Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Valorization of ceramic waste powder as cementitious blend in self-

compacting concrete – A review
P.H. Joshi a, D.N. Parekh b,⇑
a
Research Scholar, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
b
Lecturer, Applied Mechanics Department, Sir Bhavsinhji Polytechnic Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The ceramic waste (CW) produced from ceramic industries is dumped as landfills creating pollution. Many
Available online 13 January 2023 researchers have worked in evaluating the pozzolanic potential of CW. Most authors have found that CW
contains high amount of Silica and Alumina like other natural pozzolans and can be effectively used to
Keywords: replace cement. The pozzolanic potential of CW can be very useful especially in self-compacting concrete,
Self-compacting concrete where the powder requirement is comparatively high. The use of CW to replace cement helps in the utility
Ceramic Waste of industrial wastes and in maintaining the ecological balance thus reducing the consumption of cement.
Design Parameters
Thus, this paper reviews the use of CW in self-compacting concrete. For this purpose, design parameters like
Slump Flow
Compressive Strength
water to binder ratio (w/b), water to cement ratio (w/c), superplasticizer dosage (SP) (kg/m3) and replace-
Sustainability ment percentage of ceramic waste are studied on the slump flow and compressive strength of SCC with CW
have been selected. It is observed that with respect to different grades of SCC, designed parameters affects
the fresh and strength properties of SCC.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on ‘‘Innovations in Mechanical and Civil Engineering’’.

1. Introduction tion. Thus, incorporating high volumes of mineral admixtures such

as fly ash, rice husk ash, silica fume, etc. can make it cost-effective
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was first developed in Japan in [3]. Agricultural waste like coconut shell can be used as aggregates
the late 1980 s as a concrete that can flow through congested rein- to produce light-weight SCC [4]. Also, the use of these materials as
forcing bars with elimination of additional compaction and with- filler can improve strength and durability properties of the con-
out undergoing any significant segregation and bleeding under crete [5].
its own weight. SCC has gained wide use in many countries for dif- India produces about 100 million ton of ceramics of which
ferent applications and structural configurations. The use of SCC about 15–30 % ends up in waste [6]. This waste of ceramic indus-
has many advantages such as: faster construction, eliminating tries dumped at nearby places results in environmental pollution
the need for vibration, reducing the noise pollution, improving causing effect to habitant and agricultural lands [7]. Therefore,
durability, and the filling capacity of highly congested structural use of ceramic waste (CW) in concrete would benefit in many ways
members, better surface finishes and also a safe working environ- in saving energy & protecting the environment. The rigidity and the
ment [1]. For concrete to be self-compacting, it should have the amorphous chemical composition of ceramic materials makes
filling-ability, passing-ability, and resistance against segregation. them appealing as a construction material [8]. Due to the angular
While designing SCC, the volume of the coarse aggregate should particles of ceramic, the viscosity of the mix increases which in
be restricted to avoid the possibility of blockage on passing turn also helps in eliminating use of Viscosity Modifying Agents
through spaces between steel bars [2]. This reduction necessitates (VMA) in self-compacting concrete [9]. The use of CW also
the use of a higher volume of cement/binder which results in a enhances the flowability of the mix.
greater temperature rise and the increase in the cost of construc- For ceramic to be used as a replacement of cement it should
possess pozzolanic properties. As per ASTM C618-08a, for a mate-
⇑ Corresponding author. rial to be pozzolan, the sum of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in its chemical
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (P.H. Joshi), [email protected] (D.N. composition should be greater than 70 % (S + A + F greater than 70);
Parekh). SO3 content should be lower than 3 % and loss on ignition (LOI)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.068
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on ‘‘Innovations in Mechanical and Civil Engineering’’.
P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

should be<10 %. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the CW  Water to Binder (w/b) ratio
powder used by various authors from literature to produce con-  Water to Cement (w/c) ratio
crete by replacing cement. Most of the ceramic waste reported in  Total Aggregates to Cement (Tag/c) ratio
Table 1 other than that used by [13] and [27] can be considered  Fine Aggregate to Coarse Aggregate (Fag/Cag) ratio
as pozzolanic. Table 1 also shows the specific surface area of the  Superplasticizer (SP) to Binder (SP/b) ratio in percentage
cement particles and in most of the studies, it is higher compared  Superplasticizer (SP) content (kg/m3)
to that of cement particles. Thus, higher surface area is also an indi-  Replacement percentage of CW (CW)
cation of higher reactivity. Many authors have also evaluated par-  Binder to 28-day compressive strength (b/Fc) ratio
ticle shape and surface texture of CW by scanning electron micro-
scope (SEM) technique. Fig. 1 shows a micrograph as reported by Binder content includes cement as well as any mineral admix-
[34]. The cement particles were observed to be rough and had tures used in the mix that possess binding properties. The sum of
irregular shape. CW in the form of marble cutting slurry waste fine aggregate and coarse aggregate is total aggregate content.
had spherical but irregular shape particles with slightly rough tex- Self-compacting concrete is distinctively characterised by its prop-
ture. Fly ash had purely spherical and smooth textured particles erty of flowability and pass ability without any segregation. The
and silica fume had irregular and angular shape particles. It was flowability is measured using Slump Flow and V-Funnel tests. As
also observed that due to spherical shape particles in CW and fly for any concrete to be a SCC, the first criteria must be flowable
ash, better workability was obtained. and hence the slump flow test is selected for the purpose of the
investigation of the fresh properties. From the available literature,
the results are grouped into three categories based on the 28-day
compressive strength of reference SCC mix irrespective of the size
2. Review methodology and shape of the specimen and methodology used for testing of the
specimens. Thus, category I, category II and category III consist of
Ceramic waste (CW) has been used differently by authors, for data based on the 28 days compressive strength of reference mix
instance, some authors have used CW to replace cement while in the range of 80 MPa to 60 MPa, 60 MPa to 40 MPa and
others have used CW to replace aggregates. For this review study, 40 MPa to 30 MPa respectively.
the research papers on SCC are collected and only those papers
wherein cement is replaced by CW to produce SCC are reviewed
in this study and remaining papers are omitted. CW is a wide cat- 3. Design parameters from literature
egory which includes wastes from marble processing, granite pro-
cessing, tiles, sanitary-wares, crockery-wares, and other similar Table 2-4 summarizes the design parameters for Category I to III
items. The design parameters are calculated from the available respectively. The reference mixes are highlighted in bold. Two
mix design in the literature viz. weight of ingredients per cubic research papers are found in the literature with 28 days compres-
meter and compressive strength. sive strength in the range of 80 MPa to 60 MPa, and they are named
Following design parameters are considered for this review: Category I and are tabulated in Table 2. It is observed that, w/b and

Table 1
Chemical composition of CW used as cement.

Author Chemical Composition (% by weight) SSAa

(m2/kg)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO SO3 LOI (S + A + F)
(S) (A) (F)
[7] (White paste sanitary waste) 65.80 22.20 0.60 0.10 – – 88.60 –
[10] 60.32 26.14 6.65 0.74 0.03 – 93.11 –
[11] 69.98 21.41 0.47 1.87 – 0.52 91.86 2285
[12] 68.60 17.00 0.80 1.70 0.10 1.80 86.40 555c
[13] 48.02 13.98 1.30 18.00 – 1.40 63.30 425c
[14] 67.30 19.80 2.50 2.30 0.10 NIL 89.60 365b
[15] 63.29 18.29 4.32 4.46 0.10 1.61 85.90 325
[16] (House ceramic) 71.03 18.22 2.59 0.57 – – 91.84 530
[16] (Ceramic brick waste) 60.60 20.35 11.01 0.17 – – 91.96 690
[17] 70.40 15.20 2.00 1.00 – 1.00 87.60 8770b
[18] 61.72 22.31 1.24 6.67 0.07 3.96 85.27 458
[19] 64.04 21.00 6.51 1.29 0.11 1.1 91.55 554c
[20] (White ceramic) 68.90 19.80 0.90 7.00 – 0.20 89.60 –
[20] (Red ceramic) 60.50 26.90 6.40 1.00 – 0.20 93.80 –
[21] 50.70 20.00 6.20 11.60 1.00 – 76.90 –
[22] 63.29 18.29 4.32 4.46 – – 85.90 –
[23] 68.60 17.00 0.83 1.70 0.12 1.78 86.43 555c
[24] 69.40 18.20 0.73 1.24 <1 <1 88.33 555
[25] 51.30 20.00 6.00 11.50 1.00 – 77.30 –
[26] 49.70 20.10 4.70 16.60 1.40 – 74.50 –
[27] 0.42 0.13 0.06 56.01 42.78 0.01 0.61 360
[28] 69.02 16.04 5.39 0.63 – 5.23 90.45 –
[29] 63.45 13.98 4.81 8.18 – – 82.24 6360
[30] 61.40 16.30 3.60 3.60 0.05 5.00 81.30 –
[31] 68.85 18.53 0.60 1.57 0.06 0.48 87.98 34100b
[32] 66.00 14.20 3.31 6.10 0.04 0.43 83.51 –
[33] 63.29 18.29 4.32 4.46 0.10 1.61 85.90 368c
a
SSA = Specific Surface area.
b
SSA determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method.
c
SSA determined by Blaine method.

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P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

Fig. 1. SEM micrograph of (a) Cement, (b) Marble Cutting Slurry Waste, (c) Fly Ash, (d) Silica Fume [34].

Table 2
Design Parameters for Category I.

Author Design Parameters Fc b/Fc

(28-day) (MPa)
w/b w/c Tag/c Fag/Cag SP/b (%) Slump flow V-Funnel Time (s)
(mm)
[35] (1) 0.41 0.53 5.03 1.22 1.28 % 780 10.25 67.00 6.72
0.41 0.53 5.03 1.22 1.28 % 740 10.6 64.00 7.03
0.43 0.77 6.94 1.25 1.07 % 710 6.2 52.00 8.65
0.41 1.23 11.64 1.22 2.48 % 690 9.69 39.20 11.48
[35] (2) 0.35 0.35 3.48 1.00 1.67 % 780 10.4 78.30 6.39
0.35 0.44 4.36 1.00 1.74 % 760 10.01 84.30 5.93
0.35 0.58 5.81 1.00 1.67 % 745 11 77.50 6.45
0.35 0.88 8.71 1.00 1.76 % 725 12.82 68.70 7.28
[36] 0.35 0.35 3.48 1.00 1.67 % 780 – 78.30 6.39
0.35 0.44 4.36 1.00 1.74 % 760 – 84.30 5.93
0.35 0.58 5.81 1.00 1.67 % 745 – 77.50 6.45
0.35 0.88 8.71 1.00 1.76 % 725 – 68.70 7.28
0.41 0.53 5.03 1.22 1.28 % 780 – 67.00 6.72
0.41 0.53 5.03 1.22 1.28 % 740 – 64.00 7.03
0.41 0.74 6.94 1.25 0.67 % 790 – 51.00 8.82
0.43 0.77 6.94 1.25 1.07 % 710 – 52.00 8.65
0.41 1.23 11.64 1.22 1.28 % 710 – 50.00 9.00
0.41 1.23 11.64 1.22 2.48 % 690 – 39.20 11.48

w/c ratio for higher strengths are lower. The b/Fc ratio is in the Two research papers are found in the literature with 28 days
range of 6 to 12. With the increase in ceramic replacement in bin- compressive strength of reference mix in the range of 40 MPa to
der, the b/Fc ratio increases which indicates reduction in strength 30 MPa and they are named Category III and are tabulated in
compared to reference mix. Also, it can be observed that with Table 4. Tag/c ratio lies in the range of 3.5 to 4.9. Fag/Cag ratio lies
increase in Tag/c ratio, the slump flow decreases. Fag/Cag ratio lies in the range of 1.1 to 1.22.
in the range of 1.0 to 1.25.
Compressive strength at 28 days for the reference SCC in the
range of 60 MPa to 40 MPa is observed in three research papers 4. Effect of design parameters on strength and fresh property
in the literature and it is included in Category II. The design param-
eters and strength values are tabulated in Table 3. A decrease in 4.1. Effect of w/b ratio on compressive strength and slump flow
usage of SP/b ratio in percentage is observed for category II as com-
pared to Category I. The slump flow values are in the range of The addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)
720 ± 20 mm. in the mix helps in achieving economy as well as increases the
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P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

Table 3
Design Parameters for Category II.

Author Design Parameters Fc b/Fc

(28-day) (MPa)
w/b w/c Tag/c Fag/Cag SP/b (%) Slump flow V-Funnel Time (s)
(mm)
[34] 0.33 0.33 3.08 1.34 1.40 % 710 10.3 55.10 9.98
0.33 0.47 4.39 1.34 0.35 % 730 6.2 63.00 8.73
0.33 0.39 3.62 1.34 1.10 % 715 8.1 60.00 9.17
0.33 0.35 3.24 1.34 1.50 % 705 11.2 57.00 9.65
0.33 0.41 3.85 1.34 0.60 % 725 7.0 55.10 9.98
0.33 0.47 4.39 1.34 0.30 % 735 7.0 54.00 10.19
0.33 0.44 4.10 1.34 0.90 % 710 8.0 53.00 10.38
0.33 0.55 5.13 1.34 0.25 % 740 6.9 49.00 11.22
0.33 0.66 6.15 1.34 0.20 % 735 7.0 47.00 11.70
0.33 0.55 5.13 1.34 0.22 % 740 7.2 45.00 12.22
0.33 0.55 5.13 1.34 0.30 % 730 7.0 45.00 12.22
0.33 0.51 4.73 1.34 0.65 % 710 7.1 45.00 12.22
0.33 0.66 6.15 1.34 0.33 % 725 7.1 44.50 12.36
0.33 0.66 6.15 1.34 0.20 % 740 6.1 44.00 12.50
0.33 0.83 7.69 1.34 0.19 % 745 8.0 43.00 12.79
0.33 0.83 7.69 1.34 0.25 % 725 6.9 39.50 13.92
[6] 0.36 0.36 3.03 1.41 0.16 % 700 8.3 43.00 12.79
0.36 0.40 3.37 1.41 0.15 % 690 7.8 44.00 12.50
0.36 0.45 3.79 1.41 0.18 % 710 8.4 42.00 13.10
0.36 0.52 4.33 1.41 0.20 % 685 9.8 39.00 14.10
0.36 0.61 5.05 1.41 0.23 % 670 11.1 37.00 14.86
[13] 0.36 0.36 3.03 1.41 0.16 % 700 8.3 43.47 12.65
0.36 0.40 3.37 1.41 0.16 % 710 8.34 45.35 12.13
0.36 0.40 3.37 1.41 0.21 % 705 9.74 46.04 11.95
0.36 0.40 3.37 1.41 0.24 % 700 10.22 44.24 12.43
0.36 0.45 3.79 1.41 0.18 % 710 8.79 44.03 12.49
0.36 0.45 3.79 1.41 0.22 % 695 9.88 44.58 12.34
0.36 0.45 3.79 1.41 0.27 % 680 11.67 42.92 12.82
0.36 0.52 4.33 1.41 0.20 % 690 9.45 40.62 13.54
0.36 0.52 4.33 1.41 0.25 % 700 11.05 41.18 13.36
0.36 0.52 4.33 1.41 0.31 % 670 13.33 38.82 14.17

Table 4
Design Parameters for Category III.

Author Design Parameters Fc b/Fc

(28-day) (MPa)
w/b w/c Tag/c Fag/Cag SP/b (%) Slump flow V-Funnel Time (s)
(mm)
[27] 0.40 0.40 3.54 1.13 0.90 % 705 6.6 38.50 12.21
0.40 0.42 3.72 1.13 0.90 % 711 5.95 38.00 12.37
0.40 0.44 3.93 1.13 0.90 % 727 5.7 33.50 14.03
0.40 0.47 4.16 1.13 0.90 % 730 5.4 28.50 16.49
0.40 0.50 4.42 1.13 0.90 % 735 5.1 26.00 18.08
[30] 0.37 0.45 3.87 1.21 1.25 % 730 8.66 32.88 16.06
0.37 0.47 4.07 1.21 1.25 % 740 8.75 33.36 15.83
0.37 0.50 4.30 1.21 1.25 % 735 8.48 34.80 15.17
0.37 0.53 4.55 1.21 1.25 % 735 8.24 30.20 17.48
0.37 0.56 4.83 1.21 1.25 % 740 8.27 28.00 18.86

efficiency of the mix. Hence, in the literature, there are different corelation between w/b ratio and slump flow was observed. This
types of SCMs that are added to increase the fresh and hardened must be because different binders had different SCMs. The proper-
properties of SCC with CW. Thus, binders include cement, CW ties of SCMs namely, fineness, particle size, specific surface area
and any other SCM used in the mix. The different types of binders influences slump spread largely.
are added to the mix in the literature. The lower the w/b ratio the
higher the compressive strength is observed for SCC from Fig. 2. An
4.2. Effect of w/c ratio on compressive strength and slump flow
increase in binder content results in a decrease in compressive
strength because it will reduce the formation of the increased
Fig. 4 shows corelation between w/c ratio and compressive
amounts of hydration products which is required for the enhance-
strength of SCC mixes from literature. Higher compressive strength
ment of compressive strength. Furthermore, an increase in binder
is observed for lower w/c ratio. The most predominant w/c ratio for
content results in rendering the binder content as filler material
all grades of concrete is observed in the range from 0.30 to 0.70.
rather than a reactive ingredient in the mixture.
Fig. 5 shows corelation between w/c ratio and slump flow. It is
It is observed from Fig. 3 that Category I has higher slump val-
observed that with the reduction in w/c ratio, the slump spread
ues as compared to other two categories. The slump flow of around
also decreases. With higher w/c ratio, more water is available
740 mm was observed at different w/b ratio. Hence, no perfect
which may result into higher slump flow values.
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P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

Fig. 2. Effect of w/b ratio on compressive strengths of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

Fig. 3. Effect of w/b ratio on Slump Flow of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

Fig. 4. Effect of w/c ratio on compressive strengths of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

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P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

Fig. 5. Effect of w/c ratio on Slump Flow of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

4.3. Effect of superplasticizer dosage on compressive strength and sive strength. As the CW/c ratio increases i.e., with increase in per-
slump flow centage of CW replacement there is reduction in strength as
compared to reference mix. For CW/c ratio not exceeding 1, the
For SCC, flowability or the fresh properties are utmost impor- loss in compressive strength is not more than 25 % for category I.
tance. In order to pass the flowability test, the dosage of superplas- Similarly for category II and III, it is 28 % and 32 % respectively.
ticizer is generally set to obtain a particular range of slump flow as However, there has also been an improvement in compressive
per requirement. This can be observed from Fig. 7 that with strength up to 14 %. As the data is limited to only 28-day compres-
increase in SP dosage, the slump flow is in a particular range. How- sive strength, strength at later age must be investigated to get a
ever, SP dosage may affect strength. From Fig. 6 it can be observed complete picture. Fig. 9 shows effect of CW/c ratio on slump flow.
that with the increase in SP dosage for category I and II, compres- It can be observed that with increase in CW content, the slump
sive strength also increases. However, it is not the same trend for flow increases for category II and III. However, reverse trend is
category III. A rare higher dosage of 11 kg/m3 was due to very high observed for category I. Replacement ratio of up to 0.8 shows good
casting temperature as reported by author. corelation.

4.4. Effect of the percentage of CW replacement on compressive 5. Conclusions

strength and slump flow
From the literature review it is observed that CW is a wide cat-
Many authors have characterised CW as pozzolan, which has egory and it can potentially be used to replace cement and/or
tendency to react with primary hydration products and produce aggregates. However, very few work has been done to develop
secondary hydration products that can impart strength at later self-compacting concrete using CW. From the present study fol-
ages. Fig. 8 shows graph plotted between CW/c ratio to compres- lowing conclusions can be drawn:

Fig. 6. Effect of superplasticizer (SP) dosage (kg/m3) on compressive strength of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

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P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

Fig. 7. Effect of superplasticizer (SP) dosage (kg/m3) on slump flow of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

Fig. 8. Effect of %CW replacement on compressive strength of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

Fig. 9. Effect of %CW replacement on slump flow of SCC concrete with CW according to the literature.

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P.H. Joshi and D.N. Parekh Materials Today: Proceedings 77 (2023) 1007–1015

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