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The document provides a comprehensive overview of chemical reactions, including types such as combination, decomposition, displacement, and neutralization reactions. It also covers the properties of acids, bases, and salts, along with key concepts in metal and non-metal chemistry, including their reactions and electronic configurations. Additionally, it highlights important compounds and their uses, as well as the pH scale and its significance in determining acidity and alkalinity.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
43 views17 pagesscience notes in short
The document provides a comprehensive overview of chemical reactions, including types such as combination, decomposition, displacement, and neutralization reactions. It also covers the properties of acids, bases, and salts, along with key concepts in metal and non-metal chemistry, including their reactions and electronic configurations. Additionally, it highlights important compounds and their uses, as well as the pH scale and its significance in determining acidity and alkalinity.
Uploaded by
harshit yadavCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 17
ON TIPS —
* NOTES
skill that we use in many walks 0!
rate note making requires
f life : at school university and in the yy,
‘a thorough understanding of concepts, nd
Bk Opwaal, have ied to encapsulate all the chapters from the ceallatraeareo tte fol.
| Or a tn ny 2 ere €l30 ensue
| theeach and 7S paper capes go use these to ym,
| advantage. go getthe OSWAAL ADVANTAGE!
Note making is @
of work, However, accu
CHAPTER Chemical Re
Key Points and Concepts
esents the reactants, products, conditions of rea
>A complete chemical equation repr
symbolically.
(Oxidation: loss of electrons.
actions and Equations
n and their physical sa
v
> Reduction: gain of electrons.
> Rust is mainly hydrated iron (Il) oxide,
Important Equations
> ‘Types of Reactions:
Fe,03.2H10.
Name and Definition ‘Example
1, [Ina combination reaction, two or more Ca06) + HO) —> Ca(OH)2(0a)
reactants combine to give a single (Quick lime) (Glaked lime)
product.
Z lin a decomposition reaction, a single i
reactant breaks down into two or more 2PbINO;), Hat» 2°06) + — 4NOxGg) + Ors)
simpler products. (Lead nitrate) (Lead oxide) (Nitrogen (Ouse!
— dioxide) |
}When decomposition reaction is carried|
lout. by heating, it is called thermal Cacose) Ht» CaO) + COIL)
Jdecomposition reaction. (Calcium carbonate) (Quickie)
T [When decomposition reaction is carried Ey
outin the presence of sunlight, the process gBr(s) Suet, 2Ag(s) + Brls)
called photochemical decomposition. | (Silver bromide) Gilver) Gromine)
5. [Beco When decomposton reaction
jis carried out with the help of electric 2H,O() —Eesticcurent_
current, the process is called electrolysis. (Water) ata) bf Ou!
(Hydrogen gas) (Oxygen 5*)
& |in a displacement reaction, a more
J Fe
ye chive Gament places a lese reactive| ° qa (8) + CuSO\(aq) > FeSO,aq) + CHO
element from a compound, (lron) (Copper sulphate) (fron sulphate) (CoP? onTips Notes
7, | Those reactions in which two di
somos ronpe st stares Se sou + BaCly(aq) —> BaSO,(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
other atoms or groups of atom, te shat aria sebee huoade
Vcagpenipeange een] spin) Sibi sap nde
one of the products formed is incclubl
are said to be double displacesny
reactions.
* Vote reacts with the bate ee DAGON + ~HSO, —> NuSO, + HO
oxides to form salt and water are called (Sodium (Gulphunie _Godium (Wate)
neutralization reactions, hydroxide) acid) sulphate)
> Some usually asked equations in exams for balancing:
© 2c0@ = +O) —> 2C0,q)
(Carbon monoxide) (Oxygen) (Carbon dioxide)
Hau
znCo; —““> 200 + CO,
2FeSO4(s) —+ Fe,05(8) + SOs) + SO3(9)
PbINOjn + 2KI —> 2KNO; + Pb
(Lead nitrate) Potassium (Potassium (Lead Iodide)
iodide) nitrate)
© 20%) + HO —+ CalOH), + Heat
(Quick lime) (Glaked lime)
@ NaCl + AgNO; —> AgCl + NaNOs
Godium (Silver Gilver (Sodium
chloride) nitrate) chloride) nitrate)
Ca + 2HNO3 —> Ca(NO,); + Hat
‘Mg +2HNO, —> Mg(NO3)2 + Ha 7
2Al + 3H,SO, —> AljGO)s + 3H. t
Na,CO3 + 2HC] —> 2NaCI + H,0 + COz
Ca(OH); + CO, —+ CaCO3 + 130
Zn + HySO, —+ ZnSO, + Hat
Zn +2HCl—> ZnCl + Hat
4Zn + 10HNO, —> 42n(NO3); + 5H,0 + NzO
Zn+2NaOH —Hst, NaZnO + Hat
eee
> Redox (Oxidation and Reduction) Reaction:
(Oxidation (HCLis oxidised)
| MnOy() + 4H) (cone) —® MnCl (a9) + Chig) + 2H:0
eduction (MnOzis reduced)
CHAPTER 2: Acids, Bases and Salts
Key Points and Concepts
| > ‘Those substances which turn blue litmus solution red are
1 aqueous solution. €.8-> HCL H,$0, HNOs cH,coon
> Those acids which dissociates into fons completely are called stong acs 8 HSOw HE
> Those bird ere do not dissociates into ions ‘completely are called weak acids, e.g, citric acid, acetic acid.
> Chemical properties of acids:
(a) Reaction with metal:
called acids. Acids are sour in taste. They give H* ionsin
‘Acid + Metal —> Salt + Hydrogen gas
2HCI(ag) + Zn) —> ZnCl (aq) + H (6) x
OSWAAL CBSE Sample Question Papers, ScIeRcp
th metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonates: Sa,
(b) Reaction with metal carbonate and met ene
fetal carbonate/metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid — Salt
ere aoe ye BHICK() > 2NaCllag) + CO2G) + HOO
Nal NaC(aq) + CO2(8) + F200
NaHCO,(s) + HCI(aq). —> a) - @)+ HOO)
rettorcnton dit te rt lnenboeioaie ae Ped MOMENI ag
carbonate,
water) it turns milky due tothe formation of ealeium carbonate. 6 44 Oy
CafOHx(eq) + COLL) ances)
aCO,(s) + HzO + COFs) —> _CalFICOs)a(aa)
ann mo cater Te an ee ats a 8h a,
calcium hydrogen carbonate.
(e) Neutralization reaction: tis a reaction in which an acid react with base to give salt and water as produ
"Acid'+ Base ——> Salt + Water
NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) —> NaClag) + HOM
(a) Reaction with metal oxide:
Metal oxide + Acid —> Salt + Water
CuOG) + ZHCKaq) —> CuChiay + 200
(©) Reaction with water: Acid reacts with water and produces hydrogen ions in solution.
HCIg) + ,00—> H*@ + Cred
> Chemical properties of base:
(2) Reaction with metal:
Base + Metal —+ Salt + Hydrogen
2NaOH(an) + Zn(s) —> NayZnO2(s) + Ha(g)
(b) Reaction with non - metallic oxide:
Non - metallic oxide + Base—> Salt + Water
‘COxg) + Ca(OH) 3(0q) —> CaCO,(6) + #301)
(©) Reaction with water: Bases give OFF ions in presence of water
NaOH + H,0 ——> Nat -+ OW
> Amphoteric oxides: Some metallic oxides that react with both acids and bases are called amphoteric oxides.
> Alkalies: An alkali is a base that dissolves in water. ¢.g,, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH), NH,OH.
> All alkalies are bases but all bases are not alkalies,
> Strength of an acid and base can be determined with the help of universal indicator and pH scale.
>
PH scale gives the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It measures from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (ver)
alkaline). 7 indicates neutral pH.
> Enmples of pin our da fe
1 Gomach produces HC) which ep in digestion o fod
> Grrchangrin te mouth ote cone tom tery
1 Ex-Sunmteavesan sca which ess pn ana eon
2 Fatwsrequnce opeaieplinmgsorheaay owes
1 Ghingeinpt Ge ten 5) cnn oy ctr cd vain which Rasa dlrs elects on agente
rfbsisd eas waar wane aes
+ Washing soda: Na;CO3.10H,O
2 Sopa gysonzine
* Panerotras:0350.2 140
> Reaction of different solutions with different indicators:
_ Name of the solution _ Colour change (if any),
= Phenolphthalein
Sodium carbonate eae
2. Hydrochloric acid no change
3. Sodium chloride Po on Tips Notes
Important Compounds:
+ Baking Sod:
The chemical formula of baking soda ig
Itis prepared by using sodium chloride
NaCl + 4,
NaHCO) (sodium hydrogen carbonate).
(On heating: 1,0 + CO, + NH, —> NH,Cl + NaHCO,
2NaHCO, _tes_, NajCO3 + H,0 + CO;
+ Green Vitriok:
‘The chemical formula of Green Vitriol is FeSO,7H0.
FeS0,7H,0 5 green in colour and loses water of crystallisation when itis heated.
Itis then decomposed to FeO; (brown coloured), SO, and SOs.
FeSO,7H;O0 —*5 FeSO, + 7H,0
2FeSO\(S) —> Fe03(s) + 80,6) + $0318)
+ Plaster of Paris:
The chemical formula of Plaster of Paris is C280, HO (Calcium sulphate hemihydrate)
‘When Plaster of Paris reacts with water, it forms gypsum.
CaSO, ; H,O+ un HO — + CaS0,2H,0
(Plaster of Paris) (Gypsum)
+ Washing Soda and its Properties:
The chemical formula of washing soda is Na,CO,.10H,O and its chemical name is sodium carbonate.
NaCl + H,0 + CO, + NH; —> NH,Cl + NaHCO,
2NaHCO, —» Na,CO; + CO; + H,0
Na,CO; + 10H,0 SE" > Nia,CO,.1011,0
Itis a basic salt because when dissolved in water it gives a strong base NaOH.
Ttis used as a cleansing agent for domestic purposes and also used in paper and glass industry. Its also used
for manufacture of Borax.
+ Bleaching Powder and its uses:
“The chemical formula of bleaching powder is COC,
By passing chlorine into dry slaked lime Ca(OH), bleaching powder is obtained.
Ca(OH), + Cl, —» CaOCh, + 11,0
Two uses:
(i) Used for bleaching cotton and linen inthe textile industry and wood pulp, paper industry, et,
(ii) It is used for disinfecting drinking water.
> Important Diagrams:
+ pH Indicator
Neutral
Tnerease in H’ fon concentration-4— —® Decrease in H1* jon concentration ‘setup which shows acid sol
CHAPTER 3: Metals and No!
Key Points and Concepts
> Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals.
tution in water condu
oswWAAL CBSE $a
«Bulb
24 —Switch
Volt battery—>
6 Volt ber
|«—Beaker
Nail
[Dilute HCL
solution
|__Rubber
Cork
cts electricity
n-Metals
ple Question Papers, SCIENCE, «,
Cl,
> Electronic configuration of some metals and non-metals:
ae ‘Number of electrons in shells ]
z e number K 2p M |
Noble gases | Helium (He) 2 2
Neon (Ne) 10 2 8
Argon (At) 18 2 s e
Metals ‘Sodium (Na) nu 2 8 1
Magnesium (Mg) 2 2 8 2
Aluminium (Al) 13 2 8 3
Potassium (K) 19 2 8 8
‘Calcium (Ca) 20 2 8 8
Non-metals Nitrogen (N) 7 2 5
‘Oxygen (O) 8 2 6
Fluorine (F) 9 2 7
Phosphorus (P) 15 2 8 5
Sulphur (S) 16 2 8 6
Chlorine (C1) y 2 8 D
> Properties of Ionic Compounds:
© "Tonic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard beca
Tonic comp
petrol, etc.
© Ionic comp
> Activity Series:
tive and negative ions. These compounds are generally
ounds have high melting and boiling points,
© Electrovalent compounds are generally sol
lectrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents such as ke"
rounds conduct electricity in the molten state,
K
Na
Ca
Mg
AL
Zn
Fe
Pb
tH
Cu
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium,
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Gold
Most reactive
Reactivity decreases
Least reactive
tuse of the strong force of attraction between the RS
‘brittle and break into pieces when pressure is pF on Tips ee
> Chemical Properties of Metals:
ge Condition a
; ™M
[7 Metals react with water
(Chemical Equation
tals are burnt in air
Metal + Oxygen—> Metal oxide
Example 1;
2u + O,—>» 2Cu0
(Copper) [Copper(ll) oxide]
Example 2:
4Al_ +30; 2AL,03
(Aluminium) (Aluminium oxide)
Metal + Water —> Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water —> Metal hydroxide
Example 1:
2K(6) + 2H;O() —> 2KOH(ag) + H,(g) + heat energy
Example 2:
2Nas) + 2H,0() —+ 2NaOH(aq) + Hi(g) + heat energy i
Example 3:
Cals) + 2H0() —s Ca(OH) (aq) + Ha(g)
Example 4:
2Al(s) + 3H;O(g) —> Al,0,(s) + 3H2(s)
‘3Fe(s) + 4H,0(g) —> Fe,04(s) + 4F2@)
Example 5:
K,O + HO —> 2KOH.
Metals react with acids Metal + Diluteacid —> Salt + Hydrogen
Cugs) + 2HCHag) —> CuChy(ag) + Hols)
‘Metals react with solutions of Metal A + Salt solution of B—> Salt solution of A + Metal B
other metal salts
Fe(s) + CuSOyaq)_—+ _FeSO,(aq)__ + Culs)
> Chemical Properties of Non-metals:
®
®
©
@
©
Reaction with oxygen: Non-metals form acidic oxides.
eg, C(s) + Ox(g)—> COr(g)
Reaction with water: Non-metals do not react with water, because they do not release any electrons.
Reaction with dilute acids: No reaction
Reaction with salt solutions: A more reactive non-metal will displace less reactive non-metal from its salt
solution.
Reaction with chlorine: Non-metals react with chlorine to form chloride.
Hy + Clh—> 2HCI
eg,
(Reaction with hydrogen: Non-metals reacts with hydrogen to form hydrides.
eg. H, +S—>H,$
> Reaction between metals and non-metals:
Reactivity of an element is the tendency to attain a completely filled valence shell.
‘Atoms of metals can lose electrons from valence shells to form cations while atoms of non-metals can gain
electrons in valence shell to form anions. ;
Opposite charged ions attract each other and held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction forming ionic
compounds.
> Formation of Sodium Chloride
Na —> Nat +e
2.81 2,8
(Sodium cation)
dete ao
28,7 2,8,8
(Chloride anion)
xet
1
x xx Xxx
Na +X] $+ Nat) a] or NaCl SWAAL CBSE Sample Question Papers, SCIEN,
=a ° ,
> Formation of Magnesium Chloride
Mg—> Mg? + 26
28,2 28
(Magnesium cation)
ate or
28,7 2,8,8
(Chloride anion)
CX [x
2HgS(s) + $O,(g) Het, 2HgO(s) + 250,(g)
2HgS() Het, 2Heg(/) + 25(¢)
2Cu,$(6) + 30,{g) Het, 2Cu,06) + 250,69)
2Cu,0(s) + CuzS(s) Hest, 6Cu(s) + SO,(g)
Middle in the activity series | Roasting: }
2ZnS(6) + 302(g) HS", 2Zn0(s) + 250,(g)
Calcination: |
ZnCOxs) He, ZnOG) + COs)
‘Top in the activity series During Electrolysis
At cathode Na* +e" Na
Atanode 2Cr —+ Ch, + 2°
> Corrosion: Itis the deterioration ofa metalasa resultof chemical Teaction between it and surrounding environ!
eg,
(@ Silver reacts with sulphur in air to form silver sulphide and articles become black,
iydrated Iron (Ill) oxide, ie, Fe,05.2H0
teasing, galvanizing and by making alloys,
zinc. The oxide thus formed is impervious to airs!
® Frevention of corrosion: By painting, ciling,
> Galvanisation: Itis the process of coating of
is mercury,
* Some important balanced equations usually aske,
(@) ZnCOs(s) _Het_, 20/9) + COxg) ©) 22nS(9) + 30,6) _Hea 2ZnO(3) + 28016)
(2) ZnO(s) + Cf) Het, 2 4 co
(d) 2Hgs(s) + 30, (g) Heat, 24g0(s) + 250200
(2) SMnOx() + 4A) He, ayia 4 2ALOx() .
then the alloys are known as amalgam,
ed: | on Tips Notes
|, Important Diagrams:
‘9 Flectron dot structure
Sodioun (Na) ~2, 8,1
Oxygen (O)-2,6
© Activity Series and related metallurgy
AB
Aa
© Extraction of metals from ores
Reduction using carbon,
J}. roundinnavesite
Ore
¥
Concentration of ore
Chlorine (C1) -2, 8, 7|
Magnesium (Mg) -2, 8,2
Metals of high
reactivity
‘Metals of medium
reactivity
Metals of low
reactivity
q
Electrolysis of
‘molten ore
‘Pure metal
Sulphide ores
+
‘Carbonate ore
Roasting
Calcination
¥
Pure metal
‘Oxide of metal
‘Reduction to metal
Purification of metal OSWAAL CBSE Sami
Carbon Compounds
ple Question Papers, SCIENCE, oy
Clay
a
CHAPTER
Key Points and Concepts
is e:
> Carbon is a tetravalent non-metal. It forms covalent bond. It is becaus
. re
+The atomic numberof carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration a
ji its valence shell.
«So, to attain a noble gas configuration it requires four more electrons 18S
lence electrons with other atoms. Such m
iscalled covalent bonding
+ Carbon attains the noble gas configuration by sharing its valence &0°
sharing of electrons between atoms to attain a stable noble £2 configuration
Carbon compounds are mostly covalent compounds formed by the sharing of the outermost electrons,
Properties of carbon which enable it to form enormously large number of compounds are catenation a4
tetravalency.
Catenation is the property of carbon atom to form covalent bonds with other atoms of carbon.
cause it has a valency of 4. As a result, carton
sulphur, chlorine and other elements, The
strongly, thus carbon compounds
‘Tetravalency: Carbon requires 4 electrons to form tetravalent. It is be
atom is capable of bonding with atoms of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
‘smaller size of carbon atom enables nucleus to hold the shared pair of electrons:
are very stable in general.
+ Covalent and Ionic Compounds:
S.No. Covalent Compounds
1. _| They are readily soluble in organic solvent. They are not soluble in organic solvent.
2. _ | They do not ionise. They ionise in organic medium,
3. | They are bad conductors of heat and electricty. _| They are good conductors of heat and electricity
G._ | They have weak force of attraction between the | They have strong force of attraction between the
molecules. molecules.
> Formation of Molecules:
Hydrogen Chlorine Shared electrons
@@-@5-—
Hydrogen toms
Chlorine
Chlorine atoms molecule
Shared electsons
Hy molecule @ a
‘Oxygen ‘Shared electrons
(@@-&)—-»
Oxygen atoms Oxygen molecule
Shared electors >
Classification of Hydrocarbons:
“Aliphatic or open
Cydic or closed
chain compounds chain compounds
aoe
Saturated Unsaturated ‘Hlicyeic
¥ LC
‘Atkanes Pari) ¥ ¥
Eee Alkenes (Olefins) Alkynes
‘Coles CoHana
[rom]
IUPAC Nomenclature:
Some Common Alkanes: Formula for Alkane: CyHay +2
No. of carbon atoms Name Molecular formula Molecular Mass (0)
a Methane CH 16
Ethane GHs 30
Propane CH; “4
Butane CH 38
Pentane CHy n
Hexane Cote 86
Heptane CHig 100
Octane CHis 14
Nonane CHa 18
Decane CigH 12
Dexived from Alkane ‘Name of Alkyl group.
Methane methyl
Ethane ethyl
Propane propyl
and soon
Homologous Series of Alkene: Formula for Alkene: CyHa
[Nol of carbon atoms Name of the Alkene Rn
2 Ethene CH,
3 Propene cn
4 Butene cu
3 Pentene City
Homologous Series of Alkxyne: Formula for Aline: CyHae—2
No. of carbon atoms, ‘Name of the Alkyne ‘Molecular formula
2 Ethyne hs
3 Propyne ea
4 Butyne a
5 Pentyne on OSWAAL
Common Functional Groups:
>Ccsc< Alkene
—Cac— Alkyre
—XECLRD Hatoatkane
Aloohol
Aldehyde
Ketones
Carbonytic acid
Ester
Chemical properties of carbon compounds: .
2) Combustion: Carbon compounds bum in air ty give carton diowide,
CH, +20; —> CO ss
(b)_ Oxidation: Alcohols can be converted to carboyytic acids by evidizing th
suse ROB! CH.COO!
CH, — CHORES oar? CH:COOR
Alkaline KMnO, add oxygen to the reactant thus, are called ow
(©) Addition reactions: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkene, alkyne) underg
hydrogen in the presence of catalyst nickel and palladium to give saturated hydro
CH=CH, + H; 922+ CH;—CH;
water heat and ght
Addition reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetsble oil us
hydrogen at the multiple bond is known as hy
ghee from oil.
RL UR
= +H,
Ra SRO
(Wegetable oil)
(Vegetable ghee)
(4) Substitution reaction: Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction in the presence c!
ts
CH, + Cl, —> CHCl + HCI (in the presence of sunlight)
‘A chain reaction is initiated in the presence of sunlight. One hydrogen atom is replaced by
step resulting in the formation of CH,Cly, CHCl, CCl. _ °
Some Common Alcohols:
CH;OH C.HOH
Methanol Ethanol
oH OH OH OH
cH,;— CH —cH, OGG,
2- propanol (Rubbing alcohol) 12,34 fol (Glycerin:
Some Common Aldehydes: ‘Propanetrol (Gy e)
9 °O
I
H—C-H cH,—C—H
Methanal (Formaldehyde) Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) on Tips Notes
+ Some Common Carboxylic Acid:
IL
u—C—on ?
Formic acid (From ants) CH,CH,CH, — C—OH
Butyric acid
9H (Present in rancid butter)
CH; — CH —CooH
Lactic acid
Some Common Ketones: HHOH
I)
cH, — C—CH, netdly
Propanone (Acetone) I |
Graphite, Diamond and Fullerene: fe E thee
Butanone
Fallerene (C60)
Graphite
SS=
=
Layer structure,
Application: electrode
Diamond
°
° SS
on rie
© 0 0°
Hardest material in the world
Application :jevel, cutter
> Ethanol:
Chemical properties:
(@) Reaction with sodium: Formation of sodium ethoxide and hydrogen.
eg, 2CH;CH,OH + 2Na —> 2CH;CH,ONa + H,
(b) Reaction with acid: Formation of ester (ethyl ethanoate) — a sweet smelling ester. This process is called as
esterification.
CH,COOH + CH,CH,OH 2824+ cH,cOOCH,CH; + HO
Uses of ethanols: In preparation of soap, cosmetics in alcoholic beverages, in medicines, and in laboratory
reagent.
> Ethanoic acids:
+ Vinegar: 5-8 % solution of acetic acid in water,
* Glacial acetic acid: Pure acetic acid,
> Properties of ethanoic acid:
ion with sodium carbonate:
(2) Reaction with sone r;COOH + Na,CO;—> 2CH,COONa + H,0 + CO,
ion with sodium hydrogen carbonate:
(b) Reaction with soi COOH + NaHCO; —> CHjCOONa + H,0 + CO,
Brisk effervescence marks the presence of carboxylic aci
(2 Reaction with NaOH: COOH + NaOH —» CH;COONa + H,0
(4) Reaction with ethanol (Esterifiation):
CH,COOH + CH,CH,OH 2224s CH,COOCH,CH, + 1,0
On hydrolysis, ester gives parent alcohol and sodium saltofcarboxyic acid. Alkaline hydrolysis of esters
called saponification.
> Soap and dé nts: . .
ip and deterges gsium salt of long chain of fatty acids, which has th q .
: fs the sodium or potassium > Which has the cleansing properties.
1 Asoapis the soltar ontficaion process Ithas two ends, ones hydrophilic and others hydrophobic
Whe rae is dissolved in wate, micelle formation takes place. The hydrophobic end attach itself to dirt
cl vm tirom thecloth, :
«article and remo" “dium salt of long chain benzene sulphonic acid.
J Auetergent i the sor nd cast sas presentin hard water reat wth soap molec forminsolube
tructs the cleansing action,
products called scum. This obstruct ig
+o feral ‘overcome this problem as the detergent molecule prevents the formation of insoluble
se of
cleaned.
product and thus clothes get cleane Maximum marks: 80
sions: Sane as CBSE Sample Question Paper-2023 (Solued).
SECTION-A
prite one most appropriate option out of the four Options given
ch of the following statements is true for acids?
shi "
|. pitter and change red litmus to blue
sarand change blue litmus to red
strc
for each of the questions 1-20,
(b) Sour and change red litmus to blue
@ Sou come (d) Bitter and change blue litmus to red
| ThepH ofthe gastric juices released during digestion is:
© less than 7 (b) more than 7
(0) equal to 7 (d) equal to 0
Which among the following statements is incorrect for magnesium metal?
{@) Itburns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame,
() Itreacts with cold water to form magnesium oxide and evolves hydrogen gas.
(0 It reacts with hot water to form magnesium hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas.
(@ Itreacts with steam to form magnesium hydroxide and evolves hydrogen gas.
Reaction between X and Y, forms compound Z. X loses electron and Y gains electron.
Which of the following properties is not shown by Z?
(@) Has high melting point
(b) Has low melting point
() Conducts electricity in molten state (d) Occurs as solid
5, Structural formula of ethyne is
() H-C=C—H (b) Hs—C = C—H
i H H. H
© Sco=ce @) WSc—c
we Cy Owe oi
Tepiratory structures of two different animals—a fish and a human being are as
shown,
Observe (a) and (6) and select one characteristic that holds true for both of them.
Mle Papers
225 \ \
Eu jemple Question Pape
SECTION-A
most appropriate option out of the four options given for eae
cme following statements is true for aciay Ler Cael Of the questions 1.99,
ange red litmus to blue
22023 (Solved).
ne
ine” fol
tor he
' fe) so erie gastric juices released during digestion ig: St PME litmus v6 rea \
vere an 7 ©) more than 7
ro ae eT é _ @ equal too
(0 Cae nong the following statements is incorrect for magnesium metal?
ye are in oxygen with a dazzling white fame,
+ @t a cts with cold water to form magnesium oxide and evolves hydro; =
acts with hot water-(0 form magnesium hydroxide and evolves ee 8
0 17 ces with steam (0 form magnesium hydroxide and evolves mee mace ee
q Wen between X and Y, forms compound Z. X loses electron ana ee
pence ‘he following properties is not shown by Z? Sains electron,
& nit js high melting point (b) Has low melting point
repducts Beco icicmimoltenisiae (@) Occurs as solid
ula of ethyne is
(6) Hy3—C s CH
(a) and (b) and select one characteristic that holds true for both of them,
observe
ple POPE He W ‘Aiveo!i (b)
Gills (a).
‘Water goes
in through
(a) Both are placed internally in the body of animal.
(©) Both have thin and moist surface for gaseous exchange.
(©) Both are poorly supplied with blood vessels to conserve oy
(@) In both the blood returns to the heart after being oxygenate
7. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the digestive tract?
(@) Pepsin
(©) Amylase
8. Exchange of genetic material takes place in
(a) vegetative reproduction
(©) sexual reproduction
(b) Cellulase
(a) Trypsin
(6) asexual reproduction
@b
udding
9. Rajan takes the following two photographs of the text in a book, first while keeping a
circular piece of glass on the book, and then while holding it at some distance above
the book.
Which of the following statements is true about the piece of glass?
Tad Moxa,
These ongantame donot have defined
haview or
tterent «lige
avin or 3
syaitientsn
getting
“icieroiropln
bine-green a)
uso
Worse
fiacteeta, atl
shown
esi, ad
cs are sewn,
blue-green at
anycoptasms, Some eeamples ar
an Fig, 7.4
Photograph 2: A piece of glass held
at some distance above the book
Photograph 1: A piece of
glass on the book
(a) Itis a convex lens as the text is not inverted.
(b) Itis a concave lens as the text is diminished in size.
(©) Itis a plain glass disc as there is no difference in the text,
(@) It cannot be predicted based on the given information,
My ) 226
Science-X 4.
Sample Papers
The image shows the dispersion
Jn an electrical circuit three in,
. The manufacturing of Chlorofluorocarbon-free refri
ification prod
phe magni Produced by a rear view,
(@) less than 1 t View mirror fitted in vehicles is
(b) more than 1
(o) equal to 1
¢p les than 1 or more than 1 depending on the Position of th
n of the
of the white li, ht i
: oon
What will be the colours of the X,Y ang 73s Prism
(a) X: green; Y: violet; Z: red
(b) &: violet; Y: green; 2: req
(o X: red; ¥: violet;
object in front of.
White
green light
(@ X: red; ¥: green; Z: violet
x
