledthes uper-r
egulat edballas t
.Theus eofa
soli
d-st ates witchingdev icepermi tsthec ontrolwi ndingtobes hortedi naphas econt r
olledmanner ,and
thuspr ov i
desas moot handc onti
nuousv ari
ationint heav erageinduc tanceoft hebal l
ast.Thes oli
d-st
ate
controlc i
rcuitmoni t
orsl ampandl ineoper atingc onditionsandt henes tabli
s hest hepr operv al
ueof
ball
as tinduc tanc erequiredtooper atethelampati tsr at
edpowe r
.Ifthebal l
astoper atest helamps othat
i
tav eragesr eas onablyc losetoi t
sr atedwat tageorbel owov eri
tsl i
fe,sati
s f
ac tor
yper formanc ecanbe
expec ted.

Fi
gur
e7-
4—Bal
lastr
egul
ati
onchar
act
eri
sti
cs

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CEFORENERGY

Fi
gur
e7-
5—Ener
gy-
eff
ici
entel
ect
roni
cal
lycont
rol
ledbal
last

Becaus et heHPSl ampr equiresmor evoltageasi tages ,s pec i

alat t
entions hallbedi rectedt ot he
regulati
onoft hel ampwat tage, whichc anv arytol i
mi tst hatc anbev erydamagi ngt ot hel amp.Toav oid
thi
s,l amp- wattagel i
mi tshav ebeeni mpos edonbal las tsbyt hel ampmanuf acturers.Thewat tageand
volt
agel imitsar edef i
nedbyt hegener al
lyac cepteddi agram c alledt hetrapez oid.Thet rapezoi ds hows
thel ampus ert her angeofwat t
ageandv oltageatwhi cht hel amps halloper at
et ogi veac ceptable
performanc einl ife,lumi nousout put ,ands tabil
it
y .Thet r
apez oidf orthe400W HPSl ampi ss howni n
fi
gure7- 6.Forpr esent-daybal lastsoper ati
ngatr at edi nputvol t
age,al ll
ampsofapar ticulardes ignwi l
l
operat eonas moot hc urvewi thinthet rapez oi
dc alledt hebal lastchar acter i
sti
c.Apr operlydes i
gned
ball
as twi llgener ateas moot hwat tagev ersusv oltagec urv
ewi thahay stackappear anc es ot hatwi th
i
nc r
eas ingv olt
aget hewat tagewi llgraduall
yr i
s etoapeak ,t
hens tarttodec reas etowar dt heendofl i
f e.
HPSl ampsonel ectronicbal l
as t
sc anbemadet ot rav ersethet rapez oidbywayofas traightline.I fthe
l
ightout putofs uc hac ombi nat
ioni sc onst
ant ,i
nputwat tscanber educ edappr oximat ely20%ov erthelife
ofthel amp.

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Fi
gur
e7-
6—Tr
apezoi
ddi
agr
am f
ort
he400W HPSl
amp

9.Di
scussi
ndet
ailaboutLumi
nar
ies.
Lumi
nai
res

Ef
fi
ciencycr
it
eri
a

Theprincipl
epur poseofal ighti
ngf i
xtur
eorl uminaireist ocont
ainthelightsourcewithit
snec essary
mountingandel ectr
icalacc essori
esandt hendirectthel i
ghtfr
om thesourceintotheareatobel i
ghted.
Luminaireeff
ici
enc yisdef i
nedast heamountofl i
ghtt hatisemit
tedfrom theluminai
redividedbyt he
amountofl i
ghtgener atedbyl amps .Effi
ciency,therefor
e,tel
lshow wel ltheluminai
res ucceedsat
per
mi t
tingtheli
ghtgener atedbyt helampst oescapeabs or
pti
on,i
nter
nalrefl
ecti
ons,andtr
appingsbyt he
l
ampst hems el
vesandot herluminairecomponent s.

Gl
arecont
rolandut
il
izat
ion

Themos teffici
entlumi nairemaybenol uminair
eatal lsinceex posedlampsmayef f
ici
entl
ydi rec tthei
r
l
ightintothes pacewi t
houtut i
l
izinganyt y
peofenc l
osure.Suc hli
ghti
ngequipment ,howev er,canr es ul
tin
exces si
veglareand,dependi ngupont her oom refl
ectances ,shapeoft hes pace,andmount inghei ght,
maynotputt hel i
ghtwher eitisrequi
red.Thereisaf i
gureofmer i
tforgeneralli
ghtings yst
emst hatt ell
s
howef f
ecti
velythelumi naireandt heroom wor kinc ombination.Thisisthec oeff
icientofutil
i
z ation( CU)
andisameas ureoft helightfluxreachingthetaskar eadividedbyt heli
ghtfluxgener atedbyt hel amps .
Thec oeffi
cientofut ili
zat
iondependsupont heintensit
ydistribut
ionofthelumi naire,t
hes i
zeands hape
ofthes pace,ther ef
lectances,andt heluminair
emount i
ngarr angement.CUdat aar enormallypr ovidedby
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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

t
he l
umi
nair
e's manufact
urerforeachtype oflumi
nai
re.The CU per
mit
srapi
d est
imat
ion oft
he
i
l
lumi
nat
iont
hatc anbeachiev
edforagi
vensystem.

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Wher epeoples pendlongper iodsoft imedoi ngv i

sualwork,itisimpor t
antt oc ontrolthegl
ar efrom the
l
ighti
ngs ystem. Thevisualcomf or
tpr obabil
i
tyorVCPi sameas ureofdirectdiscomf ortgl
arebas edupon
thes tudi
edr eac t
ionsofpeopl etoar easofbr ightnesswi t
hint hei
rv iew.A VCP r ati
ngi ndexest he
probabil
ityt
hatal ight
ings yst
em wi l
lbec omfortablefrom t
hedir ectgl
ares t
andpoi ntifapersons tandsin
thewor stposit
ioni nt
her oom andl ookshorizontall
y.VCPsc anal sobec al
c ul
atedf orindi
vi
dual posit
ions
andv i
ewingdirec t
ionwithinas pace.

Gener al
l
y ,li
ghtemi tt
edf r
om al uminair
ewi thi
nac onedes cr
ibedbyanangl eof45r otat
edar ounda
verti
callinefrom theluminair
et othefloorwi l
lnotc ontri
butes ubst
anti
all
ytodi r
ectglar
e.Lightemi tted
above45mayc auseglaredependi nguponi tsint
ens i
tyandt heluminanceoft hesurroundings pac e.
Figure7- 7s howst hatluminari
est hatemi tli
ghtbel ow 45c anc auselossofc ont
rastont het ask s,
dependingupont hei
rpos i
ti
oni nthef i
eldofv i
ew.Tomi ni
miz evei
li
ngr ef
lecti
ons,l
ightemi ttedf rom
l
umi nari
esabov e45i sdesir
able.Thus ,ac ompromi ses houldbemadet oav oi
dhav i
ngl i
ghtf rom t he
l
ami naremi ttedbetween0and45t omi nimizevei
li
ngr eflect
ionsandbet ween45and90t omi ni
mi ze
directglare.Thet ypeoft askorus eoft hes pacedet ermineswhi chzones houldreceivethegr eater
emphas is .

Fi
gur
e7-
7—Gl
arei
ll
ust
rat
ion

Shi
eldi
ngmedi
a

Someuni ques olut

ionst othepr oblem descri
bedabov ehavebeenprov
idedus ingnewt ypesofs hiel
ding
mater i
alsthatc andirec tli
ghtf rom luminari
est or at
hernarr
owz onesformax imum visualeff
ectivenes s
andc ont
rolofgl are.Oneex ampleoft hi
sisal i
ghtingmateri
alwithas o-cal
led“batwing”dist
ribution.
Fi
gure7- 8s howst hatahi ghper centageoflightisemi tt
ednear45sot hatifworks t
ationsarepl ac ed
betweenr owsofl umi nari
es ,themaj orill
uminationont hetaskcomesf rom theside.Ve i
li
ngref
lec ti
ons
wil
lthusbemi nimizedwi t
haf ai
rdegr eeofglarec ontr
ol.
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ight©1996IEEEAll
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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Othertechniquescanal s omi nimizerefl

ections.Polar
izingmat er
ial
scanr educet
heamountofl i
ght
ref
lect
edf r
om t hetask,thusimpr ovi
ngtas kc ont
rast
.Changi ngtheposit
ionofthet
askwithr
espectto
thelaminarc anresultindr amaticimprovement ,andift asklocat
ionsareknown,i
nst
all
i
ngluminar
ies
awayfrom therefl
ectedgl ar
ez onewillal
way sbebenef i
cial.

Di
rtef
fectandmai
ntenanceconsi
der
ati
ons

Theeffi
ci
encyofthelaminarishighlydependentupont herefl
ec t
anceofitsinteri
orandex t
eri
orsur
faces
andtheamountofdirtcoll
ectedont helampsands hiel
dingmat eri
als.Al
lsurf
ac eseventual
lycol
l
ectdust
,
orot
herwiselosetheirl
ighti
ngef f
ec t
ivenessoveraper i
odoft ime.Inex t
remec ases,suchl
ossesmay
amounttoasmuc has50%ov eratwo- yearper
iod.Moretypical,per
hapsar elossesof10–25%ov erthe
sameperiodi
nair-
conditi
oneds paceswi th8–12h/ dayusage.

Lami narmanuf act

urerspubli
shexpecedl
t aminardirtdepreciat
ionf actors(LDDs )tohelpevaluatelossof
eff
iciencyduet odirt.However,i
tmustber ecognizedthatli
ghtingi nani nteri
ors pacedependsnotonl y
onlami nardir
tdepr eciati
onbutalsoonroom s urf
ac edir
tdepr eci
at i
on,e.g.,aginganddi scolor
ationof
l
ami narshiel
dingmat erial
sandpermanentdegradationofroom furnituresurfaces.

Ther
malper
for
mance

I
tiswellknownthatf l
uorescentlampper f
ormanceisaffect
edbyt heminimum lampwal ltemperat
ure
(MLWT).Lightoutputismax imum atabout40  C( 104 F)and decr
eas esaboveand bel ow t
his
temper
atur
e.Innearl
yallf
ixt
ur es,theMLWTi swel
labovethe40 Cinwhi
cht heli
ghtoutputi
sdec r
eased
by10–20%intwo-lampandf our-l
ampf i
xtur
es,r
espect
ivel
y.Ai
r-handl
i
ngfi
xturescanreducethelampwall
temper
atur
e,buttheyarenotinwi deuse.

Fi
gur
e7-
8—Bat
wingdi
str
ibut
ion

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Thec ompactfluor
escentfixtureshaveev enagr eatereff
ectontheper
formanceofthelampss incethese
fi
xtur
esar emor econfi
ning.Notonl ydoest hel ightoutputdecr
easeby20%,butt hesystem eff
icacyis
alsodecreasedby20%.Adv anc edfixt
uredes ignsi ncl
udeventi
ngandc onduct
ivemethodstoreduc ethe
ML WT.Thisbec omesimpor tants i
nceitwillincreas etheact
uallumenoutputofthefi
xtur
esandex pand
theappli
cati
onsofthiseffi
cientl i
ghtsource.

Ai
rmov
ement

Enclos edlumi nari

esmay“ breathe,
”pus hi
ngai routoft heirenc losuresaslampswar m up,anddr awi ngair
i
nasl ampsc ooldown.Thi smayi nc r
easethedi rtc oll
ecti
onont heinteri
ors urfaceoft hel
ami nar.Indi rt
y
areas,dirtac cumul at
ionc anbes ubstanti
all
yl ess enedbyus i
ngl uminari
est hatc ir
c ul
ateroom ai r,using
heatf rom thel ampst opr ovideac hi
mneyef f
ec t.Thisdr awsdi rtupandt hrought heluminarieswi thout
depos iti
ngi tonl aminars urfaces.Air-
handli
ngl umi nari
es,i.e.,thoselumi nariesthatar econnec tedt oa
buil
dingheat i
ng,v ent
il
ating,andai rcondit
ioning( HVAC)s ys t
em, ar
eus uall
yc onst
ruc t
edsot hatroom ai r
i
sex haus t
edbypas s i
ngi tov erlamp,bal las t
,andl ami nars urf
aces.Notonl ydoest hisl essendi r
t
accumul ation,buti tcanal somak et helampsoper atec l
os ertot heirpeakout put
.Bal l
ast
sar eals ok ept
cooler,whic hex t
endsl i
fe.

Newl
umi
nar
iesf
orener
gy-
eff
ici
entl
ightsour
ces

a) Fluor escent .A new t rendf orl ight i

ngnew bui l
dingsi st hei ncreas edus eoft her ef l
ec tori
z ed
fi
x t
ur es .Thi st r
endmaybet racedt oani nc reas ei nt henumberofs tateandnat ionall ighting
effi
c ienc ys tandar ds i nr ec enty ear s .Howe ve r,t hes ef ix t
ures c an c reat eat ear drop- l
ike
distribut ionthatmayel imi nategl ar eonac omput ers creen, butal sor educ el ightt oot herar eas .
Thedes ignoft heopt i
c alr eflectorai dsi mpor tantper formanc ec riter i
a.Att hepr es entt i
me,
compl exmul tiplepl anedes i
gnsus ingupt o30r ef lec t
iv eplanesc anbec reat edus ingCAD/ CAM
technol ogy ,
whi c hyieldsex cellentl i
ght ingdi stributionaswel l asimpr ov edf ixt ureefficienc ies .
b) Spec ularr et
rof i
treflector s.Ref lector sar eav ailabl eint wobas ictypes :s emi -
rigidr efl
ec tors ,whi ch
ares ec uredint hef i
x t
urebymec hani calmeans ,andadhes ivef i
lms ,whi char eappl i
eddi rec tl
yt o
thei nter iorsurfac esoft hef ixture.Ei thers i
lv eroral umi num maybeus edast hereflec ti
ngmedi a.
Ingener al,r
eflectorsi ncreas et heper centageofl ampl umenst hatr eac ht hewor kplane.Whent he
visualappear anc eofadel ampedf i
x tureisunac c eptable,orwhent heor iginalf i
x t
ur ehasan
unus uallylowef fi
c i
enc y, refl
ec torsmaybeus edasanef fi
c i
enc yremedy .Howe v er,
theuni formi ty
ofillumi nati
ons houl dbeev aluat edt oens uret hatadequat el ightispr ov idedatt hewor ks tations .
c) High- pressur esodi um.Pr operl ami nardes igni st hek eyt ol i
ghtingef ficienc y.Newl ydev eloped
l
umi nar iesus epr ismat icgl assr eflect or
st hatar ees pec iallymadef orhi gh-press ur es odium
l
amps .Inaddi ti
ont oac hievingmax imum l i
ghtut ili
z ation, t
heyr eflec tt hei nt ens elights ourc ewi th
exc ellentl i
ghtc utof fandhi gh-angl ebr ightnes sc ont rol.

10.Di
scussaboutl
i
ght
ingcont
rolmechani
sm i
ndet
ail
.
Li
ght
ingcont
rol
s

Gener
al

Thepr opercontrolofali
ghti
ngs ystem i
soneoft hemos teff
ecti
veway stos avelighti
nge nergy.Contr ol
techniquesmayr angefr
om thes impleON/ OFFs wi
tchinstal
ledonani ndivi
duall ami
nart oel aborate
comput er-
contr
olledmas t
ers wi
tchings yst
emsdes i
gnedf oroperatingthel i
ghtings yst
em ofal arge
buil
ding.Theinstall
ati
onofapr opernumberofs witch-
pointsisgeneral
lythek eyt oeffecti
vec ontr
olof
energybys wit
ching.Onceas yst
em i sinst
all
ed,additi
onals wi
tch-point
smaybedi f
ficul
tt oadd;s o
carefulatt
enti
ons houl
dbepaidtot hispar
tofthelight
ings yst
em duri
ngi ni
ti
aldesign.

Swi
tchi
ng

I
thasbeencommonpr
act
icet
owi
reel
ect
ri
calpowersy
stemsi
nsuchawayt
hatt
hemi
nimum amountof

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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

electr
icwireorci
rcui
ti
ngisrequir
ed.Withaverysmal
lincr
easei
ncost
,el
ect
ri
cci
rcui
tscanbewi
rest
hat
full
adv ant
ageofreducedl
ighti
ngc anbeobt
ained.

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Swi t
chings houl
dbearrangedforeachar
eainwhi chanindiv
idualorgroupmi ghtwor kandr equi
rehi
gher
l
ev el
sofl ighti
ngthanthebalanceoftheroom.Low- v
oltageswit
c hi
ngt echni
quesi ncreasethemultipl
e
pointc ont
rolabil
i
tyofthesyst
em; 277Vswitchi
ngwithbarri
ersbetweendifferentswitchlegsisavai
l
able
forus eincommer ci
albui
ldi
ngs.

Parti
alli
ght i
ngc ouldbeac ceptableats ev eral peri
odsoft heday: dur ingc leaningoper ations,atlunchhour ,
andbef oret hes taffi sfull
yoc c upiedint hemor ni
ng.Forex ampl e, offi
c elighti
ngmayr angef rom 50f cto
100f c,
wher easj anitorsc anwor kperfec t
lywel lands af
elyat15–20f c. Thec ontrolisnor mal l
yarranges o
thathalfoft hebal lastsorone- thirdoft hebal l
as t
si naf l
uoresc entorHI Dins t
all
ationar et urnedof f.In
somec as es,t hismeanst hathal f,one-third,ort wo-t hir
dsoft hef i
xtureswi l
lbeex ti
nguished.I not her
caseswher emul ti
pl ebal l
as t
sar ei nstall
edi nc ontinuousr owsoff ixturesorpai r
edf ixtures,thiss i
mpl y
meanst hef ixtur ewi l
lbedi mmed t o one- half,one- thi
rd,ort wo- thirdsl i
ght.Int hel atterc ase,t he
advantageofev enl ighti
ngandnor malrat i
osofmi nimum t oav eragel ightingareobt ainedandmi nimum
shadowi ngoc c urs.Thi st ypeofc ontr
oli sv eryeas il
yac complishedbywi ri
ngbr anchc i
rcuitsonal ternate
switchorc i
rc uitbr eak erlegsori nat hree-phas es ystem bywi ri
ngone- thirdoft helight soneac hphas e.
Suit
ablear r
angement st hats t
aggert hel i
ght ingc anpr ovi
deac ur rentbal anc eattheel ectri
cs ervice.In
mos tcas es,v er yli
ttleaddi ti
onal condui tisr equired, andonlyami nimum amountofaddi ti
onal wireanda
fewaddi ti
onal branc hbreak erforeac hpanel areneeded.

I
tmaybedes i
rabl
et opl
aces witchesadjacentt
owindowss ot
hatl
i
ghtscanbeturnedof
forreducedif
notneeded.Si
gnifi
cantenergysav i
ngsc anbemadebyt heuseofdayli
ght
ing.I
ns omei
nst
anc es,t
wo
zoneofcontr
ol,r
unningparal
lel
tot hewindows,canbej
usti
fi
ed.

I
tisessenti
altoremindthoseresponsi
blef
orc ont
rol
l
ingt hel
ightswit
chesoftheneedtoturnof
fli
ght
s.
Noadvantagewi l
lbegainedintheint
roduct
ionofaddit
ionalcontr
olsiftheyar
enotuti
l
ized.Theuseof
post
ers,not
ices,
meet i
ngs,andchecki
ngbysupervi
sorystaffi
sdesir
able.

Di
mmi
ng

Vari
ousmet hodsofdi
mmi ngareavai
l
ablewhichprov
ideapleasingeff
ec t
,ut
il
izeonl
ytheamountofl
i
ght
needed,andsaveenergy.Reducedvol
tageismostl
yusedforincandescent
,butmoresophi
sti
cat
emethod
arerequi
redforfl
uor
es centandHIDli
ghti
ng.

I
tispossi
bletoreducethev
olt
ageofasy
stem v
erysi
mpl
ybyt
heuseofv
ari
abl
etapaut
otr
ansf
ormer
sby
del
ayed-f
ir
ingthyr
ist
ors.

Becausevar
iabl
etapaut ot
ransformershaverel
ati
vel
ylowlossesandmaybeus edt ocontr
olei
therlar
ge
orsmalli
ncandescentl
oads ,suchcontrolcanbeusedfortheat
erorac c entli
ghti
ngwher evary
inglevel
s
ofi
ll
uminati
onaredes i
red.Alessex pensi
vewayofac compli
shi
ngt hes amet ypeofl i
ghti
ngcontroli
sto
usefi
xed-
tapautot
ransformers;however,t
heli
ghti
nglev
elsareadjustabl
eonl yinsteps.

Asec ondtypeofincandescentdimmingus estransi

stor
sort hyri
stor
s.Theyreducethev olt
ageby
r
educingtheti
meineachc ycl
ethatthevol
tageisappli
ed.Thi
smet hodisthel
eastexpensi
ve.Oneother
f
orm ofvolt
agedi
mmingi nv
olvestheuseofas at
urabl
ereact
ortogetherwi
thanel
ectr
oniccontr
ol.

Dimmi ngoftheHI Dandf l

uorescentlampscanbeac complishedwi t
haphas e-cont
roll
edc ir
cuit
.Inf ul
l
-
ranges y
stemsus i
ngrapid-
startfl
uorescentl
amps,lampc athodesar ehel
datr el
ativ
elyc onst
antv ol
tage
topreventprematuref
ail
ureoft hetubeorexti
ngui
shingoft hear c.Sometypesofelectronicball
astalso
i
nc or
porateadimmi ngfeaturewiththeadditi
onaladvantaget hatpowerlossest hr
ought hes ol
id-st
ate
devicesaremini
mal.

Anelectroni
cballastcanreadi
lydimf l
uorescentl
ampswithoutconditi
oningthei nputpowerasr equi
red
todim magnet i
cbal last
eds yst
ems .Themagnet icball
ast
edfluores centsystemsar elimitedt othe
schedul
ings t
rat
egy, l
umendepreciat
ion,ands i
mpleday
li
ghti
ngappli
c ati
ons.Fluorescentl
ampsoper ated
onadi mmi ngelect
ronicball
astcanper for
mt heabovemor eef
fecti
v el
yands avemor eenergywi t
hout

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i
ncreasi
ngthef
li
cker
.Thedimmingcapabi
li
ti
eswi
llal
lowdynamiccontr
olofl
i
ghtlev
elst
oaccommodat
e
anelect
roni
cof
fi
cethatr
equi
reschangesi
nill
umi
nati
onlev
elsforhar
dpapert
asksandVDTs.

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New t ypesofauxil
i
arycontr
olsweredev elopedi n1981thatcanc utthepoweroflampsoper at
ingon
standardball
astsby25%ormor e.Thesec ontrol
sareeasi
l
yinstall
edinthel
aminarorbranchci
rcui
t,buta
carefuleval
uati
onshouldbecarri
edoutbef orehandtomakes urethatt
hecontr
ol,bal
l
as t
,andl
ampwor k
effecti
velywi
thoutcompromi
singsystem performanceorcomponentlif
e.

Remot
econt
rolsy
stems

Inmostlargebuil
dingsiti
sdes i
rabl
et ohavetheabili
tytoc ont
roll
i
ghti
ngf r
om acentr
allocat
ionorf
rom
cent
ralfl
oorpoints.Thisprov
isi
onenabl esi
ndiv
idualsassignedthetasktotur
nonl i
ghtsinthemorning
andturnoffl
ight
satni ght
,andmak eintermi
tt
entadjustment st
otheli
ghti
ngasdesir
ed.

Aut
omat
iccont
rolsy
stems

Automaticcontr
olsvar
yf r
om as i
mplet i
meclock,aphotocel
l
, orapresencedetectortoas ophi
sticated
computer-contr
oll
edlighti
ngs y
stem.A priceversusbenefitc ostanal
ysiswillber equi
redforeac h
i
nstal
lati
on.Thes y
stem shoul
dbepr ogrammedfornormaloper ati
onsandhaveal ocalmanualov erride.
Li
ghtingshouldbes wi
tchedindi
stri
butedgr
oupss othatar
easc anbeli
ghtedordar kenedasconditions
change.

11.Di
scusshowt
oopt
imi
zet
hel
i
ght
ingener
gy.
Opt
imi
zingl
i
ght
ingener
gy

Toachi
eveoptimum useofener
gyi
nli
ght
ingsy
stems,t
hemosti
mpor
tantconsi
der
ati
onsi
nthel
i
ght
ing
desi
gnprocessar
easf ol
l
ows:

a) Uti
li
zi
ngday l
ight
b) Understandingvisual t
asks
c) Consideri
ngquant ityandqualit
yofil
luminati
on
d) Sel
ectingproperlightinghardware(l
amp, bal
last
,lami
nar
,cont
rol
)
e) Understandingmai ntenancecharact
eri
sti
c s
f) Spaci
ngc r
it
erion

Therelati
vei mportanceofeac hoft hes efac torsv arieswit hthes i
tuat
ion.Forex ample,whens elect i
ng
l
ighti
ngfixturesforapar ki
nglot,t
hev i
sualt as kisal lpervas i
ve.Thatis,theent i
reparkinglotrequiresa
l
ow,uni f
orm was hofl i
ghtwhi l
et hec onstruc t
ionc haracteri
sti
csdi ct
ateasf ew obs tr
ucti
onst ot he
pavements urfaceaspos si
ble.Ontheot herhand, thel i
ghtingofac onventi
onalof f
icerequir
esal i
ght i
ng
l
evelofs uffi
cientmagnit
udet opermi treadingofs ec ondort hi
rdcarbonc opiesats peci
ficworks tations
whil
ether emai ni
ngporti
onoft hespac emaybel ightedt oas omewhatl owerl evel
.

Ut
il
izi
ngday
li
ght

Dayl
ightisimportanttothereduct
ionofday
timeconsumpti
onofenergyattr
ibut
abl
et oi
l
lumi
nat
ion
syst
ems .I
fdayli
ghtisconsi
der
ed,t
hedesi
gnofanel
ectr
icli
ght
ingsy
stem mustbemodifi
edt
oint
egr
ate
i
tint
ot heover
allsyst
em.

Dayl
ightfactorisdefi
nedasthei
ll
uminancer
ecei
vedatapoi
nti
ndoors,f
rom askyofk nownorassumed
l
uminance di st
ri
buti
on,expr
essed asa per
cent
age ofthehor
izont
alill
uminance outdoor
sfr
om an
unobstr
uc t
edhemi spher
eofthesames k
y.

Dayli
ghtfactor
s( cal
cul
ated)bet
ween2%and5%i ndi
cat
ethattheel
ect
ri
cli
ght
ingshoul
dbedesi
gnedt
o
takeful
ladvantageofavail
abl
edayl
ight
.Thi
scanbeaccompli
shedbyusi
ng

a) Taskort
ask-
ambi
entl
i
ght
ing(
touseday
li
ghtt
opr
ovi
det
hegener
alsur
roundorambi
entl
i
ght
ing)

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CEFORENERGY

b) El
ect
ri
clight
ingcontr
olsyst
emswit
hphot
osensorcont
rolst
oautomati
cal
lydi
mthel
i
ghti
n
pr
oport
iontotheavai
labl
edayl
i
ghtsoast
oproduceac onst
anti
l
luminance

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Forani ndust
ri
albuil
ding,windowsinthes i
dewal
lsadmitdayl
ightandnat ur
alventi
lati
on,andaffor
d
oc cupantsaviewout,allofwhichmaybedes ir
abl
e.Nevert
hel
ess,theiruncontr
oll
edluminancemaybe
troublesome.Therearemanyf ormsofli
ghti
ngsect
ionsusedbyarchit
ec tst
oadmi tsomeday li
ghti
ntoa
factory.Eachwillr
equi
res omec ont
rolmeanstomak et
hedayli
ghtus efult
owor ker'
sv i
sualt
asks,t
hus
resulti
nginenergysavi
ngsast heult
imat
egoal.

Vi
sualt
ask

Thedesignedilluminancelevelshoul
dbeappropri
ateforthev i
sualt
ask.Someengi
neeri
ngjudgement
shal
lbeex er
cisedi nest
abli
shingthedesi
gnl
evel,
whichshouldbeadjust
edt ot
heageoftheworkerand
thevi
sualdif
fi
cul t
yofthetask.Themax i
mum cont
rastr
ati
os houl
dbeobservedi
nthedesi
gn.

Visualper
for
manceistherat
eofinfor
mationprocessedbyt
hev
isualsy
stem asmeasur
edbyt
hespeed
andac cur
acywi
thwhichthevi
sual
taskisperf
ormed.

Thevi
sibi
l
ityofav i
sualtaskisdet er
minedbythevisi
bil
i
tyofthemostdi
ff
icul
tel
ementt
hatmustbe
det
ect
edorr ecognizedinorderthatthetaskmaybeper f
ormed.Thel
umi
nanceofthet
askist
hemost
i
mport
antli
ghti
ngf actori
nac hi
evinggoodtaskv
isi
bil
i
ty.

I
ll
umi
nat
ionquant
it
yandqual
it
y

Quantit
yofi l
lumi
nationi
sus uall
ymeas ur
edinlumenspersquar efoot(f
ootcandl
es)orlumenspersquar
e
meter( l
ux).Sincetheeyec annot“ see”footcandl
es,somel i
ghtingrecommendationsarenow giv
enin
footl
amber t
soruni tsoflumi nance.Lumi nanceismor ecl
os elyrel
atedtos eei
ngs i
ncetheey eisan
excell
entjudgeofluminancediffer
enc es(contr
ast)
,anecessaryelementofvisi
on.

Ofequalimportanceisthequali
tyofil
l
uminat
ion.Qual
i
tyf
act
orsi
ncl
udel
i
ght
inguni
for
mit
y,cont
rolof
di
rectandref
lectedgl
are,andpr
opercol
or.

a) Directglar e.Thegl areoc curri

ngbec aus eofadi rectviewoft heluminair
es .Disabil
it
yglareocc urs
whent hepr es enc eofabr i
ghtl i
ghtsour cec l
oset othel i
neofs ightmak esthet askmor ediff
ic ult
tos ee.
b) Reflectedgl are.I toc curswhenahi gh- l
umi nanc eluminaireisr ef
lect
edf rom agl oss ysurfac e.
Wher ether eflectionshav enous ef ulpur pose,t heyc anber educedbyus inglow-luminanc e
l
umi nair
es ,orbyar rangi ngt helumi naire,task,andwor kersot hatrefl
ectionsar enotdi r
ec ted
alongt hel ineofs i
ght .
c) Ve i
li
ngr eflect i
ons.I treferst othelossofc ontr
astont hetasksur f
acewhenl i
ghtemi tt
edformt he
sour cebounc esof ft het aski nt
ot hev iewer '
seye. A1%l os sofcontrastrequiresanincreaseof10
-15%i nf oot candl est omai ntainthes amev i
sualperformanc e.
d) Visual comf ortpr obabi l
ity( VCP).Itdes cr
ibesthepr obabledegr eetowhi chapat t
ernofov er
head-
mount ed lights our ceswi llcaus edi scomf ort.A VCP r ati
ng of80 meanst hat80% oft he
oc cupant swi l
l fi
ndt hegl ar eproducedbyt hes y
st em acceptabl
e.

Lighti
ng qualit
yi natrul
y eff
ect
iveli
ghti
ng i
nst
all
ati
on r
equi
res car
efulconsi
der
ation ofs pacial
relat
ionshipsbet
weent
asksurf
aces,
li
ght
ingsour
ces,
viewi
ngangl
es,v
isualt
asks,
room r
eflect
ances,and
otherfactors.

Ac ommonmi stakeistocompr omisethequal i

tyofal i
ghti
ngsyst
em tomaxi
mizequant
it
yoreffi
c acy
.
Thi
si scounter
pr oduct
ivesi
ncegl ar
ing,uncomf or
tabl
elight
ingr
esult
sincompl
aint
sofheadaches,eye
st
rain,
ands i
milarprobl
emst hatcanaffectproducti
vi
ty.

Li
ght
inghar
dwar
e

Ener
gyeffi
ciencyis onl
yone oft he fact
orsinthe li
ght
ing har
dwares electi
on process.Physi
cal
char
act
eri
sti
cs,qual
i
tyofc onst
ruct
ion,easeofser
vici
ng,andli
ghti
ngqual
it
yf actorsaremos timpor
tant

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i
nagi veninst
all
ati
on.However
,part
icularat
tent
ionshouldbegivent
othepart
soft hesyst
em that
tr
ansf
orm el
ectr
icener
gyint
ovisi
bleenergy(t
helampandbal l
ast
)andt
helumi
nai
re,whi
chcol
lect
sand
di
rect
sthatvi
si
bleener
gyint
otheroom. Compensati
onforan

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1995

i
neff
ici
entbal
l
ast,l
amp,orl
umi
nai
recannotgener
all
ybepr
ovi
dedbymani
pul
ati
onoft
heot
herv
ari
abl
es
i
ntheli
ghti
ngsyst
em.

Tomani pul
atetheses ystem vari
ablesinordert oachieveoptimum l i
ghti
ngenergyeff
ect
iveness,the
engi
neerordesi
gners houldbef amil
iarwi
thv ari
ouslampt y
pes, compatibl
eenergy
-ef
fi
ci
entball
asts,and
up-t
o-dat
especi
allydesignednewl uminai
res.Intheprecedi
ngs ubclauses,i
nfor
mati
onontheses ubj
ects
hasbeenprovi
dedt oass i
stt
het askofsel
ectinganoptimum li
ghtings y
s t
em.

Mai
ntenance

Maintenanceoflight
ing sy
stemskeepstheper
for
manc eoft hesystem wi
thi
n basi
cdes i
gn l
i
mits,
promotessafet
y,andwhenc onsi
der
edint
hedesi
gnstage,
c anhel
ptoreducet
heelect
ri
caldemandand
capi
talcost
.

Maint
enanc eincl
udesther eplacementoffai
ledordeter
ior
atedlamps,bal
last
s,soc ket
s,andswitches;
andthec leani
ngofl uminairesandr oom surf
acesats ui
tabl
einter
val
s.Groupr elampinghasv i
s ual
,
el
ectr
ical
,andf i
nanci
aladvantagesoverspotlamprepl
acement.Asageneralgui
de,luminair
esshoul
dbe
cl
eanedannual l
y.

I
gnoringmaintenancewi l
lrequi
rehi
gheri
nit
ial
lumensandmor ef
ixt
uresorhi
gherwat
tagel
amps ,
andwil
l
becomeex pensivebec auseofwastedenergy.Whenc ost
sarecal
culat
edinunit
sofannualdol
lar
sper
foot
candl
e,anev aluat
ioncanbemadet oaidtheselect
ionoft
hesyst
em.

Space-
mount
inghei
ghtr
ati
o

Therat i
oofl umi nai
res pac i
ngtoheightofthelumi nai
reabov etheworkpl aneisac rit
ical cons i
derationin
i
ndus tri
allight i
ngdes ign.Thisrelat
ioni sknownast hes pacingtomount ingheightr atio( S/MH) .The
val
ueS/ MHi nlighti
ngf i
xturemanufac t
urercatalogsist hemax i
mum s pacingthatwi llresultinrelativ
ely
uni
for ml i
ght i
ngatt hewor kplane.Thiss pacingwillpr ovidegoodov erl
apofl i
ghtbet weenadj acent
fi
xtures,regar dlessofi nterf
erencefrom workersorequi pment .Thewi derthef i
xtures pacing, thegreater
shallbethel ightout putf r
om eac hfi
xture.Manyi ndust
rialplantsareconges tedwithc olumns , equi
pment ,
andpi pi
ng, whi c hcas tshadows .Forthisreason, i
ndi
vidualwor ks t
ati
onss hal
lbec ons ideredi naddi t
ion
toareal i
ghting.

HIDl ampsar eav ail

abl
einl umenout putsizest hats panar angeofmor et han10: 1.Init
ialcostofal i
ghti
ng
system willbel owerandener gycos t
swi l
l belessifl argerlampsandf ewerl umi nair
esar eused.Howe ver
,
caut i
on isr equi red bec ause usi
ng l argerl amps and s pacing l
umi naires farapar tc an produce
uns ati
sfact
oryl ightdistr
ibuti
on.Atas pac i
ngt omount i
nghei ghtrati
oof1: 1,forex ample,t
heov erl
apof
l
ightf orm adjac entfixt
uresandl amps hi
el di
ngwi llber eas onableandr eflectorbr i
ghtnesswi llbewithi
n
accept abl
elimits .Whent hemount ingheighti sequal t
ot hes pac i
ngbetweenf ixt
ures ,
theareac ov
eredby
eachl uminairei sequalt ot hes quareoft hemount i
nghei ght .Mult
ipl
yingt hes quareoft hemount i
ng
heightbyt wic et hedes i
redav er
agemai ntainedlightl evely i
eldsagoodappr oxi
mat evaluef orrequir
ed
i
nitiall
ampl umens .

Tabl
e7- 11of fer
sac ompar i
sonoft heenergyrequir
ementsoff ourmajorlightings yst
ems .Thetabl
e
summar iz
est heresul
tsofaf ix
turel
ayoutst
udytopr ovi
deaneven100f ctoillumi natea10000f 2(
t 926
m2)ar ea.Thedat awoul dalsoholdt r
ueforsimilarint
eri
orli
ghtingappl
ications ,prov
idedther
ewas
suff
ici
entc ei
l
ingheightforpropermounti
ngofthefixtur
es.Fl
uorescentl
i
ghti
ngi stheopt i
mum choicei
n
mos tl
ow-ceil
ingareas.

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CEFORENERGY

Tabl
e7-
11—Ener
gyr
equi
rement
sforf
ourmaj
orl
ight
ingsy
stems
HPS Metalhal
i
de Mercur
y I
ncandescen
Sy
stem Fl
our
escent
(
400W) (400W) (400W) t(1000W)

No.off
ixt
ures 73 40 65 118 70

Power 33.
2 19 30 52 70
requi
reme
nt(kW)

Percentof 175 100 158 274 368

HPSpower
requi
red

12.Descr
ibepowerf
act
orandef
fectofhar
moni
csonpowerqual
it
y
Powerf
act
orandef
fectofhar
moni
csonpowerqual
i
ty

Lightingsy st
em el ementseitherhaveani nherentl
yhighpowerf actororareav ai
lablewithi
ntegr
alpower-
factorc orrect
ion.Fl uor
escentbal l
astsus edi nc ommer cialbui
ldingsdel i
verov er90% powerf act
or.
Almos tallball
as t
sar emadewi t
hc apac i
tor
st hatpr ovidenotonl yhighpowerf act
orbutalsophase
shift
ingi ntwo-lampuni tstor educes t
robos copiceffects.High-
power -
factorballastsareal
mos tr
outi
ne
forfluorescentlighti
ng,butformanyoft heHI Dl uminairestheymus tbes pecif
ied.

Mostdimmings ystemsfordischarge-t
ypeli
ghti
ngdependonawav e-choppi
ngac t
ionoruseonlypar tof
thecy
c l
etoreducepowert othelighti
ngsystem.Theseuni
tswillhaveaninherent
lylowerpowerfactorin
thedi
mmi ngphas esbecauseoftheirhighharmoniccont
ent.Howe v
er ,
theeff
ectofthelowpowerf actor
uponthebuil
dingswill
bereducedbec auseofthepowerreducti
onoft hesyst
em inthedimmedphas es .

Themaj orimpac tt
hatel ectronicball
as t
shav eont hepowerl i
nei sharmonicc urrent.Harmoni csappear
ont hepowerl inebec aus eoft hebas icelectronicdes i
gnoft hebal l
ast.Iff l
i
c kerist ober educed,
el
ectronicbal lastmus tfirstpr oduceapur edcv olt
age.Puredci sobtainedbyappl yi
ngener gys tor
age
capacitorsaf tertheinputdi oder ecti
fier
.Thisc apac i
torcausesc urrenttoflowi ns hortburst
swi t
hhigh
peakc urrent.(Thebur stsar emadeupofas eri
esofs inewavesc ompos edoft hef undamental f
requenc y
andhar moni cs .
)Ther esult,i
fnotc orrected,i
sal owpowerf actor(50%)andc i
rcul
at i
ngc ur
rentthatheat s
uptrans former sandwas tese ne r
gy.Currentelectronicball
astsaddr essthehar moni csandpowerf actor
i
ssuebyi nternaldesign(ac hievingTHDasl owas6%, andpowerf actornearunity)
.

Thereisamat hemat i
calrel
ati
ons hi
pbetweenpowerf act
orandharmoni
cs ,I
tcanbes hownt hatwhen
displ
acementpowerf act
orisignored,har
moniccurr
entsof20%rel
atetoapowerf actorofjustover98%
andhar moni
cdistort
ionof5% r equir
esapowerf act
orofover99.8%.Essenti
all
y,i
ncreasedhar moni
cs
contr
ibutet
oloweringthepowerf act
or.

Today,thes wit
chingfrequenci
esoft heball
as t
sar eintherangeof20- 50kHz .Fastri
setimesonthe
swit
chingtransientsatthesefrequenc i
esgenerateharmonicsupi ntothehi
ghfrequencyspect
rum.This
cancaus einter
ferencetoradi
oc ommuni cat
ions,sensi
ti
vemedic alequi
pment,andc omput
ers.However
,
bal
lastschosenf oruseinhospi
t alsandc omputerf
ac t
ori
eswill
c ausenoint
erf
erence.

Harmonicdistort
ionofpowers y
stem volt
agesorc urrent
sisalwaysundesir
abl
e.Harmonicc omponents
addtos yst
em lossesbyc r
eat
ingadditi
onalheati
nginpowers ystem equi
pment.Hi
ghlevel
sofhar monic
vol
tagedistor
tionc ancauseequipmentmi soperati
onorf ai
l
ure.Voicecommunicati
onc i
rcuit
smaybe
adversel
yimpac t
ed.Transf
ormerandmot order
atingduet oharmoniccurr
entandvolt
ageinc r
easesthe
capit
alcostofequipmentforagivenappli
cati
on.

Futureuti
li
tyhar
monicdist
ort
ions t
andardsmaypr ovi
deanadditi
onalincent
iveforthes el
ect
ionof
equipmentwit
hlowharmoni
cc ur
rentdi
stort
ion.Ther
evi
sionofI
EEEStd519-1992isexpect
edtoincl
ude

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ES I
EEESt
d739-
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pr
oposedlimi
tsforharmoniccurr
entgener
ati
onbyc ust
omer
s,wi
tht
heut
il
it
ybei
ngr
esponsi
blef
or
l
imit
inghar
monicvol
tagedi
stor
ti
ontospeci
fi
edlev
els.

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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

I
nter
act
ionofl
ight
ingwi
thot
herbui
l
dingsubsy
stems

Gener
al

Thelighti
ngs ubsyst
em i
nabui l
dingi
nter
actspri
mar i
lywit
hbot htheelect
ri
calandHVACs ubsyst
ems .It
hass econdaryeffect
sonbuil
dingacousti
calcontr
olsandf i
res afet
y.Li
ghti
ngreact
switht heelect
rical
syst
em bec auseitusesel
ect
rici
tyasit
ssourceofenergy,anditreactswi
ththeHVACs ystem becauseof
theef f
ec t
sofheatdi ssi
pat
edf rom t
helight
ings ubsy
stem.Thi sheatgenerall
yreducest hebuil
ding
heat
ingr equi
rements.

Basedont hetransferf
unct
ionmet
hod(TFM)oftheASHRAEpubl
i
cat
ion,t
hei
nst
ant
aneousr
ateofheat
gai
nfrom elect
ricl
ighti
ngmaybecal
cul
atedf
rom

qel=3.
41W FulFsa

wher
e

qel i
stheheatgain,Bt
u/h
W i
sthetot
alli
ghtwat t
age
Ful i
sthel
ighti
ngus efactor
Fsa i
sthel
ighti
ngs peci
alall
owancef
act
or

Thetotall
ightwat
tagei
sobt
ainedf
rom t
her
ati
ngsofal
ll
ampsi
nst
all
ed,
bot
hforgener
ali
l
lumi
nat
ionand
fordi
splayuse.

Theusef
actori
sther
ati
oofthewatt
agei
nuse,
fort
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
cht
hel
oadest
imat
eisbei
ng
made,
tothetot
ali
nst
all
edwatt
age.

Thespec i
alallowancef actori
sforfluorescentluminair
esorforluminai
resthatarev enti
latedorinst
all
ed
sothatonlypar toft heirheatgoest ot hec ondit
ionedspace.Forf l
uorescentluminaires,thespecial
al
lowancef actoraccount spri
maril
yf orball
astlosses.ASHRAEr ecommendsa“ valueof1. 20forgeneral
appl
icat
ions .
”Indust
rialluminai
reshav especialal
lowancefact
orstobedeal twithindiv
idually
.

HVACsubsy
stem i
nter
act
ion

Li
ghti
ngf orbuil
dingsisderi
vedeit
herfr
om natur
alsour
cesorfrom arti
fi
cial
,el
ectr
ical
l
yoperat
eddevices.
Dependingonbui ldi
ngtypesandlocat
ion,t
hebalancebetweendayli
ghtandar t
if
ici
alli
ghtdur
ingday
li
ght
hour
sv ari
esc onsider
abl
y.Atnight
,art
if
ici
all
ight
ingi
srequir
edinal
l appl
icat
ions.

Sunl
i
ghtprovi
des36lumensofli
ghtforeachBtuperhourpersquar
ef ootofsol
arradiat
ion.Bywayof
compar
ison,
tabl
e7-
12s howst
hisrel
ati
onshi
pformorety
pical
int
eri
orli
ghti
ngsources.

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Tabl
e7-
12—Compar
ati
veout
putofl
i
ghtsour
ces
Lumens/(Btu/
h)persquaref
oot
Sour
ce
(
includi
ngball
ast)

I
ncandescentl
amp 6

Mer
cur
ylamp 15

Fl
uor
escentl
amp 20

Met
al-
hal
i
del
amp 30

Hi
gh-
pressur
esodi
um
35
(
HPS)lamp

Day
li
ght 36

Thus,dayli
ghtpr ovideslightwit
hlesstotalassociatedheatthandomos toftheot hercommonl yus ed
i
nteri
orlightings ources.Onepr obl
em withday l
ightisthatwi t
houtproperc ont
rol,morelightc anbe
i
ntroducedt hanmayber equir
ed,and,dur
ingthecool i
ngseasonsatleast
,mor eheatisint
roducedt hanis
neededorwoul dbepr esentwit
hmor eli
mitedarti
fici
alsour
ces.Thisi
sparticul
arl
ytrueinthedirectbeam
ofsunli
tinterior
s.

Therear ever
yfews tudi
esdetail
ingtheeffectsofnat uralandartif
ici
alli
ghti
ngont heenergyrequiredfor
heat
ingandc ooli
ngbuildi
ngs.Onec omput ersi
mul ationanalys i
smadef orahigh-ri
seof f
icebui ldi
ng
showst hatf
oreac haddit
ionalwattpers quarefootofpeakl ighti
ngdemand,t hereisani ncreas eof
approx i
matel
y(0.6kWh/y r
)/f
t2incooli
ngener gyrequi r
ed;andadec reaseforheati
ngenergyr equi
r edof
fr
om ( 0.5kWh/yr
)/f
t2incoldcli
matest o(0.1kWh/ y
r)/ft2inwar merc l
imates.Theseresul
tsarebas edon
aprojectedoccupancyof2500equi v
alentful
l-l
oadhour spery ear.

Ac omput ers i
mul ationoft hiss amepr ototypi
calof fi
ces truct
ur ewasmadet odet erminetheeffec t
sof
dayli
ghtont heener gyr equi
r edf orar t
if
ici
alli
ghtingwhenus i
ngf luores centtr
offersforweathercondi t
ions
i
nSt .Louis,Mi ssour i
.Thiss tudys howedt hatc ompar edwi thabui ldingwi t
hv eneti
anbl i
ndsclosedt oa
shadingc oeffi
cientof0. 6,andi nwhi cht heperimet erli
ghtingoper atesc onstantl
ydur i
ngwor ki
nghour s,
tur
ningof fperimet erlight
sandc los i
ngv eneti
anbl i
ndswhenappr opr iatecoulds av
eappr oxi
matel y25%
oftheannualener gyoft hel ighting system.TheannualHVAC s ys t
em c ooli
ng energyrequirement
decreasesby10%andt heannualheat i
ngener gyrequi r
ementi ncreas esby7%.Theov eral
lneteffecton
thebui l
ding,believedt obet ypicalofmanynew hi gh-ri
s eof fices tructur
es ,byus i
ngday li
ghtt ot he
max i
mum f easi
bleex tent
,ist odec r
easet heannualener gyi nputt ot hebuildi
ngbyappr oxi
mat ely7%
(usi
ng3414Bt u/ kWh) .Itmus tbeemphas i
zedt hattheser esul
t sper tainonlytot hebuildi
ngstudied.The
datac oul
dv aryappr eciabl
yf orot herdes i
gnsandot herc l
imatec onditi
ons .

Costanal
ysi
stechni
ques

Ineitherneworex isti
nginstal
lati
onsthereareus uallynumer ousal t
ernati
v esthatshoul dbeex ami nedt o
determi net heoptimum l i
ghtings yst
em from theener gys tandpoi nt.Ev al
uationt echniquest hatr ank
systemsont hebasisofwat ts/squarefoot,watt
hour s/squaref oot ,Bt
u/hour ,etc.,
mayal lbeappl i
c able,
giv
en t he greatvar i
etyofdes i
gn techni
ques ,legalc ons t
raint s,and pol i
cies thatmayappl y .The
economi csoft helighti
ngs ystem mus talsobeex aminedandasener gyc ostsbegi nt omor eclos el
y
ref
lec ttheac tualcost,scar
c i
ty,demand,andi mpor tanceofv ariousfuels,thel i
fec yclec ost(LCC)ofa
l
ightings ystem canbeus edasagoodi ndicat
orofi t
sef f
ici
enc y .Theheatf rom thelightings y
s t
em s hould
beinc ludedasanegat ivecostdur i
ngheatingmont hsandt heener gytor emov ethisheatdur i
ngc ooling
mont hss houldbeaddedasanaddi ti
onalenergycos t.

I
nt heannualc ostmodel(figur
e7- 9),i
nit
ialandoper at
ingcost
saredeter
minedusingact
ualorpredicted
valuesf orhar
dware,i
nstal
lati
on, ener
gy,andmai ntenancecost
s.An“owningcost
”isaddedtotheannual
cos t
st oannuali
zetheinit
ialcos toftheinstal
l
ation.Ifthecostf
act
orshavebeenes t
imatedaccurately
,
Copyri
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I
EEESt
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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

t
heannual
c ostmodel
prov
idesagoodest
imat
eofact
ual
moneyt
hatwi
l
lbespent
.

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Fi
gur
e7-
9—Annualcostwor
ksheet

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1995 I
EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Lif
ec ycl
ec osting( LCC) .LCC iss implytheev al
uationofapr opos alov erar eas onablet imeper i
od
cons i
deri
ngal lperti
nentc ost
sandt hetimev alueoft hemoney .Theev aluationcant ak ethef orm ofa
presentvalueanal y
s isoruniform annualcostanal y
s i
s.Mor esophist
icatedanal ysi
swoul dincludes inki
ng
fundandr ateofr et
ur nonex trainvestment.Thismet hodofanalysisisnoti ntendedt obeadet ail
eds t
udy
ofvariouss ystems.I tistobeus edbypr acti
cingengineersasagui def orc omparingt headv ant agesof
alt
ernati
vedes ignc as es.Amor edet ai
ledanalysistaki
ngi ntoaccountot heritems( suchasf ut urecosts)
couldbeper formed.Themet hodgi v
enher euti
lizesdiffer
enti
alcoststopr ov i
deadet ailedc ompar i
sonof
systems .

Fi
gur
e7-
10showsanout
li
neofonemet
hodofdet
ermi
ningcost
s,cal
l
edt
he“
li
fecy
clecostanal
ysi
s.”

13.Expl
ainLi
ght
ingandener
gyst
andar
dsi
ndet
ail
.

Li
ght
ingandener
gyst
andar
ds

I
n 1976,t he Ener
gyRes earch and Dev
elopmentAs soci
ation (
ERDA)c ont
ract
ed withthe Nat
ional
ConferenceofStat
esonBui ldi
ngCodesandSt andards(NCSBCS)t ocodi
fyASHRAE/IESNA90-75.The
resul
ti
ngdoc umentwasc al
led“TheModelCodef orEnergyCons erv
ati
oninNew Buil
dings.
”Themodel
codehasbeenadopt edbyanumberofs t
atestosati
sfytherequi
rementsofPubl
icLaws94-163and94-
385.

Therehav
ebeensever
alrevi
sionst
oASHRAE/ IESNA90-75s ince1976.Al
lwereincl
udedint hel
i
ght
ing
port
ionofANSI
/ASHRAE/I
ESNA90A- 1-
1988,EnergyConservati
oninNew Buil
dingDesign,andinEMS-
1981,I
ESRecommendedLight
ingPowerBudgetDeter
minati
onPr ocedur
e.

ASHRAE/ I
ESNA 90. 1-1989,Ener gy Effici
entDes ign ofNew Bui ldi
ngs Ex ceptLow- Ri
s e Resident
ial
Buil
dings,
isthethir
dgener ati
ondoc umentonbui l
dingenergyeffici
encys i
ncethef i
rstpublicat
ionin1975.
Itsetsfort
hdes i
gnr equirementsf ortheef fi
cientuseofener gyinnew bui l
dingsi ntendedf orhuman
occupancy.The r equir
ement s applyt ot he buildi
ng env el
ope,di st
ri
bution ofener gy,sy st
em and
equipmentforauxili
ari
es,heati
ng, v
ent i
lat
ing,ai
r-condit
ioning,servi
cewat erheati
ng, li
ghting,andenergy
management .ASHRAE/ IESNA90. 1-1989i sint
endedt obeav ol
untarystandardwhi chc anbeadopt edby
bui
ldingoff
ici
alsforstateandlocalc odes.

Sinc e1982,theI ESNAhaspubl i

shedtheLEM s eri
es:LEM- 1, LightingPowerLi mitDeterminati
on,whichis
af urtherr
efinementbyc ombi ni
ngEMS- 6andEMS- 1;LEM- 2, LightingEner gyLimitDeterminati
on;LEM- 3,
Des ign Cons iderati
ons forEf f
ecti
ve Buil
ding Li
ghti
ng Ener gyUt i
lizat
ion;LEM-4,Ener gyAnal ysi
s of
BuildingLightingDes ignandI nst
all
ati
on;andLEM- 6,I
ESGui delinesf orUnitPowerDens it
y(UPD)f orNew
RoadwayLi ght i
ngI nstal
lat
ions.Since1995,theI ESNAhaswi t
hdr awnLEM- 1,LEM-2,andLEM- 4f r
om
furtherpubli
c ation.OnlyLEM-3andLEM- 6r emainasac ti
vedoc ument s.

TheEner gyPolicyActwass i
gnedint
olaw onOc tober25,1992byt hePresi
dent
.Amongt hemany
provi
sions,thi
sac test
abl
ishesenergyeff
ici
encystandardsf orHVAC,li
ghti
ng,andmot
orequipment
;
encourageses t
abli
shmentofanat i
onalwi
ndow energy-
effi
ciencyr
ati
ngs yst
em;andencour
agesst
ate
regul
atorstopursuedemand-si
demanagement(DSM)pr ograms .

Underthisbi l
l,lighti
ngmanuf actur
erswi l
lhavet hreeyearstos t
opmak i
ngF96T12andF96T12/ HO8f t
fl
uorescentlampsands ometypesoni nc andes centref
lectors.StandardF40lampsex cepti
ntheSPand
SPX orequi v
al entt ypesofhighc ol
orr enderi
ng lamps ,woul d also bephased out.General
-ser
vice
i
ncandes centl ampst obeeliminat
edwoul dincl
udet hos efrom 30W t o100W, in115t o130Vr ati
ngs,
havi
ngmedi um s cr
ewbas es;i
ncandes centr ef
lectorl
ampsf r
om 40W t o205W, in115Vt o130Vr ati
ngs,
havi
ngmedi um s cr
ewbas es,
ofbot hreflectorandPARt y pes,havingadiameterl
argert
han23/ 4inches.

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Fi
gur
e7-
10—Li
fecy
clecost(
LCC)anal
ysi
s

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I
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EEERECOMMENDEDPRACTI
CEFORENERGY

Ther
e are no i
mmediateregul
ati
ons i
mpacting HI
Dlamps.Wi t
hin 18 mont
hs ofthe l
egi
sl
ati
on'
s
enact
ment,theDOEwi l
ldet
ermi
net heHIDtypesforwhi
chstandar
dsc oul
dpossi
blysav
eenergyand
publ
isht
esti
ngrequi
rement
sfort
heselamps.

Asfarasthegeneral
-serv
icel
ampsareconcerned,t
helegi
slati
onmandat est
hattheFTCmus t,
withi
n12
monthsofenac t
ment ,publi
shrul
esto govern ef
fici
encylabeli
ng fortheaff
ected l
amps.Alllamp
packagi
ngwil
lberequiredtobecl
ear
lyl
abel
edast otheeffi
ciencyofthelampstobesold.Theeff
ici
ency
wil
lbebasedontheiruseat120V.

Thehalogenandhalogen/i
nfrar
edtypesofrefl
ectorlampswi llr
emaint heonlysuchty
peoflampsonthe
market
.ERandBRt ypes,thoseint
endedforroughorv i
brat
ions er
vice,andmanyoft het
ypesexcl
uded
undert
hegeneral
-serv
iceincandescentpor
ti
onsoft helawwillalsobeex cl
udedhere.

Table7-13showstheproposedeff
ici
encystandar
dsfort
hefl
uor
escentl
amps,andt
abl
e7-
14showst
he
proposedef
fici
encyst
andardsfori
ncandescentr
efl
ect
orl
amps.

Table7-
13—
Pr
oposedef
fi
ciencystandar
dsf
orf
luor amps*
escentl

Nominal Mi
nimum av
erage
Lampt
ype Mi
nimum av
erageCRI
l
amp l
ampef f
icacy
wat
tage(W)
>35 69 75
F40
35 45 75

>35 69 68
F40/
U
35 45 64

>65 69 80
F96T12
65 65 80

>65 69 .
80
F96T12/
HO
65 45 80

*
Excl
udeslampsdesi
gnedf
orplantgrowt
h,coldtemper
atureser
vice,
ref
lect
ori
zed/
aperture,
impact
r
esi
stance,
repr
ogr
aphi
cser
vice,col
oredl
i
ghting,
ultr
avi
olet
,andl
ampswi thaCRIhigherthan82.

Table7-14—
Pr
oposedef
fi
ciencyst
andardsforincandescentr
efl
ect amps*
orl

Nomi
nal
lampwat
tage Mi
nimum av
eragel
ampef
fi
cacy
(LPW)
40–50 10.
5

51–66 11.
0

67–85 12.
5

86–115 14.
0

116–155 14.
5

*Excl
udesmini
atur
e,decor
ati
ve,t
raf
fi
csignal
,mari
ne,
mine,
stage/
studi
o,r
ail
way
,
color
edlamps,
andotherspeci
alappl
icat
iont
ypes.

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ES I
EEESt
d739-
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Effect
iveApr i
l28,1994,t
heFederalTradeCommi ssion(FTC)mustprov
idemanuf act
urerswit
hl abel
ing
requir
ement sforal
llampscover
ed:fluor
escent
,incandescent
,andr
efl
ectori
ncandescent.Manufactur
ers
wer erequi
redtobeginappl
yi
nglabelsby28April1995.

Thenew EnergyPoli
cyActisal
lencompas si
ng.Itpr
omi
sest
ochanget
hewayt
hei
ndust
ri
espr
oduce,
di
str
ibut
e,anduti
l
izethev
aluedener
gyresources.

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right©1996I
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ved 279