LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

Bureau of fire protection (BFP) operations

• Is responsible for the prevention and suppression of all destructive fires in buildings,
houses and other structures, forests, land transportation vehicles, and equipment,
ships or vessels docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaports,
petroleum industry installation, plane crashes, and other similar incidents.
• The BFP enforces the Fire Code and other related laws investigates all causes of
fires and if necessary, files the proper complaints with the city or provincial
prosecutor who has the jurisdiction over the case.

FIRE SAFETY ENFORCEMENT

1. BUILDING PLAN REVIEW
- It ensures that designs, plans, and specifications of all buildings to be
constructed are Fire Code compliant and that the FSEC is issued in accordance
with the Fire Code and BFP Citizen’s Charter.
2. BUILDING PLAN EVALUATION
- it is an activity by the Bureau of Fire Protection wherein a building plan is
reviewed by its Building Plan Evaluators to determine whether the same
complies with the requirements of RA 9514 and its IRR.
- This likewise covers the issuance of FSEC as a prerequisite for the building
official's issuance of a Building permit.
3. FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION (PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE)
- it ensures that fire safety measures indicated in the plans submitted can be
implemented in the building to be constructed.
4. FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)
- It ensures the implementation of Fire Code compliant building plans and
specifications during construction, modification, renovation, and alteration of
the building facility and structure.
5. FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION AND ISSUANCE OF FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE
FOR OCCUPANCY
- It ensures that newly constructed/modified/renovated/altered building,
structures or facilities are fully compliant with the Fire Code before issuance of
FSIC for Occupancy within the prescribed period in the BFP Citizen’s Charter.
6. Issuance of fire safety inspection certificate for business permit
- It ensures that business establishments are fully compliant with the Fire Code
before issuance of FSIC for Business Permit (NEW) within the prescribed period in
the BFP Citizen’s Charter.
7. Issuance of FSIC for renewal of business permit
- it ensures that all business establishments are fully compliant with the fire code
before issuance of FSIC for business permit (renewal) within the prescribed
period in the BFP Citizen’s Charter.
8. Business one-stop shop system
- It ensures expeditious release of FSIC for renewal of business permits
9. Periodic inspection and inspection resulting from complaints and directives from
higher offices
- It ensures that buildings and business establishments are fully compliant with the
Fire Code and that all complaints against buildings, structures, or facilities, as
well as directives from higher offices or units, are well acted upon within 15 days
of receipt.
10. Administrative actions for fire safety violations (general procedure)
- It ensures that administrative courses of action/s for violations of the provisions
of RA 9514 and its implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) are properly
imposed.
11. Issuance and service of notice to comply (NTC)
- It ensures that owners/administrators/occupants of buildings are notified of their
deficiencies and are given ample time to comply.
12. Issuance and service of NOTICE TO CORRECT VIOLATION (NTCV)
- It ensures immediate action on or correction of deficiencies in fire safety
requirements and/or violations of the fire code.
13. ISSUANCE AND SERVICE OF ABATEMENT ORDER
- It ensures that all buildings establishments or structures with violations after the
period provided in the Notice to Correct Violation has lapsed must be issued with
an Abatement Order in accordance with the provisions of RA 9514.
14. IMPOSITION OF FINE (NOTICE TO CORRECT VIOLATION)
- It ensures immediate action on or correction of deficiencies in fire safety
requirements and/or violations of the Fire Code.
15. Imposition of fine (during abatement)
– It ensures immediate action on or correction of deficiencies in fire safety
requirements and/or violations of the Fire Code.
16. Posting of warning
- It ensures that occupants of the buildings, structures or facilities are notified of its
condition.
17. ISSUANCE AND SERVICE OF CLOSURE ORDER/ORDER OF STOPPAGE OF OPERATION
(DUE TO NON-PAYMENT OF FINE)
- It ensures that establishments, that failed to pay administrative fines, are closed
or stopped from operating.
18. ISSUANCE AND SERVICE OF CLOSURE ORDER/ORDER OF STOPPAGE OF OPERATION
(DUE TO EXPIRATION OF ABATEMENT ORDER)
- It ensures that establishments that failed to comply with the Abatement Order,
are closed or stopped from operating.
19. Implementation of closure order
- It ensures that no building establishment will operate or continue to operate
without complying with the Fire Safety requirements.
20. Declaration of public nuisance and summary abatement
- It ensures that any building or structure categorized as a fire trap or posing clear
and imminent danger to the public is acted upon immediately and its
occupants duly notified.
 21. Application for the approval of the adequacy of alternative and/or remedial fire
safety measures
• It ensures that existing buildings that cannot comply with the fire safety
requirements imposed by the IRR of RA 9514 have alternative and/or remedial fire
safety measures in lieu of compliance with the minimum requirements of the IRR
of RA 9514.
22. Issuance of certificate of exemption
• It ensures that existing buildings that have been approved to implement
Alternative and/or Remedial Fire safety Measures will be issued with a Certificate
of Exemption after its full compliance.
23. Procedures in filing criminal cases
• It ensures that all persons who willfully or deliberately disregard the provisions of RA
9514 are prosecuted.
24. Procedures to address refusal to receive inspection order and disallowed
inspection
• It ensures that every building or structure is inspected at least once a year.

FIREFIGHTING OPERATIONS
1. Armory Fire/Explosive Storage
- It effectively and safely responds to fire incidents involving armory and explosive
storage and protects the firefighters from harm.
2. Basement Fire
- It effectively and safely responds to fire incidents involving the basement and
protects the firefighters from harm.
3. Fire in High-rise Building
4. Fire in Hospital Facilities with Radioactive Materials
5. Fire in Jails/Correctional Institutions
6. Fire in LPG Installation.
7. Fire in Water Vessels Docked at Wharves or Piers
8. Fire Involving Hydrocarbon Substances in Oil Depot or Refinery
9. Fire in Vehicles, Constructions Sites, and Processing Plants with Radiological
Substances
10. Fire Resulting from Bomb Explosion
11. Fire resulting from Plane Crash Outside the Airport/ Airfield
12. Forest Fire
13. Vehicle Fire

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES

1. Assumption of Duties. It ensures the operational readiness of the Emergency
Medical Services team on duty. The incoming team must be in complete EMS
uniform upon assumption of duty until the end of the tour of duty and the EMS duty
team must be mentally, physically, emotionally, and psychologically prepared to
perform its tasks.
 2. PERSONAL APPEARANCE It ensures the safety of the responding BFP EMS personnel
and patients beyond personal decorum.
3. Scope of Practice During Response EMT personnel in the BFP EMS must be trained
and tested in the EMT Scope of Practice through a certified EMT Course.
4. Infection Control and Exposure It ensures the personal health, safety, and well-
being of all EMS personnel and their patients during EMS operations.
5. Emergency Vehicle Response It helps prevent vehicle-related injuries, fatalities,
and property damage through emergency vehicle safety operations.
6. Use of Lights and Sirens It ensures the safety of the patients, the crew, the public,
and personnel during emergency response. Caution shall be exercised in using
sirens when transporting cardiac patients as it may cause undue stress to the
patient. It will be the call of the Medical Control or the team leader on board if a
siren will be used.
7. Consent and Refusal of Care Guidelines It protects the BFP EMS responders from
claims of negligence, abandonment, or incompetency.
8. Patient Care Report (PCR) Documentation It promotes charting accuracy and
consistency. All findings observed in the patient should be written in the patient
care report.
9. Incident Rehabilitation It ensures that the physical and mental conditions of
personnel operating at the scene of an emergency or training exercise do not
deteriorate to a point that affects the safety of each crew member or jeopardizes
the safety and integrity of the operation.
10. Critical Incident Stress Management It provides education/awareness, support,
and assistance to BFP personnel and victims of disasters or critical events to
mitigate the impact of an event or cumulative critical incident stress experienced
in the performance of their jobs, facilitate normal recovery processes in normal
people who are having normal reactions to an abnormal event and restore the
firefighters to their adaptive function.
11. Non-Emergency Patient Transport It ensures proper coordination with the EMS
team and the hospital prior to non-emergency patient transport.
12. Response to Crime Scenes It ensures the safety of the EMS responders during
responses to crime scenes.
13. Response to Fire Alarm It provides guidelines to BFP EMS responders when
responding to fire incidents.
14. Response to Hazardous Materials It ensures safety response of the EMS team to
Hazmat incidents and to provide proper care/management and prompt
transport of patients to the hospital.

Hazardous materials examples:

1. Vehicular crash with a substance leaking from the tank
2. Any fire and leaks from an industrial plant, refinery, or warehouse that produces,
uses, or stores chemicals and explosives.
3. Leak from underground natural gas pipes
4. Seepage of oil or gasoline in underground tanks and to its surroundings.
 5. Build-up of methane or other by-products of waste decomposition in sewers or
other sewage-processing plants.
15. Response to Mass Casualty Incidents (MCI) It provides a uniform initial response to
Mass Casualty Incidents
16. Response to Medical Emergencies It provides pre-hospital care to BFP personnel,
their dependents and to the general public in cases of medical emergencies.
17. Response to Vehicular Accidents It provides guidelines to BFP EMS responders
when responding to vehicular accidents.
18. Special Activities Medical Standby It provides guidance to EMS teams who will
serve as medical standby.

SPECIAL OPERATIONS
1. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Operations.
- It provides information to the BFP responders to make a preliminary assessment of
the situation that they suspect involves criminal or terrorist use of CBRN.
- List of observable indicators
- Provides personal safety considerations, decontamination measures, and
response strategies
2. Collapsed Structure Rescue Operations
- It ensures operational standards in search and rescue operations during structural
collapse in order to extricate the victim/s in the earliest possible time without harm
to the rescuer.
3. Confined Space Rescue Operations.
- It ensures that the operational standards in Confined Space rescue operations are
practiced and that victims trapped in confined spaces are saved.
4. Civil Disturbance Management (CDM)
- It ensures public and personnel safety when attending and assisting crowd
dispersal units of the PNP/AFP.
5. Disaster Response
- It searches and saves the lives of victims of disasters and calamities.
6. Electrocution Rescue Operations
- It ensures operational standards in the rescue of electrocuted victims and prolongs
the life/lives of victim/s after an electrocution incident.
7. Elevator Rescue Operations
- It saves the lives of individuals trapped inside the elevator car.
8. Fire Ground Rescue Operation
- It locates and saves the life of victims lost or trapped inside a burning structure or
area, and brings them to safety.
9. Hazardous Materials Operations
- It assists responders in making initial decisions upon arrival at the scene of a
hazardous materials incident which covers the identification or the presence of
dangerous goods and protective actions to be done, the securement of the area,
and the request for assistance from qualified personnel.
10. High Elevation/High Rise Structure/High Angle Rescue
 - It saves the life/lives of victims from a high-rise structure, either accidental or
intentional.
11. Mountain Rescue Operations
- It locates and saves the lives of victims lost, trapped, or accidentally injured, in the
mountain ridges or wilderness.
12. Water Rescue Operations
- It ensures operational standards in rescue operations during water rescue
operations.
13. Turn Over of Duties and Special Operations Personnel Daily Routine.
- It ensures resource operability/operational availability round the clock.
14. Vehicular Accident Rescue Operations – It removes and saves the life/lives of the
victim/s trapped inside a wrecked vehicle resulting from an accident and bring
them into safety.
15. Trench Rescue Operations – It ensures that the operational standards in Trench
Rescue Operation are practiced and trapped victims in trenches are saved.

FIRE ARSON INVESTIGATION

1. DETERMINE FIRE ORIGIN
- one of the most important hypotheses that the investigator needs to develop and
test during the investigation
- If the origin cannot be determined, the cause cannot be determined and if the
correct origin is not identified, the subsequent cause determination will also be
incorrect.
2. DETERMINE FIRE CAUSE
- Accurately determine the cause of the fire that will form part of the basis of fire
prevention activities and filing of appropriate action in court.
- Identification of materials
- Circumstances and factors

Fire Arson Investigator (FAI) may require other documents necessary in the conduct of
the investigation and should also consider other sources of information.
e.g. local neighborhood inquiry, available public records, concerned insurance
companies and other reliable sources.
3. Determine Responsibility and Liability.
- It determines the responsibility and liability of any person involved in a fire incident.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKE
- Attain “Zero Casualty”
- BFP ensures operational readiness for disaster management response operations
by maintaining personnel efficiency levels through adequate and effective
response tools and equipment provisions.
2. Response to Landslide.
3. Response to Tsunami
 4. Response to Typhoon and Flood
5. Response to Volcanic Earthquake

PCG OPERATIONS
• It is mandated and is responsible for performing maritime search and rescue,
maritime law enforcement, maritime safety, marine environmental protection,
and maritime security.

MARITIME SAFETY (MARSAF)

• Its functions are designed to help prevent or minimize unnecessary loss of lives and
properties at sea.
• The seaworthiness of every vessel leaving the port is ensured through the intensified
Mandatory Pre-departure Inspection which includes the compliance of vessels to
safety standards and prevention of vessels from sailing for failure to comply with
the standards;
• Conduct regular vessel safety inspections and publication of Notice to Mariners
(NOTAM)
• Implementation and enforcement of navigational rules and designation of sea
lanes. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 12065, Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act".
• The PCG is also responsible for issuing permits and supervising all marine salvage
operations.
• It is mandated to destroy or tow floating hazards to navigation such as, but not
limited to illegal fish traps and vessels.

MARITIME SECURITY (MARSEC)

• It is vital to enhance the security of its different maritime zones to protect the
integrity of a nation.
• The PCG contributes to maintaining good order at sea by conducting regular
patrols and surveillance for the safety of navigation of ships, to safeguard ships
from illegal acts, and promote freedom of navigation.
• Protection and conservation of the country’s marine assets, maritime practices,
territorial integrity, and coastal peace and order. The concept of maritime security
is all-encompassing to includes military, socioeconomic, environmental, and
political concerns, among others.
• The PCG is likewise mandated to secure exploration and resource utilization
activities within the country’s maritime jurisdiction.
• EO 57 – Strengthening the Philippines Maritime Security and maritime domain
awareness

MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE (MARSAR)

• The PCG, under the Convention of Safety of Life Sea at Sea (SOLAS), is the national
maritime search and rescue service of the country.
• The Coast Guard Action Center (CGAC) at the PCG Headquarters in Manila –
serves as the coordinating centers for all search and rescue operations.
 • The 12 Coast Guard Districts are designated as Maritime Rescue Coordinating
Council (MRCC) within their area of responsibility while the 59 Coast Guard Stations
are designated as Maritime Rescue Sub-Centers (MRSC).
• The detachments under these stations are designated as SAR units.

MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT (MARLEN)

• It implements laws on fisheries (and poaching), immigration, tariff and customs,
forestry, firearms and explosives, human trafficking, dangerous drugs, and
controlled chemicals, and implements the RPC and all other applicable laws
within the country’s maritime jurisdiction and battle transnational crimes.
• The PCG is authorized to board and inspect all watercraft suspected to be
involved in or used in illegal trade.
• PCG personnel are deemed agents of BFAR, Immigration, Customs, DENR, PDEA,
and INTERPOL In the performance of its MARLEN functions.
• RA 9993 - "Philippines Coast Guard Law of 2009“
• The Philippine Coast Guard, hereinafter referred to as the PCG, is hereby
established as an armed and uniformed service attached to the Department of
Transportation and Communications (DOTC): Provided, That in times of war, as
declared by Congress, the PCG or parts thereof, shall be attached to the
Department of National Defense.

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (MAREP)

• RA 9993 "Philippines Coast Guard Law of 2009“
• The Philippine Coast Guard is the sole agency responsible for the Philippine
implementation of the Conventions with regard to oil pollution, prevention,
mitigation, and control through the conduct of marine pollution monitoring and
control, enhancement of PCG capability, and oil spill response operations and
enforcement of all marine environmental laws and regulations.

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIME MAPPING

• The pin map is replaced by the use of GIS software as a result of the discovery that
crime may be explained and comprehended more thoroughly by examining its
spatial component.
• According to a study “a place” is important in analyzing crimes. Every time a crime
occurs, it happens at a place with a geographical location.

Crime mapping
• Is employing a geographic information system to analyze crime and disorder
issues and other police-related topics.
• A Geographic Information System is a collection of software tools that allows the
crime analyst to view spatial or temporal data in three dimensions or as a simple
point map.
Geographical information system
• GIS provides a structure and templates for collecting, organizing, and analyzing
data, much like a spreadsheet or word processor.
• GIS allows users to gather spatial data from various sources, such as field surveys,
satellite imagery, or databases.
• GIS helps store and organize data in layers, like thematic maps (e.g., crime data,
demographics, and infrastructure).
• GIS provides tools for spatial analysis, such as identifying trends, measuring
distances, and mapping patterns.

The following purposes of crime mapping are carried out within the context of crime
analysis
1. It makes visual and statistical geographic analysis of crime and other types of
events easier.
- GIS tools allow users to analyze crime and other events both visually (through
maps) and statistically. Analysts can examine spatial patterns—such as crime
hotspots—and quantify relationships between locations and events.
2. It allows analysts to combine several data sources based on shared geographic
criteria.
- GIS systems can integrate various datasets that share geographic criteria. For
example, crime data, socioeconomic data, traffic reports, and demographic
information can all be combined using location (e.g., coordinates,
neighborhoods, or ZIP codes) as the common link.
3. It provides maps that make it easier to communicate the study’s findings.
- Maps produced by GIS tools simplify the presentation of complex data. Visual
representations (like heat maps, charts, or boundary maps) make findings easier
to understand for policymakers, law enforcement, and the public.
4. It charts and records police activity.
- A map could display where police officers have conducted patrols or made
arrests over a given period, helping to evaluate coverage.
5. It recognizes recent crimes to assist operational police officers with their briefing.
- Before starting a shift, officers might review a crime map showing burglaries or
assaults that occurred recently, helping them anticipate potential trouble spots
and prioritize areas for patrol.
6. It locates “hot spots” or criminal problem locations to apply crime prevention
measures.
- A heatmap could reveal that a particular neighborhood experiences frequent
vehicle thefts at night, prompting police to increase patrols during those hours or
raise public awareness.
7. It assists in the effective understanding of the spread of crime and other local data.
- Analysts can track how a series of burglaries moves across adjacent
neighborhoods, helping police focus their resources where they are needed most.
8. It tracks the results of crime prevention efforts.
 - If surveillance cameras were installed in a hot spot, GIS can compare crime rates
before and after installation to measure effectiveness.
9. It distributes public information on crime data.
- Law enforcement agencies can publish an online map showing recent crimes in
a city, allowing residents to be aware of local safety issues and take precautions.

CRIME INFORMATION, REPORTING AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM (CIRAS)

• The PNP CIRAS is the enhanced version of the existing e-Blotter System that will
provide field commanders and decision makers comprehensive and timely crime
data through the enhanced features for Crime Mapping and crime clock
generation. It is a web-based system that is being utilized by police stations
nationwide.
• The CIRAS will serve as a scientific management tool for efficient and effective
implementation of police interventions, specifically to:
a. Serves as the modern central database system of crime incidents;
b. Provide crime trend analysis, statistical reports, and crime hot spots along with
other trends and patterns;
c. Overlay other data sets - localities, AORs, critical facilities and structures, troop
deployment and movement, etc.;
d. Provide status and disposition of criminal cases; and
e. Provide online crime data accessible to all levels in the PNP organization
• Letter of Instruction 02/09 Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER)
• A uniform procedure of reporting and recording of crime incidents was
established on April 22, 2009, to generate credible crime statistics which served as
the basis for planning, policy formulation, deployment of resources, and
budgeting.

To establish a uniform procedure for crime recording, the DIDM developed the PNP Crime
Incident Recording System (CIRS) on Sept 6, 2011.
• The enhanced e-blotter or Crime Information and Analysis System (CIRAS) was
interfaced with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to evolve into a
Qualitative Crime Analysis Management Tool. These modifications of the eBlotter
system will enhance the ability of the field commanders to conduct qualitative
crime analysis more efficiently and more accurately. The core objective of CIRAS
is to serve as a scientific management for crime analysis for efficient and effective
prescription of police intervention.

Steps to be undertaken in the uploading of data

1. Opening the CIRAS website
2. Registering into the system
3. Registering after Approval
4. Encoding Incidents
5. Saving the Encoded incidents
6. Crime Mapping
 7. Reporting Generation

Terms used to provide well-guided procedures for reporting, identifying, recording and
counting crime incidents
1. CRIME RATE – it is the number of crime incidents in a given period for every 100,000
inhabitants of an area. Crime rate refers to the Peace and Order Indicator
POCR – Peace and Order Crime Rate =
Total POI/Population/100,000
Public Safety Crime Rate (PSCR)
PSCR = Total PSI/Population/100,000
The average monthly peace and Order Indicator Crime Rate (AMPOICR) is used as a
measure with this formula:
AMPOICR = Total POI/Population x (100,000) Constant/Nr of months
• While the Average Monthly Public Safety Indicator Crime Rate (AMPSICR) with this
formula:
AMPSCR = Total PSI/Population X (100,000) Constant /Nr of Months

2. CRIME SOLVED
A crime is considered “solved” when:
a. the offender/perpetrator has been identified;
b. the offender/perpetrator has been charged based on evidence
c. the offender/perpetrator has been taken into custody.
d. The offender/perpetrator has been charged before the prosecutor’s office or
court of appropriate jurisdiction;
e. Elements beyond police control prevent the arrest of the offender, as when the
victim refuses to prosecute or the death of the offender; and
f. Arrest of one offender can solve several crimes or offenders may be arrested in
the process of solving crimes.

3. CRIME CLEARED
A crime/case is considered cleared when;
a. At least one of the offender (s) has been identified;
b. There is sufficient evidence to charge the offender, and
c. The offender has been charged before the prosecutor’s office or any court of
appropriate jurisdiction.

4. CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY (CSE)

• The efficiency of the police is expressed in the percentage of the number of cases
solved by the police out of the total number of crime incidents that are recorded
in the police blotter for a given period. The CSE shall include only those cases
handled by the police station.
• There are two (2) categories for CSE, the Peace and Order Crime Solution
Efficiency (POCSE)
 POCSE (%)=Crime solved/Total POI x 100
And, the Public Safety Crime Solution Efficiency (PSICSE)
PSCSE (%)=Crime Solved/Total PSI x 100

5. CRIME CLEARANCE EFFICIENCY (CCE)

- The efficiency of the police is expressed in the percentage of the number of crimes
cleared by the police out of the total number of crime incidents that are recorded
in the police blotter for a given period of time. The CCE shall include only those
handled by the police station.
Peace and Order (PO) CCE:
POCCE=Crime Cleared/Total POI x 100
Public Safety (PS) CCE:
PSICCE = Crime Cleared/Total POI x 100

6. PUBLIC SAFETY INDICATOR (PSI)

- It is an index that categorizes incidents and culpable felonies that reflect the
public safety situation of a particular community. This comprises the totality of
vehicular incidents and other quasi-offenses punishable under the RPC.

7. PEACE AND ORDER INDICATOR (POI)

- It is an index which categorizes crime incidents that reflect the true essence of
crime, peace and order situation of a particular community.

CRIME MAPPING TECHNIQUES

A. DESCRIPTIVE MAPPING is used to demonstrate the outcomes of analysis utilizing
geographic units of analysis, police data and statistics are provided.
B. ANALYTICAL MAPPING is used by analysts to identify trouble regions or
concentrations of activity using the precise locations of incidents.

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE CRIME MAPPING

a. SINGLE SYMBOL MAPPING distinct, standardized symbols stand in for
characteristics like the locations of businesses, highways or states.
b. BUFFERS
- A map feature’s buffer is the defined region around it. Depending on the objective
and scale of the map, buffers can be established at short distances, like 100km, or
long distances, like 200km.
- By displaying the relative distances between features on a map, buffers aid in
crime analysis.
C. GRADUATED MAPPING in which different sizes or colors of features that signify
specific values of variables, are frequently used by crime analysts.
D. CHART MAPPING can display many values from a single variable at once.
 2 types of chart mapping
1. PIE CHART MAPPING The values within a variable’s relative percentages
(represented by pie slices) are shown.
2. Bar chart mapping The relative frequencies of values within a variable are shown,
but the relative frequencies of incidences are shown by the height of the bars
rather than by percentages.
E. INTERACTIVE CRIME MAPPING
- Refers to condensed geographic information systems that are made accessible
to new users online.
- These systems are used by website users to map the results of their database
searches for content that interests them.
F. ANALYTICAL MAPPING: DENSITY MAPPING
- Crime analysts employ analytical mapping to pinpoint the precise coordinates of
incidents in order to identify clusters of incidents and areas where crime and
disorder are concentrated.

CRIME ANALYSIS
A. STRATEGIC CRIME ANALYSIS – is the analysis of data directed towards
development and evaluation of long-term strategies, policies, and prevention
techniques.
The following are some of the methods and approaches used in strategic crime analysis:
1. Trend analysis. To discover trends in crimes, data is often aggregated by time
period and geographic location.
2. Hot Spot analysis. This is the process of identifying geographic and temporal
locations within a jurisdiction where crime is more prevalent than in other places.
3. Problem analysis. This is “an approach/method/process conducted within the
police agency in which formal criminal justice theory, research methods, and
comprehensive data collection and analysis procedures are used in systematic
way to conduct in-depth examination of, develop informed responses to, and
evaluate crime and disorder problems”
- It entails recognizing and ranking long-term issues for police to address, as well as
comprehending how, when, where, who, and why the issue is occurring, directing
the solution, and evaluating the solution’s efficacy.
B. TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS – is the analysis of police data directed towards the
short-term development of patrol and investigative priorities and deployment of
resources. Its subject areas include the analysis of space, time, offender, victim,
and modus operandi for individual high-profile crime, repeat incidents, and crime
patterns, with a specific focus on crime series.

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES USED IN TACTICAL CRIME ANALYSIS

1. Repeat Incident Analysis. In order to focus police resources on “repeat calls” sites,
repeat incident analysis uses calls-for-service data to pinpoint areas where similar
sorts of calls have happened over a brief period of time.
 2. Crime Pattern Analysis. It is the process of identifying groupings of crimes that are
connected to one another in order to focus police efforts on stopping current
crimes and/or finding the culprit (s).
3. Criminal Investigative Analysis. Criminal investigative analysis involves creating
“profiles” of people who have committed significant crimes against strangers,
primarily rape and/or murder with the aim of identifying and prioritizing suspects
for the crimes, analysis of the elements of the connected crimes infers the
characteristics of the unknown perpetrators, such as drug addiction, social habits,
and job habits.
4. Geographic Profiling. The scope of tactical crime analysis includes this subgroup
of criminal investigative investigations.
- to pinpoint and rank potential residential places.

C. CRIME INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS

- It is the analysis of data about people involved in crimes, particularly repeat
offenders, repeat victims, and criminal organizations and networks.

Processes and techniques Used in Crime Intelligence Analysis:

1. Analysis of reoffending victims.