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•yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˛õ!eܲy ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyçÄ xyÓy°Ó,k˛Ó!öï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yá á%!¢ˆÏï˛
ÈÚxÓܲy¢Ó˚OöñÛ Úxü,ï˛Ûñ Úxy¢yÛ– fl%Ò° ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛Ü˛!üܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ ≠
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ˆ°áy ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö !Óáƒyï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÈÙÙÙÈ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òö Ó˚y!eÓ˚ ÓöçD° â%!Ó˚–
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ã˛!í˛¸ˆÏï˛!åÈ §y•zˆÏܲ° ˆò!áˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˛õyÄ öy⁄ !öû≈˛ˆÏÎ˚ â%Ó˚ï˛– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ §yÓ˚y!òö !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ öy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚
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˛õÓ˚ §%!öü≈° ˆ§rê˛ ˛õ°§ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ö– ü!•üÈÙÈÓ˚!•üñ ӈϮüyï˛Ó˚ü‰ÈÙÙÙïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ Ü˛!Óï˛y•z
ï˛ˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ°çç#Óö ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# •Î˚!ö– x§•ˆÏÎyà ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy •Î˚!ö xyçÄ– ÷ô% !ܲ ܲ!Óï˛y⁄ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚
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§ˆÏD åÈyeç#Óö ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆ°áy å%ȈÏï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåȈϰñ ò%•z Ó˚yçÜ%˛üyÓ˚ñ !Óí˛¸y° Ó˚yçܲöƒyñ
Ú≤ÃÓy§#Û ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° !öï˛yhsˇ•z §ÄòyàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆåȈϰ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•z
!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ܲyˆÏ° ÓyÇ°y !¢÷ÈÙÈ!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜¢¢ÓÈÙÈ˜Ü˛ˆÏ¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ°yû)˛!üˆÏï˛–
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö xöƒï˛ü ü•y˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Óö# !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §%!öü≈° Ó§%Ó˚
!Ó!¢‹T §y!•ï˛ƒflÀ‹Ty– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˆ°áy ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z åÈí˛¸y=!° !¢÷ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö àû˛#Ó˚ åÈy˛õ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
Ú•yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆòy°yÛ ˆÓÓ˚ •Î˚ 1927ÈÙÈ~– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ «%˛!òÓ˚yü Ó§%ñ ≤Ãú%˛Õ‘ ã˛yܲ#ñ Îï˛#ö ü%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ñ
˛õÓ˚ ~ܲÈÈ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ È≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ Ó•zÙÙÙ Ü˛yöy•z°y° ò_ñ §ˆÏï˛ƒö Ó§%ñ !ÓöÎ˚ Ó§% ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛
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•y!§Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ñ ˛õyï˛ï˛y!í˛¸ñ Ó#Ó˚ !¢Ü˛y!Ó˚ñ ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ¢áyñ Ä xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ Ó#ç Ó%ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚– È~!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚
xyüyÓ˚ åÈí˛¸yñ ê%˛öê%˛!öÓ˚ àyöñ Ó˚!äö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyñ flÀ‹TyˆÏܲ §yô%Óyò çyöyˆÏï˛•z •Î˚–
˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆûÑ˛˛õ%ñ çyˆÏöyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈí˛¸y •zï˛ƒy!ò– §¡õyòöy ÓyÇ°y üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ƒyü‰°y ˆåȈϰ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ܲy!ôܲ §Çܲ°öñ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!«˛Ü˛ Ü%˛!‹TÎ˚yˆÏï˛ âÓ˚ñ
˛õ!eܲy Ú!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ~!¢Î˚yÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ܲ!Óï˛yñ åÈí˛¸yñ à“ñ ÓyˆÏâÓ˚ üï˛ö ÚÓyây Îï˛#öÛ
í˛z˛õöƒy§ñ öy!ê˛Ü˛yñ ç#Óö#ñ àyöÓ˚ã˛öyÙÙÙÈ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆï˛ç ܲ# û˛Î˚B˛Ó˚Ê
ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xööƒ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö Îáö ï˛y•yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚&î ÓÎ˚§
!ï˛!ö– ï˛Ó% Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ §%!öü≈° Ó§%Ó˚ xy§° ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ñ Óyâ !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ
!ï˛!ö ~ܲ ≤ÃÌü ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ܲ!Ó ~ÓÇ í˛zÍÜ,˛‹T åÈí˛¸yܲyÓ˚– ÓyˆÏâÓ˚ òú˛y ܲÓ˚° Ó˚ú˛y
§%!öü≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y!•ï˛ƒÓ˚ã˛öyܲyˆÏ° ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ å%È!Ó˚Ó˚ âyÎ˚–

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 !¢÷§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çyò%ܲÓ˚ §%!öü≈° Ó§%

ˆ§•z •ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ öyü!ê˛ •° §!ï˛ƒ•z Î!ò !¢÷Ó˚y Ó•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸ •y§ˆÏï˛ •y§ˆÏï˛ Óí˛¸
ÚÓyâyÈÙÈÎï˛#öÛ !ë˛Ü˛ñ •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!òö !öü≈° §üyç àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎü‰!ö !åÈ° ¢!_´ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §%!öü≈° Ó§%Ó˚ ÚÓ˚yüyÎ˚ˆÏî ˆö•zÛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÎ˚
ˆï˛ü‰!ö ˆ§ !öû≈˛#ܲ– Ó˚yÓîÓ˚yçy Úï˛yö˛õ%Ó˚y!ê˛ Óy!àˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚Û Úˆï˛ˆÏí˛¸Û àyö
ˆ§•z !öû≈˛#ܲ ˆåȈϰ !Ó≤’Ó# òˆÏ° ˆÎyà !òˆÏ°öÈÈÙÙÙÈ ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– ï˛yˆÏï˛ °B˛y˛õ%Ó˚# ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈñ Ó˚y«˛ˆÏ§Ó˚y
ÈÚÓyâyÈÙÈÎï˛#öÛ ç%ê‰˛° òˆÏ°ñ °yú˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ô)¡ÀÓî≈ Ü%˛Ω˛Ü˛î≈ àû˛#Ó˚
ܲÓ˚° üÓ˚îÈÙÈ˛õîñ â%ˆÏü ã˛üˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ áyê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈö–
Ó,!ê˛¢ÈÙÈ¢y§ö ôùǧ ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ §)˛õ≈öáy Úöy!ܲÈÙȧ%ˆÏÓ˚Û ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ ÚÌyˆÏüy òyòyÛ–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚î– §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ û˛yˆÏ@¿Ó˚ à°yÎ˚ ÚÚˆÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ üyüy àyôyÛÛ ÷ˆÏö
à“ !Óòƒy!òà‰àçñ ÎyÓ˚ ܲü≈ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ §yˆÏçñ xyçÓ ˆÓçyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÓîÓ˚yçyÓ˚ üyüy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ¢yôñ ˆ¢Î˚y° ˆÜ˛ö Ú‡E˛yÛ Ú‡E˛yÛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ñ ˆã˛yÓ˚ ÚôÑy•zÈÙÈô˛õyô˛õ üyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏÜ˛Û– ~•z çöƒ
ôÓ˚yñ §ï˛ƒÓˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ü̃y Óï˛ñ ÓyˆÏâÓ˚ à“ñ !ܲ˛õ‰ˆÏê˛ §%Ó˚ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ï˛y•z x§%Ó˚ •ˆÏ°ö ç∑ •ˆÏÎ˚ üˆÏöñ
Ó%!í˛¸ñ •z!rê˛ !Ó!rê˛Ó˚ xy§Ó˚ñ xçyöy Ü%˛ê%˛üñ çß√!òöñ ~§Ó ܲÌy ˆÜ˛í˛z çyˆÏö öyñ öy•zܲ Ó˚yüyÎ˚ˆÏî–
úÑ˛y!ܲñ !ê˛!ܲ ˆ¢Ó˚ñ ˆû˛!ÕÒÓyç#ÙÙÙ§Ó•z ˆ°áyÓ˚ =ˆÏî ~§Ó ܲ!Óï˛y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ü%•)ˆÏï≈˛ üö û˛y° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
xï%˛°ö#Î˚– ÚˆÜ˛Ó° •y!§Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Û ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•záy!ö •y!§ ÷ô% •y!§ öÎ˚– §%!öü≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°áö#ˆÏï˛ •y!§Ó˚
ܲ!Ó ˆåÈyR ˆüˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y§%®Ó˚#ˆÏܲ xy¢#Ó≈yò# ú%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z á%шÏç ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛–
üˆÏï˛y flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyöyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄Û Ü˛!Óï˛yÎ˚ ܲ!Ó Ü˛ï˛ §•ˆÏç
◊#Ó˚D°y° òyòyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏÎ˚ üyöÓÓ˚*˛õ# ˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛ xB˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚
û˛y•z!é˛ ï˛yÓ˚y§%®Ó˚#ñÈÙÙÙÈ !öá%Ñï˛ åÈ!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
xyüyÓ˚ ~ Ó•z ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyí˛¸y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ÎyˆÏÓ
!ò°yü ï%˛ˆÏ° ≤Ã#!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌñ ˛õÎ˚§y áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄...
çy!ö •y!§Ó˚ ˆüÔüy!åÈÓ˚y çv Î!ò ˆòáˆÏÓ òyòyñ
í˛z뉲ˆÏÓ üˆÏö =O!Ó˚– ã%˛˛õ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲyñ
ÚˆÜ˛Ó°ÈÙÈ•y!§Ó˚ÈÙȈòˆÏ¢Û Î!ò ˆ°yܲy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õyˆÏÓñ
Ìy܉˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y !öÓ˚Ó!ôñÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲê%˛ öçÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
ç#Óö ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ §Ó˚§ •ˆÏÓ ˆ•ÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ü%˛ü#Ó˚ñ
~•z •y!§Ó˚•z =î ô!Ó˚– xyˆÏåÈ !öˆÏÓ˚ê˛ àyôyñ
ܲ!ÓÓ˚ ~ÈÙÈxy¢#Ó≈yò ˆåÈyR ï˛yÓ˚y§%®Ó˚#Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü ˛õòÈÙȈ°•# Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ xyˆÏåÈñ
§Ó !¢÷Ó˚ üyÌyÎ˚ xy¢#Ó≈yò •ˆÏÎ˚ é˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– á%ÑçˆÏ° ˛õyˆÏÓ òyòy–
ˆ§ÈÙÈ•y!§Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ ò%Éá ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛ xyˆÏåÈñ ˆåÈyÓ°‰ !òˆÏï˛
˛õ÷˛õy!á §Óy•z •yˆÏ§ñ §òy•z ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚ï˛ñ
•yˆÏ§ üyö%£Ï Îï˛ñ ˛õÑyë˛yñ åÈyà°ñ òyüí˛¸yñ üƒyí˛¸y
§Ü˛° ≤Ãyî# ò%Éá û%˛ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ •zï˛hflÏï˛É–...
•y§ˆÏåÈ x!ÓÓ˚ï˛– °E˛y Ü˛ï˛ ˛õyÎ˚Ó˚y xyˆÏåÈ

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 !Ó°y!§ï˛yÎ˚ û˛Ó˚y– ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ §%!öü≈° !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö åÈí˛¸yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó
xyˆÏÓ˚y Ü˛ï˛ çv xyˆÏåÈ S3V ~ÓÇ åÈí˛¸yÓ˚ åÈ!Ó S4V– 1951 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
Ó°‰ˆÏï˛ !ܲ xyÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~•z !¢÷˛õyë˛ƒ@ˇÃsi ≤Ãû)˛ï˛ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ Î!ò xyâyï˛ °yˆÏà ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö åÈí˛¸yÓ˚ åÈ!ÓˆÏï˛
çyöˆÏÓ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ï˛y!Ó˚– xÈÙÈxyÈÙÈܲÈÙÈá– ~•z !¢÷!ã˛_çÎ˚# @ˇÃsi=!° ≤Ãܲy¢
§Óy•z xyˆÏåÈ ü%ˆÏáy§ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö !Ó!¢‹T ≤Ãܲy¢öy §Çfliy !¢÷§y!•ï˛ƒ
~ܲê%˛ öçÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáyñ §Ç§ò– ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z 1953 §yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÚxyüyÓ˚
ܲ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!í˛¸Î˚yáyöyÎ˚ åÈí˛¸yÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~ÈÙÈ≤çˆÏD !¢÷§y!•ï˛ƒ
ˆÎˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ öyˆÏܲy– §Ç§òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ܲî≈ôyÓ˚ üˆÏ•wöyÌ ò_ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ≠
xyÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ !Óo*˛õÈ– xyô%!öܲï˛yÓ˚ öyˆÏü ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ ÚÚ~ܲ!òö §%!öü≈°ÓyÓ%ˆÏܲ Ó°°yüñ ~ï˛ Ü˛!Óï˛y
!öçfl∫ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ç°yO!° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ˆ°ˆÏáöñ åÈí˛¸y ˆ°ˆÏáö öy ˆÜ˛ö⁄ á%Ó í˛zͧy!•ï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ !öá%Ñï˛ åÈ!Ó Ü˛!Ó ~шÏܲˆÏåÈö xy˛õö fl∫ܲ#Î˚ï˛yÎ˚ •ˆÏ°ö– ~ܲÓ˚y¢ åÈí˛¸y ~ˆÏö xyüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛
ÈÚx!öï˛yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§Û ܲ!Óï˛yÎ˚ ≠ È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°öñ Ú~•z !ööñ Ü˛ï˛ åÈí˛¸y ã˛yö–Û ˆ§•z åÈí˛¸y
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ x!öï˛y ˆ§ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° Ú~ƒy!ö!ê˛ÛÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyåÈy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ åÈ!Ó xÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ •° §%!öü≈°
ˆ•ˆÏ° ò%ˆÏ° ˛õÌ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ •yˆÏï˛ Óƒyà û˛ƒy!ö!ê˛–... Ó§%Ó˚ ÚxyüyÓ˚ åÈí˛¸yÛ 1953 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ xyàfiê˛ üyˆÏ§–ÛÛ
ü%ˆÏá üyˆÏá Ó˚Ç xyÓ˚ û%˛Ó˚& xÑyˆÏܲ ï%˛!°ˆÏï˛– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄ ~•z fl∫öyüôöƒ !¢÷§y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö
ÓÓ‰ ܲÓ˚y ã%˛°=!° é%˛ˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲ âyˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎñ ÚåÈí˛¸y åÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ çyˆÏöyÎ˚yÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ ÚåÈí˛¸y åÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!áÛ–
Ü,˛!eü §%ˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ–... çö!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆòÓ §y!•ï˛ƒ Ü%˛ê˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨
ˆüˆÏ˛õ ˆüˆÏ˛õ •yˆÏ§ xyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ˛õ ˆüˆÏ˛õ ܲyˆÏ¢ ˆ§ñ ˛õ%ˆÏçy§ÇáƒyÎ˚ x§Çრüöܲyí˛¸y à“ñ ܲ!Óï˛y Ä
x!ï˛ xyô%!öܲy •ˆÏï˛ Óí˛¸ û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ ˆ§– åÈí˛¸y !°ˆÏá!åȈϰö ~•z !Ó!¢‹T ܲ!Ó– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xö%˛õü
~ÈÙȈ•ö ÚüÎ˚)Ó˚È ÙȈ˛õáüÈÙÈôÓ˚y òÑyí˛¸Ü˛yܲÓ˚*˛õ#Û x!ï˛ åȈϮÓ˚ çyò%ˆÏï˛ ò%!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y ~•z§Ó ܲ!Óï˛y !ܲÇÓy
xyô%!öܲyÓ˚ ˆfl¨yÈÙÈ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ Îáö Ó,!‹TÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ §¡õ)î≈ åÈí˛¸yÎ˚ §yÌ≈ܲû˛yˆÏÓ §ÇˆÏÎy!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° !Óáƒyï˛
ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ï˛áöñ xB˛ö!¢“# !üfiê˛yÓ˚ °§ö í˛zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ã˛üÍܲyÓ˚ §Ó
ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏåÈ Ú~ƒy!ö!ê˛Û ˆÎ ˆ•ÏyˆÏ°y ˆú˛Ó˚ x!öï˛y– Ó˚!äö åÈ!Ó– ~ ˆÎö ò%•z §yÌ≈ܲ !¢“#Ó˚ x§yüyöƒ
xööƒ §y!•ï˛ƒ§,!‹TÓ˚ çöƒ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ Î%à°Ó!®– ~åÈyí˛¸yÄ !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È Ó•zȈÏÎ˚Ó˚
§%!öü≈° Ó§%ˆÏܲ û%˛ÓˆÏöŸªÓ˚# ˛õòܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ §¡øy!öï˛ x°ÇܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ≤ÃFåÈò §%!öü≈° !öˆÏç•z
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓD §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !¢÷§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ !Óòƒy§yàÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ܲyÓ˚ !à!Ó˚!í˛Ó˚ ¢yhsˇ üˆÏöyÓ˚ü
˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌü ÓåÈÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ !ö§à≈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ x˛õÓ˚*˛õ ˆ§Ô®Î≈
üÓ˚ˆÏîy_Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– 1949 §yˆÏ° §%!öü≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ !¢!“üˆÏö fliyÎ˚# ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˆú˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°–
!ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ≤ÃÓy§# ÓD §y!•ï˛ƒ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛°◊&!ï˛fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛z◊# öò#ñ áy[˛!° ˛õy•yí˛¸ñ ¢y°Óö
!¢÷§y!•ï˛ƒ ¢yáyÎ˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛c ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ xÑyܲyÓÑyܲy !öç≈ö ˛ṏÏÓ˚áy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ~ÓÇ
§%!öü≈°– §üܲy°#ö §y!•ï˛ƒ§üyˆÏç ~•z !öÓ˚!û˛üyöñ åÈí˛¸yÎ˚ !ã˛Ó˚fliyÎ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
!≤ÃÎ˚û˛y£Ï#ñ xy°y˛õã˛yÓ˚# üyö%£Ï!ê˛ !åȈϰö ˆåÈyê˛ÈÙÈÓí˛¸ x!û˛öÎ˚ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚Ä ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åȈϰö
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z x!ï˛ !≤ÃÎ˚ñ ܲyˆÏåÈÓ˚ üyö%£Ï– §%!öü≈°– Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ !Ó§ç≈ö öyê˛ˆÏܲ ö«˛e Ó˚yÎ˚

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 !¢÷§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ çyò%ܲÓ˚ §%!öü≈° Ó§%

~ÓÇ í˛yܲâÓ˚ öyê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ!ÓÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ x!û˛öÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ÚÓ˚â%Ó#Ó˚ ˆÓ•yÓ˚yÛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚â%Ó#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ≤âǧy xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ܲ!Óï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÓ˚ Óî≈öy ≠
åÈí˛¸yÎ˚ åÈ®≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓÓ˚° ò«˛ï˛y xç≈ö ç!üòyÓ˚ ÓyÓ%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚â%Ó#Ó˚ ˆÓ•yÓ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~•z ÓÓ˚î#Î˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛– ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ üö öö# «˛#Ó˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà° ˆã˛•yÓ˚y–
˜¢¢Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ•z åȈϮÓ˚ ˆòy°yÎ˚ ò%!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ e´ˆÏüÈÙÈe´ˆÏü ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ çy°y ˆ•yˆÏ°y û%Ñ˛!í˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚
Ú
!ï˛!ö !°ˆÏá ˆàˆÏåÈö ÚåÈ® é%˛üé%˛!üÛñ ÚåȈϮÓ˚ ˆày˛õö à°y Ó%ܲ ~ܲyܲyÓ˚ñ öy!• ï˛yÓ˚ ç%!í˛¸òyÓ˚–
ܲÌyÛñ ÚåȈϮÓ˚ ê%˛Çê˛yÇÛ Ä ÚˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ¢áy–Û Óí˛¸ ˛õÌ åÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ öy!• ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛!°ˆÏï˛
§%!öü≈° Ó§%Ó˚ @ˇÃsi§Çáƒy ¢ï˛y!ôܲ– ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ûÑ˛%!í˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ xyê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆåÈyê˛ à!°ˆÏï˛–
ܲ!Óï˛yÓ˚ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çáƒy §Ó≈y!ôܲ– ܲ!Óï˛y ˆ°áyˆÏï˛•z ï˛y°˛õyï˛ !§ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ó#Ó˚!Óe´ü ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ xyö® !åÈ° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ï˛y•z xy°Óyï˛ Ó#Ó˚ ÓˆÏê˛
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏöˆÏܲ•z fl∫û˛yÓܲ!Ó ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛y°˛õyï˛ !§Ç
ܲ!Óï˛y@ˇÃsi=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !°Ü˛!˛õˆÏܲ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y!ê˛
ÚüˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó•zÛñ Úܲ!Óï˛y ã˛Î˚öÛñ Úܲ!Óï˛y üOÓ˚#Ûñ ˆÓ˚yày !ê˛Ç !ê˛Ç–
ÚxyüyÓ˚ åÈí˛¸yÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ @ˇÃsi– ÚüˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó•zÛÈÙȈï˛˚ ˆï˛ˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ üyë˛ê˛yÎ˚
§%!öü≈° í˛yܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈyR ˛õí˛YÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ≠ â%!§ xyÓ˚ àÑyRyÎ˚
üˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y Ó•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åÈ ˆã˛˛õ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ xyüyÎ˚ ˛õyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ àDyú˛!í˛¸Ç–
˛õí˛¸Ó xy!ü àí˛¸à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ç#ÓöÓ˚!§Ü˛ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛§ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ܲ!Ó Ú§ÓyÓ˚ xy!ü
÷ö!Ó ˆï˛yÓ˚y xyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚– åÈyeÛ Ü˛!Óï˛yÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáö ≠
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î åÈ®§ü,k˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ xyܲy¢ xyüyÎ˚ !¢«˛y !ò°
ˆ°áyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Úû˛yà°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ û˛y•z ˆÓ˚
åÈyà°Û åÈí˛¸yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ӈϰˆÏåÈö ≠ ܲü≈# •ÓyÓ˚ üsf xy!ü
û˛yà°˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åÈyà° •ë˛yÍ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˛õy•zˆÏÓ˚–
˛õyà° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆ¢áyÎ˚ ï˛y•yÓ˚ §üyö
!¢ä Óy!àˆÏÎ˚ °yàyÎ˚ ï˛yí˛¸y ••z ˆÎö û˛y•z ˆüÔö ü•yöñ
§yüˆÏö ÎyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚– ˆáy°y üyˆÏë˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢
ÜÑ˛yÜ%˛í˛¸ày!åÈÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òyòy !ò°ˆÏáy°y ••z ï˛y•zˆÏÓ˚–
xyöˆÏåÈ !ܲˆÏö !í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ àyòyñ !¢÷ÈÙÈ!ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏöyçÎ˚# x§Çრà“@ˇÃsi
~üö §üÎ˚ åÈyà° ˆï˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~•z !Ó!¢‹T §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛– Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚
=Ñ!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ò° ï˛yÎ˚– à“ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜ö˛õ%îƒ ~ÓÇ ò«˛ï˛y !åÈ°
ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òyòy à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ §Ç¢Î˚yï˛#ï˛– í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÓ˚ @ˇÃsiÈ ≠
!í˛ü=ˆÏ°y §Ó åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÚÈüö ˆåyˆÏê˛ ˆüyÓ˚ ˆï˛˛õyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ûñ Ú!öé%˛ü˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!í˛ˆÏüÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ§ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚òyòyÎ˚ fl∫˛õöܲÌyÛñ Úx˛õÓ˚*˛õ ܲÌyÛñ ÚÓ˚!äö ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆã˛öy•z •° òyÎ˚– Ó˚*˛õܲÌyÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛–

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 ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xƒyí˛ˆÏû˛MÈ˛yÓ˚ü)°Ü˛ §¡õyòܲñ ܲ#!ï≈˛˛õòÓyÓ%Ó˚
à“@ˇÃˆÏsiÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢Ó˚îy˛õߨ •ˆÏ°ö ÓˆÏDŸªÓ˚ÓyÓ%–
ÚüÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛yܲÛñ ÚˆÜ˛í˛zˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲ#!ï≈˛˛õòÈÙÈÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛e í˛zqyÓö#
ˆåÈyÓ°Ûñ ÚüÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáÛñ «˛üï˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚!òö !í˛!Oü ܲyàˆÏç
ÚüÓ˚îúÑ˛yòÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ @ˇÃsi– öyê˛Ü˛ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚y° !Ó!ã˛e §Ó §ÇÓyò–
!°ˆÏá!åȈϰö Úxyö®öyí˛YÛñ ú˛ˆÏ° ‡ÈÙȇ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚
ÚÓ%k%˛û%˛ï%˛üÛ ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛– §%!öü≈° Ó§% !Ó!e´ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°– ~ܲê%˛
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yàƒ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
í˛z˛õöƒy§Ä Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöÙÙÙ ü•ydy ày¶˛#Ó˚ ˛õMÈ˛y¢ â^ˇê˛y Óƒy˛õ#
Úx§Ω˛Ó ò%!öÎ˚yÎ˚Û– ~üöܲ# ˆ•ò%Î˚yÎ˚ §hsˇÓ˚îñ ܲƒy°Ü˛yê˛y
!¢÷ˆÏòÓ˚ Óî≈˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ @ˇÃyí˛zˆÏu˛ Ó˚Ó#wöyˆÏÌÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î
û˛y£Ïy!¢«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!üܲ !¢÷ÈÙÈ e´#í˛¸y˜Ïö˛õ%îƒñ fiê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚DüˆÏMÈ˛
§y!•ï˛ƒÄ ~•z ÓÓ˚î#Î˚ ã˛yîˆÏܲƒÓ˚ û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ xyã˛yÎ≈
§y!•ï˛ƒflÀ‹TyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yàƒ §% ! öü≈ ° Ó§% ≤Ãú%˛Õ‘ã˛w Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ˆày˛õy°àˆÏOÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏåÈ– §%!öü≈° Ó§%Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ ü•yÓ˚y!öÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ òy!í˛¸ !åÈ° !ܲ öy •zï˛ƒy!ò– ú˛ˆÏ°
=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ fløÓ˚î#Î˚ @ˇÃsiñ xydflø,!ï˛ü)°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!e´ x§Ω˛Ó ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°– ~ܲ!òö
Úç#Óöáyï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˛õyï˛yÛ– Ä!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚rê˛˛ Ó%ܲ ˆ≤ÈϧÓ˚ ˆày°üyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ «˛üy≤ÃyÌ≈öy–
ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ ܲî≈ôyÓ˚ ≤ÂyòÜ%˛üyÓ˚ ≤Ãyüy!îܲ ~•z !ܲv ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!e´ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z ã˛°°– ~ÈÙÈàˆÏ“Ó˚
ï˛Ìƒ§ü,k˛ @ˇÃsi!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ï%˛°öy ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚Ê
•y!§Ó˚È åÈí˛¸y ˆÎüöñ ˆï˛ü!ö ܲ!Ó !åȈϰö Ó‡ü%á#
•y!§Ó˚È à“ ˆ°áyˆÏï˛Ä ≤Ã!ï˛û˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– x§yüyöƒ
§%!öü≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ò«˛ï˛y !åÈ°– !åÈ° xÑyܲyÓ˚ •yï˛Ä– ÓyÇ°y
~•z ≤çˆÏD í˛zˆÏՑრïÑ˛yÓ˚ xï˛#Ó û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ≤ÃÌü xƒy!öˆÏü¢ö
çö!≤ÃÎ˚ à“ Úܲ#!ï≈˛˛õòÈÙÈÓ˚ ܲ#!ï≈˛Û– !ú˛Õ√ Ú!üã˛ˆÏܲ ˛õê˛y¢ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚
à“!ê˛ ≤ÃÌü ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° àˆÏ“Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD x§yôyÓ˚î
!¢÷§y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !ã˛eöyê˛ƒ!ê˛Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚•z Ó˚ã˛öy–
í˛zÍ§Ó §Çܲ°ö Úxy•Ó˚î#ÛÈÙÈˆï˛– 1957 §yˆÏ° !öü≈°
ÓˆÏDŸªÓ˚ÓyÓ% ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç!üçüy üˆÏöÓ˚ üyö%£Ï!ê˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ê˛yܲyÎ˚ ˜ò!öܲ !ÓòyÎ˚ ˆöö– ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Îyö
ܲyàç ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Ú!í˛!OüÛ– xyÓy°Ó,k˛Ó!öï˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
!ܲv ò%û≈˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛ ˆ§ÈÙÈܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ á%!¢ˆÏï˛ üyáy áy!öܲ
ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ ã˛y!•òy ˆö•z– xyö®âö ü%•)ï≈˛ ܲyê˛yˆÏöyÓ˚
xàï˛ƒy ò)Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ üyüyˆÏï˛y ò%°≈û˛ §Ó @ˇÃsiñ Îy ˆÜ˛yöÄ
û˛y•zñ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# ܲ!ÓÓ˚ •yˆÏ ï ˛ xÑ y ܲy åÈ ! Ó Ü˛yˆÏ°•z ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏöy •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ öÎ˚–

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