Fundamental Counting Principle Sum counting principle: Observe the example below.

Objectives:
1. I have 3 red hats and 2 green hats. If I choose one hat, how many ways can I choose a
1. Apply the Fundamental Counting Principle to calculate the total number of possible hat?
outcomes in real-life scenarios.
2. Construct diagrams, tables, or lists to visually represent counting scenarios. 2. On a number cube there are 3 even numbers and 1 multiple of five. If you roll the cube,
3. Participate in group activities or discussions to explore real-world applications of the how many ways can you get an even number or a multiple of 5?
principle.
Product counting principle: Observe the example below.
Fundamental Operation Skills Test: multiplication of positive integers 1. Jim has 3 pairs of pants, 2 shirts and 2 hats, how many different ways can he dress?
1. 2x3x4 6. 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 2.. MaryBeth has 3 types of bagels in the fridge, 2 types of cream cheeze and 3
2. 1x3x5 7. 2 x 3 x 4 x 5
veggies. If she wants one of each, how many different lunch options does she have?
3. 2x4x6 8. 3 x 4 x 5 x 6
4. 3x6x9 9. 10 x 9 x 8 3.. Jim has a box of coins, it has 200 pennies, 2 nickels, 3 dimes, and 5 quarters. By
5. 4 x 8 x 12 10. 100 x 99 choosing one coin, how many ways can he get more than 6 cents.
What do I know? I Think I Can.
An apartment complex offers apartments with four different options, designated by A through D. 1. A sandwich comes with a choice of soda or tea and a side of fries, chips, slaw or salad.
A: One Bedroom, Two Bedrooms, Three Bedrooms
Find the number of different combo.
B. One Bathroom, Two Bathrooms
2. A car model comes in nine colors, with or without air conditioning, with or without
C. First Floor, Second Floor
sunroof, with or without automatic transmission, and with or without antilock brakes. In
D. Lake View, Golf Course View, No Special View
how many ways can a car be ordered with regard to these options.

How many apartment options are available? Describe two such options. Determine

Fundamental Counting Principles 1. You flip a coin and spin the spinner. How many outcomes are possible?
The fundamental counting principle states that if there are ’m' ways for one event to occur
and ‘n’ ways for another, there are m × n ways for both to occur. 2. You tossed 2 coins and roll a die. How many outcomes are possible?

Independent event is an event from a certain experiment. 3. Hunter wants to buy a new pair of skates. He can buy speed skates, figure skates, or
hockey skates. A pair of skates can come in blue or silver, and can be decorated with
blue streaks or green clovers. How many different combinations can Hunter choose
from?

4. How many different four-letter radio station call letters can be formed if the first letter
must be W or K?
5. A social security number contains nine digits, such as 074-66-7795. How many different
social security numbers can be formed?

6. How many different combinations can be made for a briefcase that has a 3-dial lock with
each dial having numbers 0-9 available?
 7. How many license plates can be made if the first 3 entries must be letters, followed by 3 2. A café offers 5 types of coffee and 3 types of tea. If a customer orders either coffee or tea,
numbers? how many options are available?
A. 15 B. 8 C. 5 D. E
8. Suppose you take a multiple choice exam that has 10 questions, each question has 5 3. A restaurant has 3 appetizers and 4 main courses. If a customer can order only an appetizer
answers. How many different ways could the exam be answered? or a main course, how many choices do they have?
A. 7 B. 12 C. 4 D. 3
4. A password consists of 2 letters followed by 2 digits. If there are 26 letters and 10 digits, how
many possible passwords exist?
A. 36 B. 52 C. 67, 000 D. 260
5. A school cafeteria offers 3 sandwiches, 2 drinks, and 4 desserts. How many different meal
Activity 4 combinations (sandwich, drink, dessert) can a student create?
A.. Which of the following uses Sum Rule or Product Rule? A. 9 B. 24 C. 12 D. 3
1. Choosing a Dessert: At a restaurant, you can choose between 3 types of cakes or 4 6. A student must choose one book from 4 science books and 5 math books. How many total
types of ice cream for dessert. How many dessert options are available? options does the student have?
A. 20 B. 9 C. 5 D. 4
2. Outfit Selection: You have 3 shirts and 2 pairs of pants. How many different outfits can 7. A license plate has 3 letters (A – Z) and 3 digits (0 – 9). How many unique license plates can
you create by choosing one shirt and one pair of pants? be formed?
A. 36 B. 1, 000 C. 17, 576, 000 D. 6, 760
3. Selecting a T-shirt or Hat: A store offers 5 different T-shirts and 2 different hats. If you 8. A tourist can choose from 6 city tours or 4 nature tours. How many tour options are there in
want to buy either a T-shirt or a hat, how many choices do you have? total?
A. 24 B. 10 C. 4 D. 6
4. Sandwich Customization: At a deli, you can choose from 4 types of bread and 3 types 9. A company offers 3 phone models in 2 colors (black or white). Each phone comes with 4 case
of fillings. How many unique sandwiches can you create? designs. How many combinations are possible?
A. 12 B. 9 C. 6 D. 3
5. Lock Combination: A lock has 2 dials. The first dial has 5 numbers, and the second dial 10. A student has 2 choices for breakfast and 3 choices for lunch. How many ways can they
has 4 numbers. How many different combinations are possible? choose breakfast and lunch?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 3 D. 2
6. Vacation Activities: A travel agency offers 3 different city tours or 2 different nature
hikes. If you want to book one activity, how many options are available? C.. Which of the following uses Sum Rule or Product Rule?
1. Choosing a Dessert: At a restaurant, you can choose between 3 types of cakes or 4 types of ice
cream for dessert. How many dessert options are available?
7. Selecting a Beverage: A café offers 4 types of coffee and 3 types of tea. If you can only
choose one beverage, how many choices do you have? 2. Outfit Selection: You have 3 shirts and 2 pairs of pants. How many different outfits can you
create by choosing one shirt and one pair of pants?
8. Ice Cream Order: An ice cream shop offers 3 cone types and 5 ice cream flavors. How
many different ice cream orders can you make by choosing one cone and one flavor? 3. Selecting a T-shirt or Hat: A store offers 5 different T-shirts and 2 different hats. If you want to
buy either a T-shirt or a hat, how many choices do you have?
9. Choosing a Movie Genre: A cinema shows 6 action movies and 3 romantic comedies.
If you're choosing one movie to watch, how many movie genre options are available? 4. Sandwich Customization: At a deli, you can choose from 4 types of bread and 3 types of fillings.
How many unique sandwiches can you create?
10. Car Customization: A car dealership offers 4 car models and 6 colors. How many 5. Lock Combination: A lock has 2 dials. The first dial has 5 numbers, and the second dial has 4
unique car options are available by selecting one model and one color? numbers. How many different combinations are possible?

B. Multiple-choice question set for "Fundamental Counting Principles: Sum and Product 6. Vacation Activities: A travel agency offers 3 different city tours or 2 different nature hikes. If you
Rule" designed in PISA and HOTS format. Each question includes options structured based on want to book one activity, how many options are available?
SOLO taxonomy. Choose the letter that best describe the answer.
7. Selecting a Beverage: A café offers 4 types of coffee and 3 types of tea. If you can only choose
1. A student has 4 shirts and 3 pairs of pants. How many different outfits can the student wear? one beverage, how many choices do you have?
A. 7 B. 12 C. 10 D. 4
 8. Ice Cream Order: An ice cream shop offers 3 cone types and 5 ice cream flavors. How many 12. How many different four-letter radio station call letters can be formed if the first letter
different ice cream orders can you make by choosing one cone and one flavor? must be W or K?
13. A social security number contains nine digits, such as 074-66-7795. How many different
9. Choosing a Movie Genre: A cinema shows 6 action movies and 3 romantic comedies. If you're
choosing one movie to watch, how many movie genre options are available? social security numbers can be formed?

10. Car Customization: A car dealership offers 4 car models and 6 colors. How many unique car 14. How many different combinations can be made for a briefcase that has a 3-dial lock with
options are available by selecting one model and one color? each dial having numbers 0-9 available?

15. How many license plates can be made if the first 3 entries must be letters, followed by 3
numbers?
Sum counting principle: Observe the example below.
16. Suppose you take a multiple choice exam that has 10 questions, each question has 5
3. I have 3 red hats and 2 green hats. If I choose one hat, how many ways can I choose a answers. How many different ways could the exam be answered?
hat?

4. On a number cube there are 3 even numbers and 1 multiple of five. If you roll the cube,
how many ways can you get an even number or a multiple of 5?
KEY ANSWER:
Product counting principle: Observe the example below.
1. SUM RULE 6. SUM RULE
1. Jim has 3 pairs of pants, 2 shirts and 2 hats, how many different ways can he dress?
2. PRODUCT RULE 7. SUM RULE
2.. MaryBeth has 3 types of bagels in the fridge, 2 types of cream cheeze and 3 3. SUM RULE 8. PRODUCT RULE
veggies. If she wants one of each, how many different lunch options does she have? 4. PRODUCT RULE 9. SUM RULE
5. PRODUCT RULE 10. PRODUCT RULE
3.. Jim has a box of coins, it has 200 pennies, 2 nickels, 3 dimes, and 5 quarters. By
choosing one coin, how many ways can he get more than 6 cents. Here is a 10-item multiple-choice question set for "Fundamental Counting Principles: Sum
and Product Rule" designed in PISA and HOTS format. Each question includes options
I Think I Can.
structured based on SOLO taxonomy and detailed answers with explanations.
3. A sandwich comes with a choice of soda or tea and a side of fries, chips, slaw or salad.
Find the number of different combo. 1. Basic Application of the Product Rule
4. A car model comes in nine colors, with or without air conditioning, with or without
sunroof, with or without automatic transmission, and with or without antilock brakes. In A student has 4 shirts and 3 pairs of pants. How many different outfits can the student wear?
how many ways can a car be ordered with regard to these options.
A. 7 B. 12 C. 10 D. 4
Determine
A. 7 (Unistructural: Adds instead of multiplies)
9. You flip a coin and spin the spinner. How many outcomes are possible? B. 12 (Relational: Correctly applies the product rule)
C. 10 (Multistructural: Incorrect operation by mixing add and multiply)
D. 4 (Prestructural: Chooses one category only)
10. You tossed 2 coins and roll a die. How many outcomes are possible?
2. Sum Rule Application
11. Hunter wants to buy a new pair of skates. He can buy speed skates, figure skates, or
hockey skates. A pair of skates can come in blue or silver, and can be decorated with
blue streaks or green clovers. How many different combinations can Hunter choose A café offers 5 types of coffee and 3 types of tea. If a customer orders either coffee or tea, how
from? many options are available?
 B. 15 B. 8 C. 5 D. E A student must choose one book from 4 science books and 5 math books. How many total
options does the student have?
A. 15 (Multi structural: Applies product rule incorrectly)
B. 8 *(Relational: Correctly applies the sum rule: 5+3 = 8* B. 20 B. 9 C. 5 D. 4
C. 5 (Pre structural: Focuses only on coffee)
D. 3 (Unistructural: Focuses only on tea) A. 20 (Unistructural: Incorrectly applies product rule)
B. 9 (Relational: Correct sum rule: 4+5=9)
3. Combining Sum and Product Rules C. 5 (Multistructural: Focuses only on math books)
D. 4 (Prestructural: Focuses only on science books)
A restaurant has 3 appetizers and 4 main courses. If a customer can order only an appetizer or
a main course, how many choices do they have? 7. Advanced Product Rule Application

B. 7 B. 12 C. 4 D. 3 A license plate has 3 letters (A – Z) and 3 digits (0 – 9). How many unique license plates can be
formed?
A. 7 (Relational: Correctly applies sum rule: 3 + 4 )
B. 12 (Unistructural: Incorrectly multiplies options) B. 36 B. 1, 000 C. 17, 576, 000 D. 6, 760
C. 4 (Pre structural: Focuses only on main courses)
D. 3 (Pre structural: Focuses only on appetizers) A. 36 (Unistructural: Adds letters and digits instead of multiplying)
B. 1,000 (Multi structural: Considers only digits, ignores letters)
4. Two-Step Product Rule C. 17,576,000 (Relational: Correct: 263×103)
D. 6,760 (Pre structural: Miscalculates small parts of the problem)
A password consists of 2 letters followed by 2 digits. If there are 26 letters and 10 digits, how
many possible passwords exist? 8. Sum Rule with Real-World Context

B. 36 B. 52 C. 67, 000 D. 260 A tourist can choose from 6 city tours or 4 nature tours. How many tour options are there in
total?
A. 36 (Unistructural: Adds letters and digits instead of multiplying)
B. 52 (Multistructural: Counts letters and digits but misses product rule) B. 24 B. 10 C. 4 D. 6
C. 67,600 (Relational: Correct: 26×26×10×10)
D. 260 (Prestructural: Multiplies one letter and one digit) A. 24 (Unistructural: Applies product rule incorrectly)
B. 10 (Relational: Correctly applies sum rule: 6+4)
5. Complex Product Rule Scenario C. 4 (Pre structural: Focuses only on nature tours)
D. 6 (Multi structural: Focuses only on city tours)
A school cafeteria offers 3 sandwiches, 2 drinks, and 4 desserts. How many different meal
combinations (sandwich, drink, dessert) can a student create? 9. Combining Rules in Two Steps

B. 9 B. 24 C. 12 D. 3 A company offers 3 phone models in 2 colors (black or white). Each phone comes with 4 case
designs. How many combinations are possible?
A. 9 (Unistructural: Adds options instead of multiplying)
B. 24 (Relational: Correctly applies the product rule: 3×2×4) A. 12 B. 9 C. 6 D. 3
C. 12 (Multistructural: Multiplies two categories but omits one)
D. 3 (Prestructural: Chooses only sandwiches) A. 12 (Relational: Correctly applies product rule: 3×2×4)
B. 9 (Multi structural: Misses one category in multiplication)
6. Misleading Sum vs Product Context C. 6 (Unistructural: Multiplies only two factors)
D. 3 (Pre structural: Focuses only on phone models)
10. Misleading Product Rule

A student has 2 choices for breakfast and 3 choices for lunch. How many ways can they choose
breakfast and lunch?

A. 5 B. 6 C. 3 D. 2

A. 5 (Unistructural: Adds choices instead of multiplying)

B. 6 (Relational: Correctly applies product rule: 2×3)
C. 3 (Pre structural: Focuses only on lunch options)
D. 2 (Multi structural: Focuses only on breakfast options)